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Unit 9Cotton, Cattle, and Railroads

Historians divide the past into eras so it is easier to identify causes and effects of the great events/people in history.Objective:We will identify individuals, events, terminology, and issues from Reconstruction through the beginning of the 20th century.Treaty- official agreement between two or more groupsExtinction- complete destructionVaqueros- Spanish word for cowboyLariats- long rope with a noose at one endQuarantine- to isolate in order to avoid spreading a diseaseDrovers- people who move livestock to marketsRemuda- spare horsesMustang- wild horseEnclosures- fenced-in areas where ranchers kept their livestockFelony- serious crime that usually results in prison timeDragoons- soldiers who rode horsesGuerrilla- soldiers who were not regular army troops and often fought behind enemy linesDesperados- bold and reckless outlawsKEY TERMSCommercial Agriculture- producing crops for saleExpansion- the act or process of expanding the quality or state of being expanded; to extendImmigrant- a person who comes to a country to settleSharecropper- a farm worker who works on someone elses land and pays for its use by giving the landowner a share of the crops grownSubsistence Agriculture- a way of farming in which the farm produces just enough income to support the farming familyQuinceanera- a celebration of a girls fifteenth birthday.Buffalo Soldiers former slaves who fought during the Indian WarsIrrigation method of obtaining water for crops.KEY TERMS 1865-1900During the Civil War, Native Americans attacked the settlements on the frontier.Native American tribes roamed the unsettled lands of western Texas.

Post Civil War

Trying to settle West Texas was not easy. Native Americans raided white settlements because they believed the land belonged to them. Federal troops were sent to Texas to help end the Native American attacks. This was called Range WarFederal troops moved forts along the frontier. However they were too far apart and supplying them was difficult.Government officials and tribal leaders signed the Medicine Lodge Treaty.Native Americans agreed to stop raiding white settlements, and the government agreed to provide them with food and supplies.However, the treaty failed because the Comanches and Kiowas refused to sign it and continued raiding the settlements.All attempts at making peace failed because many Native Americans didnt trust the whites. The Frontier Wars began (aka Indian Wars).Attempts to End Raids

Native Americans Advantages:knew the area really wellhad riflesused hit and run techniques (rode into the area, fired arrows or rifles, and rode away)Were skilled at fighting on horseback Federal Armys Strategies:attacked Native American villages and captured their food and suppliesburned villages and killed horseshunted and destroyed the buffalo (major food source) and nearly drove it into extinction

Federal Armys Strategies

The Frontier Wars end:The U.S. Government ordered the Apaches onto a reservation in Arizona.Apache leader, Victorio, and several of his warriors left and carried out raids across Southwest Texas and Mexico.Victorio and most of his warriors were killed when they escaped into Mexico.In 1881, more than 300 years of fighting between Texas settlers and Native Americans had ended.Native Americans were forced from their homes and made to live on reservations in Oklahoma where they lost their traditional way of life.Few Native Americans, like Quanah Parker, adapted to their new American lifestyle and prospered.Others died of poverty or disease.After the Frontier Wars ended, the cattle industry boomed.

Frontier Wars End

Objective:We will identify events and issues from Reconstruction through the beginning of the 20th century, including factors that led to the expansion of the Texas frontier, the effects of westward expansion on American Indians.After the Civil War was over, Texans were ready to move westward and settle the frontier. WHY???Anglo settlers wanted the large amounts of cheap unsettled land.There was a large supply of wild longhorn roaming the land.After the Civil War, there was a high demand for beef and cotton in the northern and eastern U.S. 5 Factors Leading to Westward Expansion

Causes of Western Expansion, continued:

Native Americans had been removed to reservations, so fear of attacks was gone.

Railroad growth this made it much easier for families to get to the West.Westward Expansion

Objective:We will identify signficant individuals from Reconstruction through the beginning of the 20th century, including buffalo soldiers and Quanah Parker.People to KnowQuanah Parkerson of Cynthia Ann Parker (captured by the Comanche when she was a small child) and Comanche chief Petathe last Chief of the Comanches and a skilled warriorled several successful raidseventually surrendered to the U.S. and adapted to the American culture. He encouraged other Native Americans to do the same.Daniel Webster 80 John WallaceCowboy who joined several cattle drivesearned the nickname 80 John by branding a large 80 on cattle for rancher John Nunnlater bought his own ranch which became worth more than a million dollarsBose Ikardone of the most famous African American cowboysworked with Loving and rode with Goodnight for four yearsOliver Lovingcattle driver who drove with Goodnight on a trail later known as the Goodnight-Loving trailCharles Goodnightcattle ranchermet and worked with famous cattle drover Oliver Loving

Daniel Webster 80 John WallaceBose IkardOliver LovingPeople to KnowMaria del Carmen CalvilloTexas ranch owner and entrepreneur during the time when women didnt have many rightsShe held onto her land for several years (Spain, Mexico, Republic of Texas, U.S.)Elizabeth Lizzie Johnson Williamsa school teacher, cattle dealer, and investorregistered her own cattle brandbecame known as a Cattle Queenthought to be the first woman in Texas to ride the Chisholm TrailHer property was worth a quarter of a million dollars.James HoggTexas Attorney General and Governorworked to protect citizens from unfair business practicessupported the Texas Railroad Commission

Frontier Wars:Salt Creek Massacre- In 1871, Kiowa leader (Satanta) led 100 warriors to raid a wagon train at Salt Creek. The Kiowas killed several people and burned wagons. This event sparked the Frontier Wars.Red River War- In 1874, the U.S. Army came up with a plan to remove the Comanche, Kiowa, Southern Cheyenne, and Arapaho Native American tribes from Southern Plains and put them on reservations.Battle of Adobe Walls- Quanah Parker (Comanche leader) and Lone Wolf (Kiowa leader) attacked a camp of buffalo hunters. They retreated when federal reinforcement arrived.Battle of Palo Duro Canyon- key battle of the Red River War; U.S. Army leaders led troops against the Comanches and Cheyennes. They captured Native Americans horses and winter food supply. Buffalo hunters killed herds of buffalo, causing the Comanches and Cheyennes to starve. The Red River War ended with the surrender of Quanah Parker and other warriors.

Former slaves, these African American soldiers from the 9th and 10th Cavalry and 24th and 25th Infantry helped fight in the Frontier Wars (aka Indian Wars).

They were respected by the Native Americans.

Native Americans nicknamed them Buffalo Soldiers their short, curly hair was like the hair on the back of a buffalos neck. They also had the strength and tenacity (drive) of the buffalo. The Buffalo Soldiers

WarmupPre-APRead chapter 4 of Where the Broken Hear Still Beats. (pages 26-33)

Summarize the chapter to your shoulder partner. Be ready for discussion.Battles between Comanches, Apaches, Kiowas, and the U.S. Army

Native Americans were Forced to reservations in the Oklahoma TerritoryEffects of Westward ExpansionOn the American Indian

Why were African American soldiers called Buffalo Soldiers?What was the original task of the Buffalo Soldiers?Why did many African Americans become soldiers despite the racial discrimination of that time?QuestionsCattle Industry BeginsObjective:We will identify individuals, events, and issues from Reconstruction through the beginning of the 20th century including the development of the cattle industry from its Spanish beginnings and the myths and realities of the cowboy way of life.THINK: How did the cattle industry develop into the multi-million dollar industry it is today?How did the demand for beef after the Civil War affect Texas?

Ranching had begun in Spanish times. Spanish explorers first brought cattle and horses to Texas in the 1700s. Spanish priests and soldiers were the first cattle ranchers in Texas. (Write: Cattle brought to Americas by Spaniards.)Large Spanish/Mexican ranches existed in northern Mexico and Texas.First cowboy was the Spanish vaquero. Vaqueros were skilled in riding, roping, herding, and branding. They used lariats to round up cattle from horseback.Texas Longhorns were born when the Spanish cows mixed with the heavier animals brought over by Anglos.They wore broad-brimmed hats to provide shade from the sun and chaps to protect their legs from thorns.They used saddles with horns to carry their ropes, blankets, rifles, and canteens.Spanish Origins of Cattle IndustryCattle trails were used to get cattle to railroads which took them to market in northern and eastern states.

Eventually railroad junctions came to Texas.Development of Cattle Industry

Used horses and Reatas (ropes) to round up herds of cattleraised cattle on the open rangeused English cattle-raising techniquesworked with smaller herds that were fenced inworked on foot most of the time instead of horsebackRANCHINGSpanish RanchersAnglo American RanchersSome cattle strayed from the missions or ranches.Over time, a new breed developed known as the Texas longhorn.

Longhorns

The longhorn was able to adapt to almost any environment.able to survive on little water or foodable to survive extreme hot or cold temperaturesAble to use their horns for protectionAfter the Civil War, raising cattle became a major industry in Texas. Both armies fed their troops beef during the war. Because of this, beef became an important part of the American diet.WRITE AFTER COWBOYS AND CATTLE TRAILSLonghorns worth $4 in Texas were worth $40 in the East.Ranchers in Texas began to use cattle drives to bring beef to the markets faster.A large supply and high demand for beef in the East helped revive the economy in Texas.Influence of the Civil War

Early ranchers faced drought, disease, and theft.They had trouble finding a place to sell their cattle and transporting cattle to market.The first Anglos in Texas herded on foot and did not brand their cattle. They soon adopted the ways of the Spanish vaqueros.Only a few Americans built ranching fortunes in Texas before the Civil War.James Taylor White gathered a herd of longhorns in the 1820s and sold them in New Orleans.Edward Piper drove 1,000 cattle to Ohio in 1846.Samuel Maverick was one of the first Americans to let his cattle roam the plains. Cattle that roamed the plains became known as mavericks.The First Cattle Ranchers

Cattle Trails and Cowboys

Cattle drivesCattle drives made up an important part of the cattle industry. Cowhands led the herds hundreds of miles to railroads where they could be shipped east. All of the cattle drives began with the roundup in the spring when the grass was green. They branded and divided them into herds. A typical herd size was about 3,000 cattle. The cowboys life was not as glamorous as it has been portrayed in movies.A manager, or trail boss, planned the cattle drive and was responsible for the success of the drive.Each drive had 11-18 men, including a cook and a scout. Cowboys kept a remuda (a group of 50-60 spare horses). Two skilled cowboys (pointers) led the cattle. Two or three cowboys rode on each side of the herd, and several more rode behind the herd (drag).The herd moved about 10-15 miles per day. Hazards included rainstorms, stampedes, extreme heat, rattlesnakes, river crossings, and attacks by Indians and bandits.Cattle Trails & CowboysThe cowboy you see portrayed on movies is nothing like the real cowboy.Legend vs. RealityThey did not fight with Native Americans. In fact, they tried to avoid Native Americans on the trails.They were not all Anglo men. In fact, many were African American and Mexican. There were also women on the trails. Yep, cowgirls.Very few cowboys carried guns. Trail bosses knew that an accidental gun shot could start a stampede. Cowboys were afraid of stampedes.The average cowboy was about 20 years old with a small physical frame.Trail rides were strenuous averaging about 30-36 hours on the saddle.The Real Cowboy

Cowboys had specific duties:Pointers directed the cattleFlankers rode on the side to keep the cattle from strayingDrag Position rode in the rear to keep the cows from straying behindWranglers took care of the extra horses called the remudaCowboys switched horses two to three times a day

The camp cook rode ahead in a chuck wagon to have dinner ready for the trail riders when they arrived.Chuck wagon a wagon that carries cooking equipment and food for the cowhands

Driving cattle was hard and dangerous work. Some of the dangers included:-Bad weather or predators could cause the herd to stampede -Indians would occasionally attackLightning from thunderstorms due to lack of shelterBiggest threat was a stampede!

CATTLE TRAILS, 18671890

Famous Cattle Trails (305)Name of TrailWhere It EndedOther FactsChisholm Trail1867-1884Abilene, KansasBlazed by Jesse Chisholm; used by about 5 million cattle up to 1884Great Western Trail1874Dodge City, Kansas and on to NebraskaOpened in 1874; went farther west than Chisholm Trail; went through Indian TerritoryGoodnight-Loving Trail1866-1886WyomingWent farther west; developed to avoid contact with Plains IndiansPotter-Bacon Trail1883

WyomingBlazed by Jack Potter; shorter than the Western trailShawnee Trail1846-1879Kansas City, Sedalia, and St. Louis, MissouriThe first major route usedThe Development of Cattle TrailsThe Chisholm Trail was the first of the great cattle trails. As many as 35,000 head of cattle reached Abilene, Kansas in 1867, and the number increased to 350,000 by 1869.

As more railroads were built, more trails developed.The Western Trail (Dodge City Trail) became popular in the 1870s.The Goodnight-Loving Trail started by Charles Goodnight and Oliver Loving

The first cattle drive was in 1866. It ended in a Missouri town.Farmers worried that Texas cattle might carry a disease. Missouri and other states passed quarantine laws to prevent Texas cattle from entering into settled areas.Farmers complained that longhorns trampled their crops. Bandits stole cattle.The next drive went to Abilene, Kansas.Drovers moved about 35,000 cattle to Abilene.Problems

In the late 1800s, some ranchers began to fence in their lands in Texas. This marked the end of the cattle drives.Some of the ranches were huge.Robert King started a ranch with 15,000 acres in Nueces County. The King Ranch grew to more than 1 million acres (about the size of Rhode Island)Charles Goodnights JA Ranch covered more than 1 million acres and supported about 100,000 cattle. His ranch produced some of the nations finest beef.Chicago investors owned the XIT Ranch. They received it after building a new capitol in Austin in 1888. It covered more than 3 million acres (almost as large as Connecticut).Sheep and goat ranching also expanded in Texas. Central and South Texas became popular areas for sheep ranchers.By 1886, Texans owned nearly five million sheep.Big RanchesTheWest had more ranchesthan the East.

WHY?West Texas ranchers owned little or no land. Their cattle grazed on the open range.Ranchers believed the water and grass were resources that everyone could share.Cattle from several ranches intermingled because there were no fences.To identify their own cattle, cattle ranchers branded their animals.Cattle ranchers soon began putting barbed wire around their land. This ended the open range in Texas.Ranching on the Open Range

BrandingIn the late 1800s, bandits were stealing cattle all over Texas. People who owned cattle had to be able to prove ownership.Ranchers began branding their animals by using symbols, letters, and numbers. They had to be creative because they didnt have time to spell out big words. Ranchers applied brands with heated, red-hot branding irons. These brands were applied to the left side of the animals (often on the hip).Rules for reading brands:Up and down symbols are read from top to bottom.Symbols inside symbols are read from the outside in.Side-by-side symbols are read from left to right.

45EXAMPLESEBoyBQIOU$TigerBETCLOSING THE OPEN RANGEObjective:We will explain the political, economic, and social impact of the agricultural industry and the development of West Texas resulting from the close of the frontier.Disagreements over land flared up.The invention of barbed wire, in 1874, by Joseph Glidden changed Texas forever.Ranchers put up barbed wire enclosures to protect their cattle and their land. Some farmers grew tired of cattle trampling over their crops during the cattle drives and fenced in their land.It closed the open range forever.Ranchers could not get cattle to water, so the windmill was used in hot, arid, west Texas to pump water

Closing the Open Range

By the 1880s, the open range in Texas had been fenced in. The barbed wire fences helped to end the cattle drives.Cattle owners who did not own land could no longer feed their herds on the open range. These landless cattle owners began cutting these fences so they could reach water and grass for their herds.War broke out once again in Texas. This time, it was between the cowboys who wanted to fence their property and cowboys who wanted to continue feeding their cattle on the open range. Fence cutters threatened ranchers and burned their pastures.Fence cutting caused an estimated $20 million in damages.Fence Cutting (Range) Wars

Texas passed a law making it a felony to cut a fence.This law helped reduce the number of cutting incidents, but a few still occurred in some areas.Texas Rangers helped by going undercover to catch fence cutters. One Texas Ranger went as far as to set traps with dynamite. If the wire was cut or the fence was torn down, the trap exploded. Rangers finally brought an end to the fence cutting wars.By the 1880s, Native Americans no longer hunted buffalo, cowboys no longer drove herds of cattle, and railroads, telegraph wires and fences crossed West Texas.The frontier in Texas had disappeared.The Frontier ClosesAfter the Civil War, the population of Texas increased drastically. About 600,000 people lived in Texas by 1860. By 1900, Texas had more than 3 million people.Texans moved west in large numbers after the Frontier Wars.Settlers used the idea of manifest destiny to justify forcing Indians off the land.Cattle and sheep ranchers led the way in settling West Texas. They saw great financial potential in West Texas.Railroad companies promoted the settlement of West Texas by building railroad lines through the region.There were only 583 miles of track in 1870. By 1900, there were 10,000 miles of railroad in Texas.Development of West Texas West Texas had few trees, so there was no wood to build homes.Settlers had to make homes out of chunks of soil containing grass.They had to burn hay and cornstalks for fuel.They ate rabbits, turkeys, quail, and other wild game.Settlers had to endure blizzards and grasshopper swarms.Even with these problems, settlements and towns grew up around the region.Since settlers lived long distances from one another, they often held social events.

Its a Hard Knock Life

THINK QUESTION:What are the political, social, and economic effects of the cattle industry on Texas?Impact of the Closing of the FrontierPoliticalSocialEconomicAgricultural Industry (farming)increase of revenue for the statemore farmers move west because new methods of farming were introduced: dry farming and irrigationincrease in sharecroppingproducts were sold, and transported across the nationnew cash crops were grown: wheat and sorghumcotton and corn grew across the stateWest TexasRange Wars- * fences caused ranchers to battle with each other; * cutting fences resulted in violencefence cutting became a felonygrowth of population towns in West Texas were establisheduse of barbed wire to fence off land ended cattle drives and closed rangesExpansion of the railroad brought in revenueCattle ranching becomes a businessInventions change the TX landscape: barbwire and windmillWhy did America need Railroads?Communication from East to West was not very good. Railroads shortened mail delivery time.Travelling time from East to West took 6 months +It would help fulfil Manifest DestinyHelped farmers become commercial farmers, selling large quantities of crops to the EastHelp to bring law and order to the West56Effect of the Railroads: Helps develop the Cattle IndustryCattle were transported by the railroads making it easier to move them from Texas to the EastCow Towns (cities) grew up around these railroad stops, thus population increased drastically

57Effect of the Railroads: Quick and easy travel to the WestPrevious methods Wagon TrainFootBy boatPony ExpressThe railroad turned a 6 month journey into a maximum of 8 days

58James Hogga huge supporter of the Texas Railroad CommissionTexas Attorney General and Governorworked at reforming big businessworked to protect citizens from unfair business practices

Objective:We will identify individuals, events, terminology, and issues from Reconstruction through the beginning of the 20th century.

We will identify ways in which Texans have adapted to and modified the environment and analyze the positive and negative consequences of the modifications.Farming in West Texas

Growing crops in West Texas required a different method of farming because there was little rainfall.Farmers tried to conserve water, but stored water evaporated quickly in the West Texas heat.The land could not support farming without irrigation (supplies water to the land by artificial means).Windmills made it possible to pump water from beneath the ground. They allowed farmers and ranchers to water their crops and animals on their own property.Ranching was more successful than farming.

Farming in West Texas:Because of the climate and lack of water resources, it was difficult for farmers to grow crops in the dry soil. As a result, ranching became very popular in West Texas. Although farming was difficult, it wasnt impossible. The invention of windmills helped farmers grow their crops and ranchers get water to their animals.Windmills were used as an irrigation method to pump water from beneath the ground to dry land.How did Texas modify and adjust to their environment

During the early 1800s (early 19th century), wagons, carriages, and horses were the only types of transportations available in Texas.During the late 1800s, (late 19th century), settlers could travel using wagons, carriages, horses, railroads and steamboats.

Barbed WirePast: fenced in open rangePresent: used to fence in large commercial farms/ranchesWindmillPast: provide water for farming and animalsPresent: more effectively provides water for farming and animalsCommunicationPast: very slow; telegraph, telephones, lettersPresent: much faster; telephones, letters, cell phones, Internet, e-mailTransportationUses of TechnologyRailroads Impact Farming

Railroads Change Texas

RANCHINGFARMINGThe first rail line in Texas opened in 1851.Farmers had an easy way to move their crops to the market.Rail lines in Texas became connected to the rest of the U.S. in 1873.Farmers also used railroads to transport seeds, plows, and other supplies.Ranchers began shipping their cattle to the market by rail.Railroads helped spread farming to West Texas.Railroads changed the economy, making both ranching and farming big businessRailroad companies sold their land in West Texas at very low prices because of the dry land and climate.

CH. 18 King CottonCotton was called King Cotton, because it was the biggest cash cropAlong with cattle, agriculture was very important to the post-civil war economy

How was King Cotton important the Texas Economy?Because of the financial hard times, families started small farms to get by.Most farmers ran subsistence farms. This means they grew just enough food to feed their families and had little to sell or barter.

Subsistence FarmingBut to farm you needed land and most Texans didnt own any. Because there was no more slavery, big plantation owners need workers to work their land.

The practice of tenant farming was started. Tenant farmers rent land from large land owners. 38% of all farms in 1880 were tenant farms

Tenant Farming A way to rent land was sharecropping.Farmers with no money to rent land would instead pay for the land with a share of the seasons crop. Freedman would mostly do this since they had little money.

SharecroppersTenant farmers who had their own supplies like mules, plows, seed, feed, and other supplies typically paid the landlord the value of a third of the cotton crop.Sharecroppers who supplied only their labor typically received half the crops. It was very tough for a sharecropper to get ahead.

WindmillsWindmills pumped water to the surface for settlers and their livestockAlmost every farm had a windmill.Windmill became a symbol of civilization on the plains

Steel PlowA steel plow was stronger than previous iron plowsThe Blue Kelly steel plow was especially useful with the tough soil of the prairiesInnovationsImproved Cotton GinNew innovations made to the cotton gin made it more efficient The process became more of an industrial processThis created a huge growth in cotton production

Cotton ruled the farming industry in the late 1800s.The railroads increased this.Due to high demand in the east no crop made more money.

ImmigrationImmigrant Groups in Texas

People from all over the world settled in Texas in the late 1800s.Immigrants came from other parts of the U.S., Mexico, Germany, Sweden, Ireland, France, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Italy, China and other parts of the world.These immigrant groups influenced Texas in various ways. They influenced our celebrations, language, food, and etc.

The Texas population continued to increase. In 1872, 100,000 people came to Texas.People came to Texas from all over the world.Increase in Population

GroupsWhy /Culture Brought to U.S. Settled?Mexicansbordered Mexico and vast amounts of land for ranching/culture brought: Quinceanera- celebrates a young girls coming of age (15)South TexasGermansavailable cheap land, good climate/Wurstfest- annual celebration to celebrate German heritageCentral TexasAmericanssimilar to where most came from, relatives and other friends, financial opportunitiesEast TexasSwedisheconomic opportunities Central TexasIrishpotato famine and povertyalong the Texas CoastFrenchtook advantage of the 1841Colonization Laws Near San AntonioPolisheconomic opportunitiesLower Central TexasCzechavailable cheap land and povertyLower East TexasWends available cheap land and poverty (a small area in Eastern Germany)Central TexasItalianseconomic depressionalong the Texas coastChinesehelped build the railroadEl Paso, Houston