Unit 10 The Cold War 1945-1960

This Unit will examine the impact of the Cold War in the U.S. and in hot spots around the world. It traces developments during the Berlin airlift and the Korean War. It explores the arms race and the space race and analyzes the fears that led to the Red Scare.

Unit 10 The Cold War 1945-1960

Essential Questions:

How did U.S. leaders respond to the threat of Soviet expansion in Europe?

How did President Truman use the power of the presidency to limit the spread of communism in East Asia?

What methods did the United States use in its global struggle against the Soviet Union?

How did fear of domestic communism affect American society during the Cold War?

Knowledge Scale:

Level 1: I know nothing about how the US was impacted by the events of the Cold War.

Level 2: I know a little about how the US was impacted by the events of the Cold War.

Level 3: I know enough about how the US was impacted by the Cold War to be able to demonstrate an understanding of how the US was impacted by these events socially, politically, culturally and economically. Level 4: I know enough about how the US was impacted by the events of the Cold War to be able to critique how the US was impacted by these events socially, politically, culturally and economically.

Unit Objectives • Trace the reasons that the wartime alliance between the United States and the Soviet

Union unraveled.

• Explain how President Truman responded to Soviet domination of Eastern Europe.

• Describe the causes and results of Stalin’s blockade of Berlin.

• Explain how Mao Zedong and the communists gained power in China.

• Describe the causes and progress of the war in Korea.

• Identify the long-term effects of the Korean War.

• Describe the causes and results of the arms race between the United States and Soviet Union.

• Explain how Eisenhower’s response to communism differed from that of Truman.

• Analyze worldwide Cold War conflicts that erupted in Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and other places.

• Discuss the effects of Soviet efforts in space exploration.

• Describe the efforts of President Truman and the House of Representatives to fight communism at home.

• Explain how domestic spy cases increased fears of communist influence in the U.S. government.

• Analyze the rise and fall of Senator Joseph McCarthy and the methods of McCarthyism.

Terms and People • satellite state − independent nation under the control of a more powerful nation.

• Cold War − struggle in which the U.S. and Soviet Union became rivals but never fought directly in military conflict.

• iron curtain − imaginary barrier separating Soviet-controlled countries and the free world.

• Truman Doctrine − President Truman’s policy to aid nations struggling against communism.

• containment − policy of keeping communism contained within its existing borders.

• Marshall Plan − U.S. aid program to help Western Europe rebuild after World War II.

• Berlin airlift − operation in which the United States and Britain broke the Soviet blockade of West Berlin.

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) − military alliance to counter Soviet expansion.

• Warsaw Pact − rival military alliance formed by the Soviet Union and its satellite states.

Terms and People

• Jiang Jieshi − Nationalist leader in China.

• Mao Zedong − communist leader in China.

• 38th parallel − dividing line between North Korea and South Korea.

• Douglas MacArthur − World War II hero who commanded American troops in South Korea.

• limited war − war fought to achieve only specific goals.

• Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) − defensive alliance aimed at preventing the spread of communism in Southeast Asia.

Terms and People • arms race − race in which countries compete to build more powerful weapons.

• mutually assured destruction − policy in which the United States and the Soviet Union hoped to deter nuclear war by building up enough weapons to destroy each other.

• John Foster Dulles − diplomat and secretary of state under President Eisenhower.

• massive retaliation − policy of threatening to use massive force in response to aggression.

• brinkmanship – belief that only by going to the brink of war could the U.S. prevent war.

• Nikita Khrushchev − leader of the Soviet Union after Stalin’s death.

• nationalize − to place under government control.

• Suez crisis − crisis in which Britain and France attempted to seize control of the Suez canal from Egypt.

• Eisenhower Doctrine − President Eisenhower’s policy that stated the U.S. would use force to help nations threatened by communism.

• Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) − American intelligence-gathering organization.

• National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) − American organization that coordinates the space-related efforts of scientists and the military.

Terms and People • Red Scare − American reaction to the fear that communists were working to destroy

American life.

• Smith Act − law making it illegal to teach about or advocate the violent overthrow of the U.S. government.

• House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) − congressional committee that investigated possible subversive activities within the United States.

• Hollywood Ten − group of writers, directors, and producers who refused to answer HUAC questions about possible communist ties.

• blacklist − list of people banned from certain jobs because of suspected communist ties.

• Alger Hiss − U.S. government official accused of being a communist spy and convicted of perjury.

• Julius and Ethel Rosenberg − American couple executed for passing atomic secrets to Soviet agents.

• Joseph R. McCarthy − U.S. Senator who falsely accused Americans of having communist ties.

• McCarthyism − negative catchword for extreme, reckless charges of disloyalty.

The Cold War After World War II, US leaders viewed past

policies as mistakes. They sought new ways to keep the United States safe and to protect its

interests around the world.

Causes of the Cold War

1. The US and Soviets were only united to stop Hitler.

2. The Communist Party made all key decisions where in the US we had freedom.

3. The USSR and USA disagreed on the future of Eastern Europe.

4. Eastern European countries became satellite states controlled by the Soviet Union.

5. Truman left the Potsdam Conference believing the USSR was planning world conquest.

The Cold War

Europe Divided

Meeting the Soviet Challenge Winston Churchill called Soviet control of Eastern Europe an Iron Curtain and feared the Soviets were attempting to spread communism to Western and East Asia. Truman also shared Churchill's beliefs and in 1947 gave aid to Greece and Turkey as they were battling communist forces seeking to gain control. President Truman promised to aid nations struggling against communist movements and this promise became known as the Truman Doctrine.

Compare & Contrast

Quiz 10.1

1. What were two causes of the Cold War?

2. What did Churchill call Eastern Europe under Soviet control?

3. Why did Truman give money to Greece and Turkey?

Containment George F. Kennan a leading person on the Soviet Union came up with a containment policy for communism. Kennan believed Stalin would not risk war with the U.S. to spread Communism. So to contain it we would have to be fully committed to stop it. It became a game of Chicken.

Marshall Plan An economic plan to help Western Europe recover from WWII so there would be stability in those countries. This plan was design to make these countries strong enough to fight communist expansion.

Berlin Airlift

The Front lines of the Cold War were located in Germany and the USSR wanted to shutdown West Berlin. Stalin cut off all supplies from the city. For over a year the USA airlifted supplies to Berlin showing the USSR just how far we were willing to go to stop communism in Europe .

Cold War Rivals Form Alliances In May of 1949 Stalin was forced to acknowledge his attempt to blockade Berlin had failed. The Berlin Airlift became a major success for the policy of containment. In 1949 12 Western European and North American Countries formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to act together to defend Western Europe against communist expansion. In 1955 when West Germany became a member of NATO and the Soviet Union responded by creating the Warsaw Pact in which all communist countries in Eastern Europe pledged to defend one another if attacked.

Quiz 10.1

4. Why did the United States implement the Marshall Plan?

5. What did the Berlin Airlift symbolize?

6. What were the names of the Cold War alliances?

The Nation Recovers from War At the end of the war 12 million Americans were in the military. Thousands of American factories were making military objects and that basically ended overnight when the war came to an end. To help the American solider find work the U.S. passed the GI Bill of Rights. It granted a variety of benefits for veterans including money for college and money for living expenses. Upon returning soldiers made up for lost time by marrying and having children. Between 1940 and 1955 the population increased by 27% and became known as the baby boom.

U.S. Dominates World Economy

At the end of World War II, the U.S. was the only developed nation untouched by the war's devastation. Although it had only 6% of the world's population we produced 50% of the world's goods. Technology boosted productivity. Military technology eventually moved its way to the private sector. The use of atomic energy, computers, and other developments help create new products and services. Government spending also supported growth by initiating demand for American products.

Truman Struggles But Wins a 2nd Term The postwar years saw the beginning of the Cold War and the Communist takeovers in Europe and Asia. At home there was inflation and labor unrest. There were also Communist advances and a troubled domestic economy. By the spring of 1948 Truman's standing had sunk so low he faced challenges on both sides. Despite the fact that every political poll predicted that Dewey would win, Truman won a narrow victory. Truman became a lame duck president in his second term.

Iconic photograph - This is why it is important to always double check.

Quiz 10.1

7. What does the GI Bill do for American soldiers?

8. What was the time period called when the United States saw a large increase in the number of infants?

9. Why did the United States emerge from World War II in a better position then other countries in the world?

China Goes Communist Before Japan invaded China in 1937 the nationalists and the communists were fighting a civil war. During the war Chiang Kai-shek of the nationalists and Mao Zedong of the communist had an uneasy truce. As soon as the war ended they started attacking each other again. The Soviet Union supported Mao and the U.S. sent several billion to aid Chiang . Chiang was unequal to the task and Truman elected to not send troops so China went communist. Many Americans Blamed Truman for the loss.

Americans Fight in Korea After WWII the Korean peninsula was divided into 2 different countries at the 38th parallel. In the North the Soviets established a communist regime and the. U.S. set up a democratic government in the South. On June 25 1950 North Korea sent 90,000 troops armed with Soviet weapons and attacked South Korea. Determined not to lose Korea, Truman announced the U.S. would aid South Korea and the UN followed his lead.

Phases of the Korean War

China Enters the War By the fall of 1950 the U.S. was ready to counterattack. General Douglas MacArthur, the commander of the Korean War launched a surprise attack at the port city of Inchon well behind enemy lines. His bold gamble paid off and his attack forced the North Koreans to retreat all the way back to the Chinese border. Then on November 25th 1950 some 300,000 Chinese soldiers attacked the American and UN positions and forced the Americans back to the 38th parallel.

Korean War Ends in a Stalemate

38th Parallel Today

With China now in the war, Truman started to look for a way out. Truman wanted to fight a limited war whereas MacArthur preferred total victory. MacArthur was eventually fired by Truman but returned home as a national hero. The Korean War became a key issue in the presidential election of 1952. Dwight D. Eisenhower promised to end the war if elected and was able to settle the conflict when he became our 34th president.

Effects of the Korean War

1. No victory or defeat in Korea.

2. 140,000 dead or wounded Americans.

3. Relations with China worsen.

4. Military commitments and spending increased.

5. Future presidents send military into combat without Congressional approval.

Quiz 10.2

1. Many people blamed Truman for what foreign affair?

2. How was Korea divided?

3. How did the Korean war start?

4. Where did General MacArthur land his troops and what did the Chinese do about it?

5. How did the Korean war end?

The Cold War at Home

• Describe the efforts of President Truman and the House of Representatives to fight communism at home.

• Explain how domestic spy cases increased fears of communist influence in the U.S. government.

• Analyze the rise and fall of Senator Joseph McCarthy and the methods of McCarthyism.

Objectives

Arms Race Heightens Tensions On September 2, 1949 the world changed forever when America found out the Soviet Union had set off an atomic bomb. The news shook the U.S. because we had thought the USSR was years away from developing the bomb. Three months later the U.S. ordered the Atomic Energy Commission to develop a hydrogen bomb which would be 1,000 times more powerful then the A-bomb. During the next 4 decades the USA and the USSR developed and stockpiled increasingly powerful nuclear weapons.

Nuclear Warhead Proliferation

Year U.S. USSR Britain France China

1945 6 0 0 0 0

1950 369 5 0 0 0

1955 3,057 200 10 0 0

1960 20,434 1,605 30 0 0

1965 31,642 6,129 310 4 1

Eisenhower Introduces New Strategy Eisenhower agreed with Truman that the spread of communism was the greatest threat to the new world, but instead of fighting regional conflicts using conventional forces Eisenhower focused on stockpiling nuclear weapons and the planes, missiles, and submarines needed to deliver them. Eisenhower and his Secretary of State came up with a policy of massive retaliation to stop the spread of communism. By only going to the brink of war will we stop communist aggression.

Cold War Goes Global In 1953 Joseph Stalin died and Nikita Khrushchev replaced him as the leader of the Soviet Union. Khrushchev met with Eisenhower and discussed a peaceful co-existence between the 2 countries. Thinking that Khrushchev was nicer and weaker than Stalin, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia attempted uprisings to gain more political and economic freedom. Khrushchev sent in tanks and Soviet soldiers to crush the revolutions killing hundreds and restoring the hardline communists to power.

Quiz 10.2

6. After the Soviets created an atomic bomb the United States 1 upped them by creating what type of bomb?

7. What was Eisenhower's plan of massive retaliation?

8. Who replaced Stalin as the soviet leader?

9. What countries rose up against the Soviet Union and how did Khrushchev handle it?

Suez Crisis Egypt’s Nassar wanted to build a dam on the Nile River but when the USA and the British decided not to fund it Nassar shut down the Suez Canal which threatened to shut off the oil shipments from the Middle East. Britain and France took control of the canal which Eisenhower did not support. So Britain and France had to give it back.

Eisenhower Doctrine Eisenhower Doctrine announced that the United States would use force to help any Middle Eastern nation threatened by communism. He also used the CIA to conduct secret operations to protect American interests.

Sputnik 1 The Soviet's surprised the U.S. by launching the first orbiting satellite. A month later they launched one with a dog in it. Americans feared the USSR would be able to launch missiles to the U.S. in response we created NASA.

Red Scare The fear existed that communists both outside and inside America were working to destroy American life. This was caused by the spread of communism into Eastern Europe and Asia and the belief that some inside our government were working for the enemy.

Congress Hunts Communists Starting in 1938 Congress started searching for communists with the HUAC, House Un-American Activities Committee. Throughout the 1940's and 50's the HUAC went after left-wing writers, directors, and producers in Hollywood. People became blacklisted because of their suspected communist ties. People from all walks of life might be accused and dismissed from their jobs. Freedom of Speech took a big hit during the Red Scare.

Spy Cases Worry Americans Two sensational spy trials drew the nation's attention during this time period. Alger Hiss and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg have been forever linked because of the Red Scare. Until 1948 Hiss's career seemed flawless. He went to a top university and helped organize the UN, but that all ended in 1948 when he was accused of being a communist. At Hiss's trial his story began to unravel but ended with a hung jury. At his second trial Hiss was found guilty and sentenced to 5 years in prison. The Rosenbergs on the other hand were charged with helping the Soviet Union build an atomic bomb. At the trial a confessed spy told the jury the Rosenbergs gave up secret information. The jury believed it and the Rosenbergs were sentenced to death.

McCarthyism The early years of the Cold War saw one bad event after another, the fall of China, Soviets getting the bomb, and the exposure of Soviet agents in the United States. In February 1950 Joseph R. McCarthy a little known senator from Wisconsin made a speech waving a piece of paper saying he had the names of state department employees who were secretly communists. Though he never produced the names on his “list” McCarthy became one of the most powerful politicians in America. As his power grew he attacked larger targets including the Secretary of State. By 1954 with McCarthy on live television Americans saw him as a bully when he badgered witnesses and twisted words. McCarthy lost his following and his power in 1954.

Quiz 10.3

1. What was the Suez Canal crisis about and how did it end?

2. What was the Red Scare and how did the United States hunt down the communists?

3. What 2 spy trials took place in the 1950s and what where they about?

4. Who was Joseph McCarthy and why was he famous?

Unit 10 “The Cold War” Summary

The Cold War Begins: The wartime alliance between the U.S. and Soviet Union crumbled as Stalin expanded communism in Eastern Europe. Truman focused on containment with aid programs including the Marshall Plan. An airlift saved West Berlin, but tensions mounted as new alliances formed.

The Korean War: Mao Zedong and the communists gained power in China. North Korea attacked South Korea, setting up a clash between communist and noncommunist powers. Heavy fighting ended in a stalemate. The U.S. increased military spending and global commitments.

The Cold War Expands: The Soviets developed the atomic bomb and the arms race began. Eisenhower stockpiled nuclear weapons, but they were useless during the Hungarian uprising. Troops and the CIA proved effective in other crises. The Soviets launched Sputnik and the U.S. formed NASA.

The Cold War at Home: Cold War fears led to suspicions of communist infiltration in the United States. Truman and Congress worked to expose communist sympathizers. Highly charged HUAC hearings and spy trials attracted wide attention. The Red Scare led to the reckless tactics of Joseph McCarthy.

America in the 50’s This portion of the Unit will focus on the growth of consumerism during the postwar years. It explores migration to the suburbs and Sunbelt, changes to family life, and the impact of TV and rock-and-roll. It also discusses the continued injustices of poverty and discrimination.

Essential Questions:

1. How did the nation experience recovery and economic prosperity after World War II?

2. What social and economic factors changed American life during the 1950s?

3. How did popular culture and family life change during the 1950s?

4. Why were some groups of Americans dissatisfied with conditions in postwar America?

America in the 50’s Objectives

• Describe how the United States made the transformation to a peacetime economy.

• Discuss the accomplishments of Presidents Harry Truman and Dwight Eisenhower.

• Analyze the 1950s economic boom.

• Examine the rise of the suburbs and the growth of the Sunbelt.

• Describe changes in the U.S. economy and education in the postwar period.

• Explain why consumer spending increased.

• Discuss postwar changes in family life.

• Describe the rise of new forms of mass culture.

• Summarize the arguments made by critics who rejected the culture of the fifties.

• Describe the causes and effects of urban and rural poverty.

• Explain the problems that many minority group members faced in the postwar era.

Terms and People • demobilization – sending home members of the army.

• GI Bill of Rights – eased the return of World War II veterans by providing education and employment aid.

• baby boom – increase in births between 1945 and 1964.

• productivity – the rate at which goods are produced or services performed.

• Taft-Hartley Act – a law that restricted the power of labor unions; outlawed the closed shop, a workplace in which only union members can be hired.

• Fair Deal – President Truman’s program to expand New Deal reforms.

• Interstate Highway Act – 1956 law that authorized the spending of $32 billion to build 41,000 miles of highway.

• Sunbelt – name given to the region of states in the South and the Southwest.

• service sector – businesses that provide services rather than manufactured goods.

• information industry – businesses that provide informational services.

• franchise business – to allow a company to distribute its products or services through retail outlets owned by independent operators.

• multinational corporation – companies that produce and sell their goods and services all over the world.

Terms and People • consumerism − large-scale buying, much of it on credit.

• median family income − measure of average family income.

• nuclear family − ideal or typical household with a father, mother, and children.

• Benjamin Spock − influential author of 1946 Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care.

• rock-and-roll − music originated in the gospel and blues traditions of African Americans.

• Elvis Presley − iconic American singer whose success sparked the popularity of rock-and-roll music in the 1950s.

• beatniks − small group of writers and artists, in the 1950s and early 1960s, who were critical of American society.

• inner city − the older, central part of a city with crowded neighborhoods in which low-income, usually minority, groups live.

• urban renewal − government programs for redevelopment of urban areas.

• termination policy − ended all programs monitored by the Bureau of Indian Affairs; ended federal responsibility for the health and welfare of Native Americans.

America in the 50’s With the Great Depression and the war behind them, many returning soldiers quickly married and started families.

The result was a postwar baby boom.

Between 1940 and 1955, the U.S. population experienced its greatest increase, growing 27 percent from about 130 to about 165 million.

We Like Ike The 1952 election was hardly a contest. The Republican candidate Dwight D. Eisenhower was so popular both the Democrats and Republicans wanted him on the ticket. Besides being the commanding general of WWII Eisenhower was popular because he charted a middle course. He felt that the federal government had grown too strong but did not repeal any existing New Deal legislation.

Americans on the Move 1. People leave the cities and move to the

suburbs.

2. Car Culture takes over; 30 million more cars will be on American roads by 1960.

3. Americans increasingly depended upon cars more than trains to travel and move.

4. President Eisenhower passed the Interstate Highway Act to build 41,000 miles of highways.

5. Interstates connected the nations’ major cities and jump started the travel industry.

Suburbs = The American Dream

• Affordable single-family housing • Good Schools • Friendly neighbors like themselves • 13 million homes built in the 1950’s • 85% were suburban

• New highways, affordable automobiles, low gasoline prices.

• A safe, healthy environment for children.

Migrating to the Sunbelt In 1958 two New York baseball teams moved to California. Their move was just part of the shift in the American population to the west especially the Sunbelt. California added more than 5 million people in the 1940s and 50s looking for work in the aerospace and electronics industries that were booming there.

How did this great migration change the United States?

Service Sector During the 1950s the U.S. started to move from factory jobs to service industry jobs. Information industries, or developing and working on computers became one of the fastest growing sectors in the U.S.

Franchise Franchises grow throughout the United States. A Franchise business allows a company to distribute its products or services through retail outlets owned by independent operators. Restaurants, motels, and other industries use franchises to grow.

Multinational Corporations Multinational corporations produced and sold their goods and services all over the world. General Motors, GE, Coca Cola, and IBM will turn into multinational corporations during this time period.

Educational Opportunities Expand In 1940 only 15% of people went to college. By 1960 close to 40% did. This more educated workforce boosted economic productivity and more people were able to complete the American dream. The government also poured large sums of money into education, building new schools to fit the baby-boom generation and helping to create a population that could compete with the Russians, especially after they launched Sputnik, the first man made object to orbit Earth.

Quiz 10.3

5. How did Eisenhower help America develop a car first culture?

6. In the 1950s where did millions of Americans start to move to?

7. How did American businesses start to change in the 1950s?

50's Consumerism 1. American spent more because incomes in the 1950s

nearly doubled from $3,319 to $5,417.

2. Americans buy new conveniences in record numbers-shopping became a favorite pastime.

3. Advertising on TV sets spread the idea of what the “ideal” family looked like.

4. Easy credit like “but now pay later” became routine.

5. First credit card company was created.

Focus on the Family More so than in the past, family life revolved around children. The best-selling book of the era was Dr. Spock's Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care. Spock suggested that parents should not worry about spoiling their children because kids could never get too much comfort and love. Many critics blamed Spock for creating a permissive culture.

Religious Revival There was also a religious revival in the 1950's. Organized religious groups became more powerful and more church buildings were built. Church attendance went from about 50 million to 80 million in the decade. Congress also started adding worlds like “Under God” and “In God we Trust” to the dollar bill.

Television In 1946 there were fewer than 6,000 TV sets but just 7 years later there were over 7 million TV sets in the United States. Shows like the Mickey Mouse Club and I Love Lucy became very popular in the 50's.These shows reflected and reinforced the “ideal” of the 1950's family. Television also changed politics because now the American people could see the candidates in action.

Rock and Roll Rock music originated in the rhythm and blues traditions of African Americans. But because of Jim Crow laws and the amount of racism in the country “race” music did not have a chance to blossom until Elvis Presley who grew up on Black gospel tunes on the radio started to integrate those tunes into his music. Presley's first single sold in the millions and his success sparked popularity for Rock and Roll.

Before Rock and Roll The Birth of Rock and Roll

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AuactAjlacM&list=PL9FE671118F78E7A6

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gj0Rz-uP4Mk

Quiz 10.3

8. Describe some ways American culture started to change in the 1950s?

9. How did Rock and Roll change the musical landscape?

Rural Poverty Though the 1950's saw great prosperity not all people benefited. Sharecroppers in the south, coal miners in Appalachia, and farmers in remote areas were left behind as others prospered. Many of these people would leave these areas and move to look for better opportunities.

Urban Poverty As nonwhite minorities moved into the cities in great numbers the middle class moved out into the suburbs taking their tax dollars with them. A combination of decline in tax revenue with people that needed more services led to more problems for inner cities. The federal government tried to help by creating public housing but it only created a greater concentration of poverty.

“Other Americans” Face Injustice During the postwar years the battle for civil rights in the South began to make headlines but minorities throughout the country faced injustice. Puerto Ricans in New York City, Mexicans in the Southwest, and Native Americans all faced an uphill battle to overcome housing and employment discrimination. Most government programs did little to alleviate the problem and in some cases made matters worse. As 1950s Senator Mark Hatfield of Oregon said “The social and economic devastation which these policies have wrought upon many groups has been tremendous”.

Counter Culture Some people did not like the cookie-cutter life style portrayed in the 1950's. They thought that moving to the suburbs, shopping centers and the supply of new gadgets did not represent a better life. These social critics created some of the best literary works of the time period for J.D. Salinger's Catcher in the Rye to Wilson's The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit tried to find the meaning in life past consumerism and conformity. These critics of the 1950's became known as beatniks.

Quiz 10.3

10. Where did the cities middle and upper class start to move to in the 1950s?

11. Those that criticize the 1950s were called what?

Unit 10 “The Cold War” Summary

The Cold War Begins: The wartime alliance between the U.S. and Soviet Union crumbled as Stalin expanded communism in Eastern Europe. Truman focused on containment with aid programs including the Marshall Plan. An airlift saved West Berlin, but tensions mounted as new alliances formed.

The Korean War: Mao Zedong and the communists gained power in China. North Korea attacked South Korea, setting up a clash between communist and noncommunist powers. Heavy fighting ended in a stalemate. The U.S. increased military spending and global commitments.

The Cold War Expands: The Soviets developed the atomic bomb and the arms race began. Eisenhower stockpiled nuclear weapons, but they were useless during the Hungarian uprising. Troops and the CIA proved effective in other crises. The Soviets launched Sputnik and the U.S. formed NASA.

The Cold War at Home: Cold War fears led to suspicions of communist infiltration in the United States. Truman and Congress worked to expose communist sympathizers. Highly charged HUAC hearings and spy trials attracted wide attention. The Red Scare led to the reckless tactics of Joseph McCarthy.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9C72ISMF_D0

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