Unit 4 – Jacksonian Era

Chapter 8 - Varieties of American NationalismChapter 9 - Jacksonian America

Chapter 10 - America’s Economic Revolution

Chapter 8Varieties of American Nationalism

Political• 1816 election – Republican James Monroe elected president• 1820 election – Monroe elected after national goodwill tour• 1824 election – The “Corrupt Bargain” - Andrew Jackson received more popular and electoral votes than the other candidates but not majority -12th Amendment required House of Reps to choose among top three candidates – Henry Clay threw endorsement behind John Quincy Adams b/c Jackson was a political rival - Adams won election – named Clay Secretary of State - “Corrupt Bargain” haunted Adams• 1828 election – Democratic Republican Andrew Jackson wins but

sectional victory - Campaign of personal charges * Jackson’s wife Rachel accused of bigamy, she eventually died, Jackson blamed opponents

• Political Parties: -Federalists -National Republicans -Democratic Republicans• Missouri Compromise -Maine entered as free state, Missouri slave state -Slavery banned in the rest of Louisiana Territory north of Missouri’s 36’ 30’ border• The American System - Tariff of 1816 – foreign goods – appealed to North - Chartering of the Second Bank of the US• The Tallmadge Amendment - All slaves born in MO after the territory became a state would be freed at age 25 - Passed by the House, not in the Senate *North controlled house, South block in Senate

Ideological/Intellectual• Nationalism -dream of creating an important American industrial economy -pride in US, US becoming recognized• Expansion - Westward movement - Popular due to: *Lessened Native American opposition *Increased Eastern population - 1817 – Began negotiations with Spanish minister Lius de Onis for Florida * American commander in Florida Andrew Jackson invaded Florida to stop Seminole raids -Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 ceded Florida and lands north of 42nd parallel to US, US gave up Texas claims

• The Era of Good Feelings -USA filling out/borders finalized -Internal issues -Monroe Doctrine

Religious

– n/a

Artistic

• Stephen H. Long wrote an influential report on his trip to the west

Technological

• Francis Lowell developed a power loom -1st process of both spinning and weaving• Lancaster Pike built in PA – built from Ohio

land sale revenue- transported textiles• Steam-powered shipping expanded on rives

Economic

– War of 1812 stimulated manufacturing• Need for new Bank of the U.S. -1816 Congress passed new charter for Bank of US • Steamboats stimulated agricultural economy of

South and West• Plantations in the Southwest -Wealthier planters bought land and brought slaves symbolizing emergence of a newly rich class• American Fur Company extended into rockies

• The Panic of 1819 - Rising prices had stimulated land boom in western U.S. - Credit easy to settlers and speculators - Management at Bank of US tightened credit, led to series of state bank failures - led to financial panic - Depression lasted for 6 years

Social

• Trappers (“mountain men”) first of white movement

-Changed society by interacting with Mexicans and Indians

Supreme Court Cases• John Marshall chief justice from 1801-1835 -strengthened judicial system• 1810 – Fletcher v. Peck – supported inviolability contracts• 1819 – Dartmouth College v. Woodward – affirmed

constitutionality of federal review of state court decisions• 1819 – McCulloch v. Maryland – “Implied powers” of Congress

upheld• 1824 – Gibbons v. Ogdens – strengthened Congress’s power to

regulate interstate commerce• Decisions favored federal government over state government• Marshall court decisions affirmed supremacy of US over Natives -Federal govt. “guardian” for Indian tribes

People

• John C. Calhoun – VP of John Quincy Adams, rival to Andrew Jackson

• Jacob Astor – established American Fur Company

• Andrew and William Ashley – founded the Rocky Mountain Fur Company

• Jedediah S. Smith – famous trapper, led people deep into Mexican territory that ended in disastrous battles with the Mojaves and other tribes

• John Marshall - cheif justice of the U.S. from 1801 to 1835

Foreign• Mexico won independence from Spain in 1821 - opened trade to territory• US foreign policy mainly centered on Europe• US developing trade with Latin America rivaling GB • 1823 – Monroe Doctrine – American continent not to be

considered subject of future colonization by Euro powers, any foreign challenge would be unfriendly

- relied on support of GB and its navy - set precedent of US dominating Western Hemisphere

Chapter 9Jacksonian America

Political

• Increased Democratization -White male suffrage increased -Party nominating committees -Voters chose their state’s slate of Presidential electors -Spoils system -Rise of Third Parties (“People’s Party) -Popular campaigning• Two party system returned in the 1832 election -Whigs (Republicans) -Democrats

• 1832 election – Andrew Jackson defeats John Quincy Adams -dirty election• Peggy Eaton Affair - Peggy Eaton a wife of Sec of State - fired cabinet member because wifes refused to eat dinner with her - members and their wives thought she was skanky• The Webster-Hayne Debate - Sen. Daniel Webster (MA) –Natl. Govt - Sen. Robert Hayne (SC) – State Govt. - Liberty and Union, now and forever, and inseparable -Calhoun: The Union, next to our liberty, most dear -Jackson: Our Federal Union, it must be preserved

• Federal Rights (North and Jackson) vs. State Rights (South and Calhoun)

• 1836 election – Martin Van Buren handpicked by Jackson, wins election

-Van Buren faced with Panic of 37’• The Log Cabin Campaign -1840 election – Whigs supported only one candidate – William Henry Harrison with John Tyler for VP• Harrison dies after one month, Tyler becomes

president

Ideological/Intellectual

• Jackson’s Faith in the “Common Man” - Intense distrust of East “establishment,” monopolies and the elite - Heart and soul was with the “plain folk” - Common man was capable of uncommon achievements• Democratization

Religious

• n/a

Artistic

• n/a

Technological

• “penny press” during 1840 election carried news of candidates to larger audience of workers and tradespeople

Economic

• Tariff Isssue (1828) - Protect Northern Industries (increase tariff on imports) - Hurt south *Higher prices on goods *Britain has less money to buy cotton• 1832 Tariff Conflict - 1828 – “Tariff of Abominations” - South Carolina nullification - Jackson uses military (force bill) - Clay’s Compromise *New tariff lowered gradually and Force Bill

• Renewing the Charter of the 2nd Natl. Bank -Nicholas Biddle (rich man) vs. President Jackson (against rich) -Soft money vs. Hard/Specie/Coin *Soft money- state bankers felt it restrained their banks from issuing bank notes freely, supported rapid economic growth and speculation *Hard money- Jackson felt that coin was only safe currency, didn’t like any bank that issued bank notes, suspicious of expansion and speculation• The “Monster” is Destroyed - Pet banks – Jackson took all $ out of Natl. Bank and put into small state banks -1832- Jackson vetoed the extension of the 2nd B.U.S.

• Economic Boom - Industrial Revolution peak - $ and credit easily available (soft money) - Govt. sold 40 million acres, paid off debt - Distribution Act - $ distributed to states• The Specie Circular (1836) - buy future federal land with only gold or silver -Results: *soft $ loses value, land sales plummeted, credit not available, businesses began to fail, unemployment rose• The Panic of 1837 - resulted from Specie Circular - Martin Van Buren blamed but really Jackson’s fault

Social

• “Jackson Coalition” -The Planter Elite in the South - People on the frontier - State politicians and Spoils System - Immigrants in the cities• Women not allowed to vote• The Removal of the Indians - Removal Act 1830 to finance negotiations with tribes in order to relocate them West

• Trail of Tears -forced trek to “Indian Territory” -began winter 1838 -thousands died before destination

Supreme Court Cases

• 1831 - Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia and 1832 - Worcester vs. Georgia – seemed to protect tribal lands

People

• Martin Van Buren – president after Andrew Jackson

• Daniel Webster – supported Natl. Govt.• Nicholas Biddle – head of National Bank• John Calhoun – supporter of states rights –

South Carolina nullification• Roger Taney – chief justice appointed after

death of John Marshall in 1835

Foreign

• 1838- Tension over Canada-Maine boundary led to small “Aroostook War”

• Tyler Administration established 1st diplomatic relations with China

Chapter 10America’s Economic Revolution

Political

• Laissez-faire approach by govt.• Know-Nothing Party (anti-immigration) -success in 1854 East elections, declined after

Ideological/Intellectual

• The “American Dream” - Regarded material advance as the natural fruit of American republicanism and proof of the country’s virtue and promise• Nativism - Industrialists and employers saw immigration as way of cheap labor -Some hostile to foreigners (Nativists), feared loss of jobs

Religious

• Protestants feared Irish immigrants and Catholics

Artistic

• Major papers and magazines located in the North

• New awareness of differences

Technological• Transportation Revolution -By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities -Cumberland Natl. Road in 1832 -Covered wagons -Erie Canal System (1817-1825) *opened up Great *Industry in NY -Robert Fulton and the Steamboat -clipper ships -Railroad *Immigrant labor built the north RR’s *Slave labor built the South RR’s

• New inventions “Yankee Ingenuity” -Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory *interchangeable parts -Oliver Evans created first automated flour mill -John Deere and the steel plow (1837) -The Mechanical Reaper (1831) -Samuel Morse and the Telegraph (1830) *Transatlantic Cable (1858) connected US and GB -Sewing machine• Inventions created less manual labor

Economic

• General Incorporation Law – form a corporation without a charter from the govt.

• Textile mills• Unskilled labor• Emergence of unions• Business grew because of population,

transportation revolution, and new practices• Small merchant capitalist companies dominated

Social

• Immigration -1820 to 1860- population increased in North -Origin- mostly from Ireland, Germany, GB• Lowell Girls -unmarried women worked in factories• Gap between rich and poor was widening• Start of Union movement (usually local, social, and

weak)• Population began to center in north and industrial

centers

• Movement of families from farms to cities• Decline in birth rate• Working class women in factories• Women provide religious and moral

instructions to kids• Leisure time rare besides for wealthy -Circus, Church, books, theater, public sporting events

Supreme Court Cases

• Supreme Court rulings favored business• Commonwealth vs. Hunt (1842) – Unions are

legal/strikes are legal

People

• Samuel Morse – created telegraph

• Horace Greeley – writer of major NY newspaper

• Cyrus McCormick – Automatic reaper

• Eli Whitney – Cotton Gin and interchangeable parts

• Robert Fulton – steam boat

Foreign

• Immigration from Ireland and Germany