Trait Approach I.Introduction II.Common Characteristics
III.Gordon Allport IV.Henry Murray V.Raymond Cattell VI.The Big
Five Model VII.The Interpersonal Circumplex VIII.Modern
Applications of the Trait Approach IX.Criticisms & Limitations
X.Strengths Slide 2 Slide 3 I. Introduction Slide 4 II. Common
Characteristics Focus on average behavior Less concerned with
underlying mechanisms Less to say about personality change Slide 5
III. Gordon Allport Nomothetic versus ideographic approaches to
personality Central traits Secondary traits Cardinal traits The
proprium Slide 6 IV. Henry Murray Personology Psychogenic needs
Some examples: Achievement Affiliation Dominance Nurturance Play
Slide 7 V. Raymond Cattell Factor analysis The 16 Personality
Factor Inventory Slide 8 FactorContrast WarmthCold,
selfishSupportive, comforting IntellectInstinctive,
unstableCerebral, analytical Emotional StabilityIrritable,
moodyLevel headed, calm AggressivenessModest, docileControlling,
tough LivelinessSomber, restrainedWild, fun-loving
DutifulnessUntraditional, rebelliousConforming, traditional Social
AssertivenessShy, withdrawnUninhibited, bold SensitivityCoarse,
toughTouchy, soft ParanoiaTrusting, easy-goingWary, suspicious
AbstractnessPractical, regularStrange, imaginative IntroversionOpen
friendlyPrivate, quiet AnxietyConfident, self-assuredFearful,
self-doubting Open-mindednessSet-in-ones-waysCurious, exploratory
IndependenceOutgoing, socialLoner, craves solitude
PerfectionismDisorganized, messyOrderly, thorough TensionRelaxed,
coolStressed, unsatisfied Slide 9 Slide 10 VI. The Big Five
Approach TraitContrast O penness Down to earth Conventional,
uncreative Prefer routine Imaginative Original, creative Prefer
variety C onscientiousness Lazy Aimless Quitting Hardworking
Ambitious Persevering E xtraversion Reserved Loner Quiet
Affectionate Joiner Talkative A greeableness Antagonistic Ruthless
Suspicious Acquiescent Softhearted Trusting N euroticism (emotional
Stability Calm Even tempered Hardy Worrying Temperamental
Vulnerable Slide 11 VII. The Interpersonal Circumplex Slide 12
Sample Scatter Plot Slide 13 Slide 14 Correlation Matrix
Trait12345678 1. Forceful1.00.77-.81-.84.12.04-.08.01 2.
Assertive1.00-.77-.83.06.05.11-.09 3. Meek1.00.79.02-.04.01.07 4.
Timid1.00.12.06.08-.09 5. Kind1.00.78-.81-.90 6.
Agreeable1.00-.78-.80 7. Cold1.00.77 8. Cruel1.00 Slide 15
Interpersonal Dimensions Forceful Assertive Meek Timid Kind
Agreeable Cold Cruel Hostile Friendly Dominant Submissive Slide 16
Slide 17 Slide 18 Slide 19 Laws of Complementarity Dominance pulls
submission Submission pulls dominance Friendliness pulls
friendliness Hostility pulls hostility Slide 20 Interpersonal
Circumplex Types Hostile-Submissive Types: Rebellious Distrustful
Personality Self-effacing Masochistic Personality
Friendly-Submissive Types Docile Dependent Personality Cooperative
Overconventional Personality Slide 21 Interpersonal Circumplex
Types Friendly-Dominant Types: Responsible Hypernormal Personality
Managerial Autocratic Personality Hostile-Dominant Types
Competitive Narcissistic Personality Aggressive Sadistic
Personality Slide 22 VIII. Modern Applications of the Trait
Approach Type A Behavior The MMPI Slide 23 MMPI Example of an
empirically derived test Questions earn their way onto the final
test by statistically differentiating different groups of people
(people with and without depression, people with and without
schizophrenia, people with and without alcohol problems, etc) Slide
24 Simulated MMPI Items Slide 25 Slide 26 MMPI Clinical Scales
Slide 27 Slide 28 Slide 29 Slide 30 IX. Criticisms &
Limitations Slide 31 X. Strengths Slide 32 The Biological
Perspective I.Introduction II.Genetic Factors in Personality
III.Eysencks Theory of Personality IV.Temperament V.Cerebral
Activation Patterns VI.Evolutionary Personality Theory Slide 33 I.
Introduction Slide 34 II. Genetic Factors in Personality Slide 35
TraitGenetic (Heritability) Familial Environment Non-shared
Environment Well-being.48.13.39 Social Potency.54.10.39
Achievement.39.11.50 Social Closeness.40.19.41 Stress
Reaction.53.00.47 Alienation.45.11.54 Aggression.44.00.56
Control.44.00.56 Harm Avoidance.55.00.45 Traditionalism.45.12.43
Absorption.50.03.47 Positive Emotionality.40.22.38 Negative
Emotionality.55.02.43 Constraint.58.00.42 (Tellegen et al., 1988)
Slide 36 III. Eysencks Theory of Personality Slide 37 Eysencks
Supertraits or Types Extraversion Neuroticism Psychoticism Slide 38
Eysencks Hierarchical Model Extraversion ImpulsivenessSociability
HR 1 HR 2 HR 3 SR 1 SR 2 SR 3 SR 4 ActivityLiveliness Excitability
. Slide 39 Eysencks Two-Factor Model Slide 40 Extraversion &
Mood Positive Mood Score Slide 41 IV. Temperament Slide 42 Slide 43
Buss & Plomins Temperament Factors Activity Vigor, tempo
Emotionality Fear, anger, distress Sociability Attention of others,
share activities, interaction (Impulsivity) Slide 44 Temperament
and Genetics Degree of Correlation Slide 45 V. Cerebral Activation
Patterns Slide 46 VI. Evolutionary Personality Theory Slide 47 What
if Charles Darwin had been a psychologist? So, tell me about your
mother Slide 48 The Humanistic Approach I.Introduction II.The
Personality Theory of Carl Rogers III.Modern Humanistic Concepts
Slide 49 I. Introduction Slide 50 Roots of the Humanistic Movement
Existential philosophy The ideas of Carl Rogers & Abraham
Maslow Slide 51 Common Characteristics of Humanistic Theories An
emphasis on personal responsibility Here and now focus
Phenomenology Growth Slide 52 II. The Personality Theory of Carl
Rogers Slide 53 Rogers Fully-Functioning Person Trust their
feelings/Intuitions Experience feelings intensely & deeply
Accept and express all feelings Less likely to conform to social
roles Present focused Honest & open Open to and learn from
experience Constantly developing & growing Oriented towards
fully living life Show care and concern for others Creative Slide
54 Key Definitions Self-Concept: An organized set of beliefs that
you hold about yourself. (Who are you? Describe yourself.)
Self-Esteem: Ones feelings of high or low self- worth (How do you
feel about your self- concept?) Slide 55 Basic Needs
Self-consistency: The absence of major conflict between
self-perceptions Congruence: Consistency between self- perceptions
and experience Slide 56 Anxiety & Defense Subception: the
unconscious perception of incongruence Triggers defenses of
distortion & denial Slide 57 Self-Concept Incongruence
Experience Slide 58 Self-Concept Congruence & the Fully
Functioning Person Experience Slide 59 Conditional &
Unconditional Positive Regard Additional needs: Positive regard
Positive self-regard Conditional positive regard from parents
creates conditions of worth Slide 60 Conditions of Worth Personal
standards that dictate when a person can feel OK about him/herself.
Slide 61 Sample Q-Sort Statements I am optimistic. I often feel
guilty. I am intelligent. I express my emotions freely. I
understand myself. I am lazy. I am generally happy. I am moody. I
am ambitious I am an impulsive person. I get anxious easily. I make
strong demands on myself. I get along easily with others. I often
feel driven. I am self-reliant. I am responsible for my troubles.
Slide 62 Slide 63 The Q-Sort & Psychotherapeutic Change Slide
64 III. Modern Humanistic Concepts Slide 65 Self-Esteem &
Failure (Brockner et al., 1987) Grade on Second Test Slide 66
Social Attribute Ratings & Self-Esteem (Brown & Smart,
1991) Rating of Social Attributes Slide 67 Do you want to compare
your exam to another students? HighLow worse than you. better than
you. Self-esteem Told this student did Sure! NO WAY!Lets do it. Why
Not. Slide 68 Self-Esteem & Western Culture Exposure in
Asian-Canadians (APA, 1999)
