Unit 2 Study Guide Part a 2010]

8/8/2019 Unit 2 Study Guide Part a 2010]

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Unit 2 Study Guide Part A

2010

Growth and Reproduction


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What and How to Study

Study the PowerPoint lectures and their review

questions.

Read the chapters assigned in the text.

Know the key vocabulary terms (lists at the end

of each chapter and/or the glossaries).

Prepare frequently prior to the test. Review the

film study questions where applicable.These statements apply to all of the unit tests

and exam.


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Please Note

The study guide question project is a work

in progress, and accordingly, it is

incomplete. Therefore none of the studyquestion sets should be considered a

substitute for a complete and exhaustive

test preparation. This applies to all four of

the study guide question sets.


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Mitosis

Study Guide Questions


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Q 1

Define the word reproduction.


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A 1

The production of a new generation of

cells or a multi-cellular organism

similar to itself.


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Q 2

Mitosis and meiosis refer to the division of

the cell's __________.


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A 2

Mitosis and meiosis refer to the division of

the cell's __nucleus (DNA)________.


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Q 3

Distinguish between somatic cells and

germ cells as to their location and function.


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A 3

Distinguish between somatic cells and

germ cells as to their location and function.

Somatic cells are body site of mitosis

(2n); Immature reproductive cells (site

of meiosis)


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Q 4

The eukaryotic chromosome is composed

of __________ and __________.


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A 4

The eukaryotic chromosome is composed

of __DNA________ and

__Proteins________.


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Q 5

The two attached threads of a duplicated

chromosome are known as sister

__________.


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Q 6

Characterize the organization of

chromosomes using the terms histones

and nucleosome.


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A 6

Characterize the organization of

chromosomes using the terms histones

and nucleosome.At reg. intervals

double stranded DNA is wrapped

around proteins called histones; DNA-

histone spools look like beads on a

string. Each bead is a nucleosome.


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Q 7

The __________ is a small region with

docking sites for the microtubules with

roles in nuclear division.


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A 7

The ____centromere______ is a small

region with docking sites for the

microtubules with roles in nuclear division.


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Q 8

Each species has a characteristic

__________ number, the sum total in cells

of a given type.


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A 8

chromosome


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Q 9

Any cell having two of each type of

chromosome characteristic of a species is

a __________ cell; eggs and sperms of

such organisms have only one of each

type of chromosome and are said to be

__________


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A 9

Any cell having two of each type of

chromosome characteristic of a species is

a ___diploid_______ cell; eggs and

sperms of such organisms have only one

of each type of chromosome and are said

to be _haploid_________


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Q 10

Interphase of the cell cycle consists of G1,

__________, and G2.


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A 10

Interphase of the cell cycle consists of G1,

____S______, and G2.


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Q 11

Describe the structure and function of the

spindle apparatus.


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A 11

Describe the structure and function of the spindle apparatus.

The spindle apparatus moves the chromosomes.

The spindle apparatus is composed of two sets ofmicrotubules.

Microtubules (components of the cytoskeleton) extend

from the two poles of the cell and overlap at the cell equator. Microtubules are composed of numerous subunits called

tubulins.

Some microtubules extend from the centromeres to one ofthe two poles; others extend from the poles, overlap in themiddle of the cell, but do not contact the chromosomes.

Microtubules attached to the centromeres shorten and pull thechromosomes toward the poles.

Other microtubules at the spindle poles ratchet past eachother to push the two spindle poles apart.


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Q12

Describe the number and movements of

centrioles in the cell division of some cells.


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A 12

Describe the number and movements of

centrioles in the cell division of some cells.

The centrioles, which have duplicated

by the time prophase is underway, are

moved by the microtubules to the

opposite poles of the cell.


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Q 13

The "__________" is a time of transition

when the nuclear envelope breaks up into

tiny, flattened vesicles prior to metaphase.


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A 13

The "__prophase________" is a time of

transition when the nuclear envelope

breaks up into tiny, flattened vesicles prior

to metaphase.


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Q 14

Be able to give a detailed description of

the cellular events occurring in the

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and

telophase of mitosis.


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A 14.1

A. Prophase: Mitosis Begins

1. Chromosomes becomevisible as rodlike units, each consisting of two sisterchromatids.

2. In the cytoplasm, themicrotubules of the cytoskeleton break apart andbegin reassembling near the nucleus.

a. Microtubules arecomposed of numerous subunits called tubulins.

b.S

ome microtubulesextend from the centromeres to one of the two poles;others extend from the poles, overlap in the middleof the cell, but do not contact the chromosomes.


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A 14.2

3. The nuclear envelope begins to

disintegrate.

4. The centrioles, whichhave duplicated by the time prophase

is underway, are now moved by the

microtubules to the opposite poles of

the cell


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A 14.3

B. Transition to Metaphase

1. The nuclear membranenow breaks up completely in the transitionbetween pro- and metaphase.

2. Sister chromatids, eachattached to microtubules, become orientedtoward opposite poles.

3. When all the

chromosomes are aligned at the cellsequator, halfway between the poles, we callthe stage metaphase.


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A 14.4

C. From Anaphase Through Telophase

1. Sister chromatids separateand move toward opposite poles.

a. Microtubules attachedto the centromeres shorten and pull thechromosomes toward the poles.

b. Other microtubules atthe spindle poles ratchetpast each other to push thetwo spindle poles apart.

c. Once separated, eachchromatid is now an independent chromosome.


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A 14.5

2. Telophase begins when thetwo daughter chromosomes of each originalchromatid pair arrive at opposite poles.

a. Chromosomesreturn to the threadlike form typical ofinterphase.

b. The nuclear envelope reforms from the fusion of small

vesicles c. Each daughter cellhas the same number of chromosomes asthe parent cell; mitosis is complete.


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Q 15

Compare and contrast cytokinesis as it

occurs in plant and animal cell division;

use the following concepts: cleavage

furrow, microfilaments at the cell's

midsection, and cell plate formation.


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A 15.1

A. Cell Plate Formation inPlants

1. Because of the rather

rigid cell wall, the cytoplasm of plantcells cannot just be pinched in two.

2. Instead vesicles

containing remnants of themicrotubular spindle form a disklikestructure during cell plate formation.


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A 15.2

B. Cytoplasmic Division ofAnimal

Cells

1. The flexible plasmamembrane of animal cells can be

squeezed in the middle to separate the

two daughter cellsa process called

cleavage.


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A 15.3

Parallel arrays of contractile

microfilaments slide past one another

at the cleavage furrow, pulling the

plasma membrane inward.


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Q 16

Explain how cells from Henrietta Lacks

continue to benefit humans everywhere

more than forty years after her death.


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A 16

Explain how cells from Henrietta Lacks

continue to benefit humans everywhere

more than forty years after her death.

Her cells live on in the cell biology

laboratories of the world where they

help cellular biologists understand cell

division, both normal and abnormal.


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Meiosis

Study Guide Questions


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Q 1

Distinguish between germ cells and

gametes.


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A 1

Germ cells are 2n while gametes are n

(haploid). Germ cells produce gametes.

Gametes fuse to form a zygote.


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Q 2

1. "One parent alone produces offspring,

and each offspring inherits the same

number and kinds of genes as its parent"

describes __________ reproduction.


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Q 2

asexual


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Qs 3, 4, and 5

__________ reproduction involves meiosis,

gamete formation, and fertilization.

__________ divides chromosomes into

separate parcels not once but twice prior tocell division.

Describe the relationship between the

following terms: homologous chromosomes,

diploid number, and haploid number.


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As 3, 4, and 5

Sexual; Meiosis

Homologous chromosomes line - up (evenunequally matched sex chromosomes!)

during meiosis. These homologous chromosomes are in

pairs so that each nucleus is diploid prior toanaphase I of meiosis.

After anaphase I, the resulting daughternuclei are haploid (having only one of eachtype of chromosome).


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Qs 6, 7, and 8

If the diploid chromosome number for aparticular plant species is 18, the haploidgamete number is __________.

During interphase a germ cell duplicates itsDNA; a duplicated chromosome consists oftwo DNA molecules that remain attached to aconstriction called the __________.

As long as the two DNA molecules remainattached, they are referred to as ____________________ of the chromosome.


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As 6, 7, and 8

9

centromere

sister chromatids


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Qs 9, 10, and 11

During meiosis I, homologous

chromosomes pair; each homologue

consists of __________ chromatids.

During meiosis II, the two sister

__________ of each __________ are

separated from each other.

Interphase of the cell cycle consists ofG1, __________, and G2..


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As 9, 10 and, 11

two

chromatids; chromosome

S


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Qs 12 and 13

The __________ attachment andsubsequent positioning of each pair ofmaternal and paternal chromosomes at

metaphase I lead to different__________ of maternal and paternaltraits in each generation of offspring.

Meiosis in the animal life cycle results inhaploid __________; meiosis in the plantlife cycle results in haploid __________.


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As 12 and 13

random; combinations

gametes; gametophytes


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Q 14

Using the special terms for the cells at the

various stages, describe spermatogenesis

in male animals and oogenesis in female

animals


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A 14.1

Gamete Formation in Animals

1. The life cycle of multicelledanimals proceeds from meiosis to gamete formation>>> fertilization >>> growth by mitosis.

2. In males, meiosis and gameteformation are called spermatogenesis.

a. Germ cell (2n) >>>primary spermatocyte (2n) >>> MEIOSIS I >>> twosecondary spermatocytes (n) >>> MEIOSIS II >>>four spermatids (n). b. Spermatids change inform; each develops a tail to become mature sperm.


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A 14.2

3. In females, meiosis and gamete formationare called oogenesis.

a. Germ cell (2n) >>>

primary oocyte (2n) >>> MEIOS

IS

I >>>secondary oocyte (n, and large in size) pluspolar body (n, and small in size) >>> MEIOSISII >>> one large ovum (n) plus three polarbodies (n, small).

b. The single ovum isthe only cell capable of being fertilized by asperm; the polar bodies wither and die.


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Qs 15 and 16

Crossing over, the distribution of randommixes of homologous chromosomes intogametes, and fertilization contribute to

__________ in the traits of offspring. Mitotic cell division produces only

__________; meiotic cell division, inconjunction with subsequent fertilization,promotes __________ in traits amongoffspring.


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As 15 and 16

variation

identical cells, variation


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Q 17

1. Be able to list three ways that meiosis

promotes variation in offspring.


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A 17

The variation present at fertilization is fromthree sources:

a. Crossing over occurs during prophase I.

b. Random alignmentsat metaphase I lead to millions ofcombinations of maternal and paternalchromosomes in each gamete.

c.O

f all the geneticallydiverse gametes produced, chance willdetermine which two will meet.


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The End of Unit 2 Part A Study

Guide

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Unit 2 Study Guide Part a 2010]