University of Central FloridaUniversity of Central Florida

Brian Goldiez, Ph.D.Deputy Director, ISTbgoldiez@ist.ucf.edu

• Human Centered– Human in the Loop– Modeling Human Behavior

• Science Based– Process Models– Physics– Etc.

Simulation TypesSimulation Types

Constructive Human Observed/Controlled Discrete/EventsVirtual Human Operator/Virt. Equip. Human Perception Live Machines/Natural Participants Continuous

Human Centered Simulation DomainsHuman Centered Simulation Domains

Events Not Easily Reproduced - War, MedicineEvents where Safety Is an Issue - FlightEvents where Cost Is an Issue - EngineeringEvents where Efficiency Is an Issue - TrainingEvents where Time Is an Issue - Economic Trends

Education CriminalJustice

MedicalApplications

CrisisManagement

Simulator UsesSimulator Uses

Software

Simulators Emphasize & De-emphasizeParts of Reality

ComputerI/F

OptionalComponents

I/F

MachineParticipant

PeopleParticipant

OperatorController

Simulator ComponentsSimulator Components

Making Distributed Simulations StraightforwardCreating Composable SimulationsEfficient & Realistic Behavioral Models– Individuals– Groups

Understanding Human Interactions with SimulationsMath & Computing Strategies for Modeling Complex Systems Accelerating Development of Reusable M&S Products

M&S ChallengesM&S Challenges

Emerging Technology - Quit Waiting - Start ExploitingBuild Strong Scientific Underpinnings– Human Behavior Models– Human Performance Evaluation– Model Abstraction

Address the Software ProblemExploit Hardware AdvancesDevelop Critical TechnologiesMarket Driven DevelopmentTest EarlyExploit New Markets/Users

M&S ChallengesM&S Challenges

Multi-core ComputingDevelop PreambulationDevelop Many-to-Many NetworksExploit Computing (EPIC, Optical Computing, .1μm)Develop Model Abstraction & Composibility FrameworksDevelop Better Computer Generated Players (Command & Action)Develop Tools for SimulationCreate Better Business Models (Price Sensitivity, Teams, Development Cycles, …)

M&S ChallengesM&S Challenges

Reduce the Cycle Time to Create Distributed Simulations– Useful & Substantive Definitions of Interoperability– Templates for Interoperability– Software Tools for InteroperabilityReduce Time to Market for StandardsUser Friendly and Meaningful Repositories for Models– Environment– Physical – Behavioral – ProcessesSoftware Substrates to Support Distributed Simulations

Distributed Simulations

M&S ChallengesM&S Challenges

Interoperability ConstructsBi-Directional Multi-Resolution TechniquesMessage Passing StrategiesNetwork StrategiesSimulation Control StrategiesComputational Infrastructure for Composable Simulations

Composable Simulations

M&S ChallengesM&S Challenges

Identify and Capture Relevant Behavior– Sampling of Population– Diversity of BehaviorsIdentify Capturing Secondary EffectsStrategies for Separation of Behavioral Components1

– Perception and Sensing – Memory – Cognition– PsychomotorStrategies for Individual or Group Aggregation▬ Example: Fractal GeometryModeling Strategies and Implementation Paradigms

1 Modeling Human & Organizational Behavior, Pew & Mavor, 1998

Behavior Models

M&S ChallengesM&S Challenges

Hand Held Devices– Controllers– Discrete– 2 & 3 DimensionsOther Sensory Modalities– Olfactory– Haptics– VisualDevice vs. Usage EnvironmentsUser Augmentation of Device During OperationsGuidelines

Understanding Human Interactions with Simulations

M&S ChallengesM&S Challenges

Guidelines on Algorithmic vs. Data Driven SimulationsStrategies and Approaches to Gather and Reduce DataStrategies for Creating and Simplifying EquationsParallel Computing Control Strategies– Control– Partitioning the Problem Domain– I/OOperating Systems for Modeling and SimulationsDevelopment of Modeling ParadigmsNetworking Paradigms– Many-to-Many Networks– Routing Spaces Techniques– Other Filtering Strategies (Sender vs. Receiver)

Math & Computing Strategies

M&S ChallengesM&S Challenges

Standard, Multi-Level Architectures Embracedby Users and Developers Improving Software ProductivityDeveloping Products Serving a Large Sponsor BaseMarket vs. Requirements Driven SystemsRapid Integration of CoTSSimpler SpecificationsMore Direct Testing Methods

Accelerate Development of Reusable Products

M&S ChallengesM&S Challenges

Big Business in Central Florida Region– Over $2B DoD Procurement 07– Over $1B DoD Other Procurement– Army, Navy, Air Force, Navy, Other

20,000 Regional EmployeesAttracting Other Agency Funding– US DoT, DoEd, FLETC, FDoT

Simulation & TrainingSimulation & Training

L3 COML3 COM

Institute for Simulation &

Training

Institute for Simulation &

Training

National Center for Simulation

National Center for Simulation

UNIVERSITY of CENTRAL FLORIDA

UNIVERSITY of CENTRAL FLORIDA

LOCKHEED MARTIN

LOCKHEED MARTIN

Rockwell Collins

Rockwell Collins

RaytheonRaytheon

COAST GUARDCOAST GUARD

ARMYARMY

AIR FORCEAIR FORCE

MARINE CORPS

MARINE CORPS

NAVYNAVY

SAICSAIC

UNIVERSITY High SchoolUNIVERSITY High School

Simulation and Training

Technology Center (STTC)

Simulation and Training

Technology Center (STTC)

INVIVO RESEARCH

INC.

INVIVO RESEARCH

INC.

Joint Advanced Distributed LearningCo-Lab

Joint Advanced Distributed LearningCo-Lab

JDIFJDIF

AT&TAT&T

ARMYARMY

Dept. Homeland Security

Dept. Homeland Security

Some Partners in the CommunitySome Partners in the CommunityPartners in the Community

Simigon

ARADesign InteractiveForterra

Goal: Position Central Florida as a HighTech region on par with Silicon Valley, Research Triangle, et al.Cooperative initiative by economic development agencies, corporations& academia. Corridor extends from Tampa, through Lakeland and Orlando to Daytona, along I-4.Academics: USF, UCF, UF, ERAU and FIT, plus Community Colleges Commercial: Multi-Billion M&S sales per year; 250 firms; $50K FTE’sIST/UCF is the intellectual, academic hub

Florida High Tech CorridorFlorida High Tech Corridor

DAYTONAERAU

DAYTONAERAU

OCALAUF

OCALAUF

TAMPAUSF

TAMPAUSF

ORLANDOUCF

ORLANDOUCF

LAKELANDLAKELAND

CAPEKSCFIT

CAPEKSCFIT

UCF Stands For Opportunity

At a Glance...50.254 students (fall 08)12 collegesA “Four-Year 1” (highest level)institution based on graduateprogram strength$122.8 million in 2008research awards95 master’s and 29 PhDdegree programs

Centers of ExcellencePhotonicsLaser TechnologySimulation and Training

Simulation and Training Research at UCFInstitute for Simulation & TrainingCenter for Research & Education in Optics and LasersSchool Electrical of Eng. and Computer ScienceCenter for Applied Human Factors in AviationCenter for Advanced Transportation Systems SimulationFlorida Photonics Center of ExcellenceTeam Performance LaboratoryMedia Convergence LaboratorySchool of Film and Digital Media

Research Areascomputer modeling ... virtual, augmented, mixed reality ... mathematical foundations ... physiology... psychology ... curriculum development ... distributed learning ... web-based systems ... simulation standards ... hardware prototypes ... robotic systems ... economic models ... performance assessment

University of Central FloridaUniversity of Central Florida

Simulation & Training Programs

MS & PhD in Simulation Systems

– Multi-disciplined Approach

– Diverse Research Facilities

2+2 Program Coordination

High School Feeder Program

University of Central FloridaUniversity of Central Florida

♦ Multidisciplinary graduate program established in 2002♦ Supported by Institute for Simulation and Training and

two colleges♦ Rapid start because 50+ faculty and 100+ courses were

already in place ♦ Rapid growth to 100+ students for this academic year♦ ~150 degrees awarded to date including 27 Ph.D.’s♦ Very good job placement for grads to date♦ Selected as “Graduate Program of Excellence” by

Provost

Modeling & Simulation MS/PhDModeling & Simulation MS/PhD

Institute for Simulation and Training (IST)

♦ Founded in 1982♦ Academic Component to Govt & Industry

▬ Research▬ Teaching▬ Service

♦ Reporting to VP Research♦ Baseline Funded from State of Florida

Human Centered S&T Research– Individual and Teams– Live, Virtual, and Constructive Domains

Basic and Applied Research for– Military– DoT (US, Florida, Other)– Other Federal (e.g., NSF)– Private Industry

Relationship with Business– Proposal and Contract Collaboration– SBIR/STTR– Spin-off/Incubation

Technology Transfer in S&T

Institute for Simulation & TrainingInstitute for Simulation & Training

Top L to R: IST Progress Drive Facility, Simulation Training & Technology Center, Partnership I. Second row: Partnership II

IST FacilitiesIST Facilities

EngineersPsychologistsEducatorsComputer ScientistsInstructional DesignersDigital Media specialistsMathematiciansORSAHistoriansCognitive scientistsStudents

Research faculty - 60Research affiliates - 10Students (undergrad & grad) - 70

IST StaffIST Staff

A Key Component of the UCF Mission:... Be America’s Leading Partnership University.

Joint Efforts with 11 UCF Academic UnitsResearch Funding from Key Agencies:ARO, ARI, ARL, ONR, NSF, RDECOM, DARPA, Several FloridaAgencies, Several Foreign Governments

International Involvement:EU, NATO Nations, Korea

Industrial Partners:L3, AT&T, Army STTC, NAVAIR Orlando, IBM, Foundations,Many Small Businesses.

Florida Academic Partners:USF, FAMU-FSU, FIU, FAU, IHMC, UF

UCF - ISTUCF - IST

Multi-Resolution SimulationHigh-Level ArchitectureConnectivityComputer Generated ForcesVirtual EnvironmentsComputer GraphicsTerrain DatabasesLow-Cost GraphicsTraining & EducationNew Simulation EnvironmentsMedicinePublic SafetyInformation Technology

Capabilities

Institute for Simulation & TrainingInstitute for Simulation & Training

RoboticsAugmented & Virtual RealityGraphics Computing Hardware & NetworksComputer Generated ForcesMedical SimulationAdvanced Learning TechnologiesMedia ConvergenceTeam Training

TestbedsTestbeds

Virtual, Mixed and Augmented RealityVirtual, Mixed and Augmented Reality

New Thrust: MURI to Study distributed Teamwork (ONR)Developed M&S Certification Course, Technical Short CoursesNew Thrust: Medical Applications of M&SNew Partnerships: Florida Hospital - CelebrationNew Laboratory Capability: Physiological MeasurementsDeveloped New Research Area: Human-agent TeamingNew Initiatives: Complex-adaptive Systems, M&S Tools in Education, Education & Entertainment tracks in M&S Graduate ProgramNew Thrust: Games and Handheld Devices for Lower Cost/Mass Usage

Support UCF Robotics TeamsSupport NASA FIRST RoboticsSupport UCF Programming TeamsSupport UCF High School Programming Team Outreach

Some current initiatives

UCF - ISTUCF - IST

A Sampling of Current Research Programs & Laboratory Activities

Studies & Consultations

♦ Future Aviation Simulation Systems– PEO STRI– PEO AVN– Director of Simulation, Ft. Rucker

♦ Augmented Reality & Presence Research Agenda– Army Research Institute

♦ Patient Safety– U. Miami– U. Florida– Florida Hospital– …

Maximizing human performance in complex environments througha team-centered approach to training, learning, and assessment.

Eduardo Salas, DHSIR Director (esalas@ist.ucf.edu, 407-882-1326)

Areas of Expertise

Team Adaptation

Team Leadership

Macrocognition &Team Cognition

Multicultural TeamsTeam Training &

Performance

Simulation-Based Training

Multiteam Systems

Crew Resource Management

Metrics of Team Process &

Performance

Patient Safety

TEAMS

Human Systems Integration ResearchHuman Systems Integration Research

Culture– Investigation of impact of

culture on collaboration and negotiation (ARO MURI)

– Human Terrain Team Effort (GTRI) (Training Analysis and Development)

– Development of a training and analysis system for human, social, cultural, and behavioral modeling (OSD)

Team Cognition– Investigation of macrocognition

and its role in collaborative problem solving in NCW environments (ONR)

– Development and comparison of metrics to assess macrocognition (ONR)

Patient Safety– Evaluation of training for forward

surgical teams (UM and Ryder Trauma Center)

– Patient safety and simulation-based training initiatives (ORMC and FL Hospital)

Multiteam Systems– Empirical work investigating

leadership in MTS (ARI)– Empirical work investigating

critical MTS processes and states (ARI)

– Historiometric analysis of coordination mechanisms (ARI, In-House)

Training – Social critical thinking (ARI)– Trust development in swift starting

action teams (ARI)– Investigation of learning principles

and game based training (ONR)

Current Projects

Human Systems Integration ResearchHuman Systems Integration Research

Explores how elements internal and external to the mind are integrated, how they workand how cognitive systems can be improved. IST & Dept. of Philosophy collaboration.

Develop cross-disciplinary theories to enhance research in team cognition and coordination.Funding: ONRPartner: Psychology

Examine how simulation tools may improve understanding in environmental economics. Funding: NSFPartner: Economics and Computer Science

Examine cognition and coordination in human-agent teams. Funding: ARLPartner: Computer Science

Cognitive Science examines such phenomena by drawing on a variety of disciplines, including psychology, computer science, philosophy, neuroscience, modeling and simulation, linguistics and anthropology.

Develop games to augment humani-ties education. Funding: UCFPartner: Digital Media

Improve training systems to accelerate the development of perceptual expertise for X-ray security screeners. Funding: DHSPartner: Psychology

Cognitive Sciences LaboratoryCognitive Sciences Laboratory

Director: Florian Jentsch, Ph.D.

Mission: to develop and test theory and methods from the psychological, organizational, and computational sciences in the study of individual and team process and performance.

Current research projects– DHS Transportation Security Laboratory (TSL)

X-Ray baggage screening training (cues, trng env., field studies)

– Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)Aviation training research (scenario gen & knowledge assessment tools for various avn events)

– Army Research Laboratory (ARL) and RDECOMHuman-Agent Team research (route planning, target detection using scale MOUT facility & virtual foxhole)

Team Performance LaboratoryTeam Performance Laboratory

Mixed Emerging Technology Integration Lab (METIL)Mixed Emerging Technology Integration Lab (METIL)

Learning, Knowledge & Cognition

MobileGames and SimulationsVirtual WorldsCollaborative TechnologiesWeb 2.0 and beyond

Learning, Knowledge & Cognition

MobileGames and SimulationsVirtual WorldsCollaborative TechnologiesWeb 2.0 and beyond

DAU Sim Cards Classroom, Online, Mobile and

Virtual World Learning Scenarios

Mobile My Sports Pulse Challenge Mobile Simulations for Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) Education

Innovative integration of 3 domains:

STEM Education to improve students interest and future technical entrepreneurship opportunities

Sports Theme to expand audience, promote interest and provide extrinsic motivation

Mobile Technology for delivery to a young, broad audience, reaching millions internationally

Johnson & Johnson PRD 3D University

Corporate Mobile Learning, Virtual Worlds and KM/Collab

Microsoft Mobile SCORM-conforming courses

PMESII Catalog

Go for the GreenMobile learning sales game with a golf theme on iPhone, Blackberry, Symbianand Windows Mobile

Community-editable database wiki for irregular warfare simulations

RETRO LaboratoryRETRO Laboratory

Stokes High Performance Computing Cluster

StokesUCF Resource U.S. ARMY RDECOM Funding Users: IST, Civil Engineering, Physics, Nanoscience and Mathematics.Intended to Be a Resource for the Modeling and Simulation Community.

EquipmentOperating System: RHEL 5.081 Nodes/ 648 CoresMemory: 1.296 TB RAMStorage: 52 TBInterconnect: 1 Gbps Ethernet & 20 GbpsInfini-Band

HPCC - StokesHPCC - Stokes

ISTInvestigating strategies for MappingMMOG onto Stokes.Crowd Modeling and Semi-automatedForce (SAF).Computational Steering and Visualization.

Civil EngineeringCoastal Modeling to bBetter PredictTidal Conditions.

PhysicsTheoretical and ComputationalModeling of Materials.

NanoscienceComputer-assisted Design of Non-linear Optical Materials with Applications Including Three Dimensional Data Storage.

Future M&S ResearchNew M&S Computing Arch. Augmented CognitionM&S InteroperabilityApproaches

Current Research on StokesCurrent Research on Stokes

Haptic Interface Vest

Locomotion and

Navigation in VRHaptic Devices

Olfaction in Training

Multimodal InteractionMultimodal Interaction

What does game-based training need to make it effective?How are technologies affected?Currently use G-DIS

– VBS2 is under consideration

Focus is on distributed after action review capabilities

– Microphone– Telestrator

AAR– SOCRATES, our AAR engine

• DIVAARS• JTACAARS

– Visual augmentations to aid understanding

University of Central Florida | Institute for Simulation & Training http://www.irl.ist.ucf.eduGlenn A. Martin, IRL Director martin@ist.ucf.edu | 407-882-1349

Game-Based Training ResearchGame-Based Training Research

SiMBioS LaboratorySiMBioS Laboratory

Optical Flow

Pedestrian Models

Application Tracking

Simulation

Mixed Reality FacilityMixed Reality Facility

Mixed Reality FacilityMixed Reality Facility

Application of 3D modeling to history

– Shadows of CanaveralFlash based experience providing an examination of the launch facilities and culture of Cape Canaveral in the 1950s/1960s.

– Come Back to the FairFull 3D environment based on the 1964/65 New York World’s Fair. Designed to provide an avenue of learning between STEM and arts/humanities.

Digital Image Access Classification Research– Digitization of 60,000+ images.– Dissemination of informational content of images.– Researching distinction between subject and

‘aboutness’ of images.– Researching 3D online archive interfaces.

Institute for Simulation and Training – Media Convergence Lab http://virtualheritage.ist.ucf.eduDr. Lori C. Walters lcwalter@mail.ucf.edu

Virtual HeritageVirtual Heritage

The ACTIVE Lab engages in applied research and development for the analysis and improvement of human performance. Our multidisciplinary team of more than 30 researchers is organized into focus area teams:

Simulation Based LearningAdaptive Interaction Operational NeurosensingHuman Robotics InteractionSocial Cultural Behavior Modeling

Provide Content & Information to

Stimulate the SensesMeasure & Model

the human’s “state”

Adapt processing &interfaces based on the human’s “state”

Merging virtual reality and neuroscience to advancethe state of the art in human training

ACTIVE* LaboratoryACTIVE* Laboratory

*Applied Cognition and Training in Immersive Virtual Environments

*Research, Development and Engineering CommandCurrent force vehicle embedded training (ET) testbeds

Developing simulation layer to operational soldier system

Benchmarking OneSAF on ET systems

C2MINCS with STEP leveraging Light Terrain

Format (LTF) for intervisibility

Game-based dismounted infantry simulation

Support to U.S. Army RDECOM*Support to U.S. Army RDECOM*

Vehicle Simulators and Command Interface to Semi-autonomous Systems

Operator Interface Design and EvaluationOperator Interface Design and Evaluation

Modeling Nature to Solve Computational ProblemsNatural Computation & Coadaptive Systems LabNatural Computation & Coadaptive Systems Lab

♦ What we offer:IT Consulting, application development, & systems services.Advanced apps supporting data manipulation, work-flowand decision making.Internet and DREN hosting

♦ Our Clientbase:Any domain, any client in need of professional IT assistance.DoD, Government, Academia, Commercial & Non-Profits

♦ Info System Examples & Clients:Business Process Automation

Academic Research & Grant Information System (ARGIS)IST Timesheet SystemDoD M&S Standards Vetting Tool

Communication & CollaborationSimulation Interoperability Standards Organization (SISO)Navy Modeling & Simulation Office (NMSO)

Decision Support SystemsArmy Project Information Management System (APIMS)Nursing, Course Advising & Planning System (NCAPS)

Solving problems through the development and application of internet-based information systems

Balance Report

University of Central Florida | Institute for Simulation & Training http://www.dist.ist.ucf.eduTammie McClellan, DIST Director tmcclell@ist.ucf.edu | 407-882-1388

Information Systems TechnologyInformation Systems Technology

Can advances in mixed realitybe applied successfullyin other applications?

Some Recent ResultsSome Recent Results

Cognitive rehabilitation experimentCognitive rehabilitation experiment

How do people perceive agent capability based on agent appearance?

Ellis, L. U., Sims, V. K., Chin, M. G., Pepe, A. A., Owens, C. W., Dolezal, M. J.,Shumaker, R., & Finkelstein, N. UCF Psychology/ UCF IST/ Army RDECOM

Some Recent ResultsSome Recent Results

Attributions

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

Cooperative Stupid Unfriendly Threatening

Type of Attribution

Ag

ree

me

nt Treaded

Wheeled

Robosapien

AIBO

Dog

Dog

Dog

TreadedTreadedW

heeledW

heeledB

ipedalB

ipedalA

iboA

ibo

Agent capability based on appearance...

Attribution Ratings

FeedbackHuman, Robot, and Human/RobotCombinations

Participants “Advise” Entities.

Participants Receive Informationabout the Entity’s Behavior in theForm of an Arrow on the Maze.

Lyapunov Exponent for ModelingPerformance

Maze Study: Task instructions

Agent capability based on appearance...

How well can group behavior be modeled using straightforward

mathematical constructs?Dr David Kaup & Rex Oleson II, UCF IST & UCF Math

Some Recent ResultsSome Recent Results

Pushing and Friction(when pedestrians contact each other)

squeezepushpush dkF Δ=

pushfrictfrict FkF =

Note:- Physical forces do not depend on

relative orientation of pedestrians;

- By themselves, the pushing forcesdo NOT prevent pedestrians from“walking through” each other !

Physical forces

Mathematical modeling of group behavior...

Repulsion(tendency to keep distance from others and from boundaries)

][ }{exp

) (2112max

12

reprep

rep

DrrdF

wF+−

−

×= φ

Attraction to exit(s)

][attr

ped_attrmax

ped_attr

exp

) (

DdF

wF

attr

attr

−

×= φ

D attr >> D rep

(non-infinite D attrplays role when a person decideswhich exit to head)

Tendency to keeppreferred speed

τpref

prefVVF −

−=

ijindepend

iindependipref

Vp

VepV

><−

+=r

rr

)1(

0,

As panic increases,

↑

↓

0V

p independ

Social forces

Mathematical modeling of group behavior...

Long hall, 2 dominant

Zig-zag hall, 2 dominant

Impact of social rules

Agent Team performance...

Observation: people form groups of 2 to 6A nominal leader emerges, may changeSeem to enter a crowd as groupGroup may pre-exist or form dynamicallyImplementation approaches– Introduction of variability– Introduction of physical models (e.g., obscurants)– Fractal geometry for aggregation

Next step: Crowds as aggregates of smaller groups

Mathematical modeling of group behavior...

Can agent team performance be improved using explicit social constructs?

if so, which ones?Garfield, K., Wu, A., Onal, M., Crawford, B., Campbell, A., Shumaker, RUCF IST and UCF CS

Some Recent ResultsSome Recent Results

Ant swarmsAnt swarmsAnt swarms

Wolf packsWolf packsWolf packs

ApesApesApes

Choosing a social structure to model

Agent Team performance...

Our Approach:

Evolutionary Methods for Reactive Control Development

Dominance Hierarchy as Team Organizational Metaphor

Build Simulation Test Bed for Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs)

Develop Series of Increasingly Complex Team Tasks

Co-evolve Control and Social Rules

An Approach to Team Organization Dominance Hierarchyas a Team Metaphor

Agent Team performance...

Adding Multiple RolesSearch, Observe, Protect, Refuel, …Role Change Based on Own-State and Local TeamMate StatesDominance within State a Function of “Capability”Co-Evolution of Agent Control and Social Control

– Evolve State Change Thresholds– Evolve Sensor Responses & Control Rules– Maintain Ranges of Responses

Next Step: Multi-State Agents; Small Land-Vehicle Teams

Agent Team performance...

Lower Cost and Valid Simulation Devices

M&S Fundamentals (Math or Logic Based)

Modeling & Interacting With Complex Physical Systems (Static & Adaptive)

Multi-modal HCI Technology Dev. for M&S

Improved Software Dev. Approaches

Improved Distributed M&S Tools & Techniques

M&S Integrated with Other Technologies

New InitiativesNew Initiatives

Medicine

Transportation

Entertainment

M&S in Public Safety

M&S Supporting Collaborative Environments

Cross Domain Applications

M&S as a Social Training Tool

New Application DomainsNew Application Domains