U.S. History 102

• Led by European nations in the 1800sBritain, France, Germany, Russia

• Why?Economics: need natural resources and new

marketsNationalism: competition with other nations to

control moreMilitary: advances in navies required bases around

the world for fuel/suppliesHumanitarian: duty to spread Western civilization

including medicine, law, and Christianity

Imperialism

3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking

The White Man’sBurden

The White Man’sBurdenThe Hierarchy

of RaceThe Hierarchy

of Race

• 1867 – US purchases Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million Derided as “Seward’s Folly”

Seward’s Icebox

Secretary of State William H. Seward

Spanish-American War (1898)

• Why? Cuba and Puerto Rico are the last two Spanish colonies in the

Americas Similarities among Cuban rebels and American Revolution Media Influence – William Randolph Hearst and yellow

journalism Cuban guerillas began destroying US sugar plantations forcing

business owners to put pressure on the gov The de Lôme Letter – Spanish ambassador ridicules Pres.

McKinley Philippines also rebelling against the Spanish. Viewed as a key

base to protect US-Asian trade The Maine Incident

US ship in Havana harbor explodes

“Remember the Maine!”

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer

William Randolph Hearst

William Randolph Hearst

Hearst to Frederick Hearst to Frederick Remington:Remington: You furnish the You furnish the pictures,pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! and I’ll furnish the war!

Theodore Roosevelt Admiral George Dewey

U. S. Interventions in U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s

U. S. Interventions in U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s

The Cares of a Growing The Cares of a Growing FamilyFamily

The Cares of a Growing The Cares of a Growing FamilyFamily

Panama Canal (1904-1914)

• Why? Make global shipping faster

and cheaper Allow US Navy to move

quickly in time of war

• First attempted by France• US supports a Panamanian

revolution against Colombia and recognizes its sovereignty

• Panama gives US 10-mile land grant along the Canal Zone for $10 million

• Panama regains control of the canal as of 12/31/99

“Walk softly and carry a big stick”

• Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine US has a right to intervene in foreign nations (primarily Latin

America) to prevent intervention from other powers

Foreign Policy under Taft & Wilson

• Dollar Diplomacy Pres. Taft’s policy of encouraging American investment

in foreign s a right to intervene in foreign nations (primarily Latin America) to prevent intervention from other powers

Increased hatred of US Mixed success

• Mexican Revolution 1911 – dictator Porfirio Diaz is overthrown. His

replacement is Francisco Madero who is overthrown and murdered in 1913 by Gen. Victoriano Huerta

Pres. Woodrow Wilson refuses to recognize Huerta as the legitimate president of Mexico ending Taft’s dollar diplomacy

Wilson supports Venustania Carranza and he takes power in 1914

Carranza and military leader Pancho Villa split. US back Carranza, thus Villa raids US border towns.

William H. Taft

Pancho Villa

Progressive Era• Goals1)Gov should be more accountable to its citizens2)Gov should curb the power and influence of wealthy interests3)Gov should be given expanded powers so that it could become more active in improving the

lives of its citizens4)Gov should become more efficient and less corrupt so that they could competently handle an

expanded role

1912 Election Results1912 Election Results

Wilson wins with 42% of the popular vote.Wilson wins with 42% of the popular vote.

1912 Bull Moose Party is the most successful 1912 Bull Moose Party is the most successful third party in US presidential election history.third party in US presidential election history.

The 1912 election marked the apogee of the The 1912 election marked the apogee of the Socialist movement in America.Socialist movement in America.

Women’s Suffrage at Last

• Susan B. Anthony Most famous suffragist Founded the American Equal Rights Association &

National Woman Suffrage Association

• Strategies Seek constitutional amendment, first attempted in

1868 Get individual states to let women vote

More successful

• National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) Formed in 1890 joining old and new suffragists Splits in 1914 with NAWSA led by Carrie Chapman

Catt and the Congressional Union (CU) led by Alice Paul.

CU was more militant

Susan B. Anthony

Alice Paul

Woman Suffrage Before 1920Woman Suffrage Before 1920

• World War IWomen fill many male jobs, thus separate spheres is forgotten. Countries around the world pass women’s suffrage laws.19th Amendment passes in 1920

World War I

Militarism

Alliances

Imperialism

Nationalism

• The spark was on June 28, 1914 with the assassination of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria by a Bosnian nationalist named Gravilo Princip

Causes:

What is geographically significant about this map?

Schlieffen Plan

Trench Warfare

German strategy to conquer the west quickly (Belgium & France) then devote all attention to the eastern front

No-Man’s-Land – strip of land in between trenches covered with land mines and barbed wire

July - November 1916 – Battle of Somme July 1, 1916 - 57,470 British casualties in a

single day (19,240 dead) Over 1 million casualties total

The Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen Plan

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

War Is HELL !!War Is HELL !!

Sacrifices in WarSacrifices in War

British Tank at YpresBritish Tank at Ypres

U-BoatsU-Boats

The ZeppelinThe Zeppelin

The Flying Aces of World War I

The Flying Aces of World War I

Eddie Rickenbacher, US

FrancescoBarraco, It.

Rene PaukFonck, Fr.

Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.

[The “Red Baron”]

Willy Coppens deHolthust, Belg.

Eddie “Mick”Mannoch, Br.

FlameThrowers

FlameThrowers

GrenadeLaunchersGrenade

Launchers

Poison Gas

Poison Gas

Machine Gun

Machine Gun

World War I

• Central Powers vs. Allies Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire Allies: Britain, France, Serbia, Russia, Australia, Italy

• America proclaims its neutrality

• America declares war on the Central Powers on April 6, 1917 Why?

Pro-allied bias of news reporting May 7, 1915 – German U-boats attack the Lusitania luxury liner. 128 Americans died. March 24, 1916 – Germany attacks French ship Sussex, killing two Americans. America

threatens to cut ties with Germany, so Germany announces the Sussex Pledge promising that U-boats would warn before attacking.

Jan. 31, 1917 – Germany repeals the Sussex Pledge. March 1, 1917 – Zimmerman Note is published. In it, Germany encourages Mexico to

declare war on US. March 1917 – Czar Nicholas II is overthrown and Russia establishes a republic March 16 & 18 – Germany sinks two more US ships

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Zimmerman Telegram

The Zimmerman Telegram

Recruiting

Recruiting

“Over There”

Johnnie, get your gun,Get your gun, get your gun,Take it on the run,On the run, on the run.Hear them calling, you and me,Every son of liberty.Hurry right away,No delay, go today,Make your daddy gladTo have had such a lad.Tell your sweetheart not to pine,To be proud her boy's in line. (chorus sung twice)

Johnnie, get your gun,Get your gun, get your gun,Johnnie show the HunWho's a son of a gun.Hoist the flag and let her fly,Yankee Doodle do or die.Pack your little kit,Show your grit, do your bit.

Yankee to the ranks,From the towns and the tanks.Make your mother proud of you,And the old Red, White and Blue. (chorus sung twice)

ChorusOver there, over there,Send the word, send the word over there -That the Yanks are coming,The Yanks are coming,The drums rum-tummingEv'rywhere.So prepare, say a pray'r,Send the word, send the word to beware.We'll be over, we're coming over,And we won't come back till it's over over there.

George M. Cohan

“The War to End All Wars”

• Pres. Wilson appoints Gen. John J. Pershing to lead US forces. Appointed “General of the Armies” – highest rank ever attained by an army officer

• May 1917 – Congress passes the Selective Service Act 3 million draftees serve, along with volunteers and National Guardsmen. Called

American Expeditionary Force (AEF) nicknamed “doughboys” 300,000 African-Americans

• Allies begin employing the convoy system

• Once in Europe, US kept its forces independent from other European countries

• October 1917 – Bolsheviks (communists) led by Vladimir Lenin overthrow the Russian republican government and pull Russia out of the war. Germany can now fight a single-front war

Gen. John J. Pershing

Armistice

• US troops turn the tide of the war saving Paris from the advancing German troops in May 1918• July 1918 – Allies win the Second Battle of Marne• Bulgaria & Ottoman Empire negotiate separate peaces in the fall. • Austria-Hungary falls apart in October• November 11, 1918 – Germany agrees to an armistice with guns falling silent at 11:00am

November 11 becomes a holiday known as Armistice Day, which is changed to Veterans Day in 1954.

Nearly 50,000 Americans died in battle, and the same died from disease.

• Meanwhile in 1918 a flu epidemic swept around the world. 30 million people die

• Results of the War 20 million people die, civilian and military deaths Armenian genocide committed by Ottomans Great Migration – 500,000 blacks move to the north to work in factories

World War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties

01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000

10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS

Liberty Bonds Propaganda Posters

• Gov sold $20 billion in Liberty Bonds to help fund the war

Managing the Economy

• New Agencies War Industries Board headed by Bernard Baruch oversaw war-related

production War Trade Board licensed foreign trade and punished those suspected of

trading with the enemy

• August 1917 – Congress passes the Lever Food and Fuel Control Act President could manage the production

and distribution of foods and fuels vital to the war effort

Food Administration headed by Herbert Hoover could impose price controls and ration food

Fuel Administration institutes daylight savings time to create more time for work and less fuel consumption

Herbert Hoover & Bernard Baruch

Food & Fuel Propaganda Posters

Female Propaganda Posters

Enforcing Loyalty

• Committee on Public Information Controlled all war-related information and what the public was allowed to know, as well as

produced propaganda films and posters Headed by George Creel

• Congress passes the Sedition and Espionage Acts in 1917 & 1918 Violates the 1st Amendment 1,000 Americans arrested including former Socialist presidential candidate Eugene V. Debs

who received a ten-year sentence

• Fear of foreigners

• Increased racism towards Germans Hamburgers are renamed Salisbury steak German shepherds are renamed police dogs German education, books and music disappeared Called “Huns” Some German-Americans were lynched

George Creel

Treaty of Versailles

• Wilson develops his Fourteen Points focusing on self-determination, an end to entangling alliances, and an international peacekeeping organization called League of Nations Wilson is forced to compromise most notably on the Allies splitting

Germany’s colonies Wilson successfully gets his League of Nations Germany is forced to pay $33 billion in reparations Territories of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia are split into nine

different countries. Agreed on June 28, 1919 Opponents in the Senate, most

notably Henry Cabot Lodge killedthe treaty

The Big Four(Lloyd George, Vittorio Orlando,

George Clemenceau, Woodrow Wilson)

Iraq

• Sykes-Picot Agreement – Britain and France divide Ottoman Empire’s possessions in the Middle East

• Allied hero of battles in the Middle East was T.E. Lawrence aka “Lawrence of Arabia.”

• 1920 – Britain receives a mandate from the League of Nations to form the state of Iraq among what was the three separate states of Mosul, Baghdad, and Al Basrah

• The boundaries were drawn arbitrarily not taking into account that three very different ethnic groups now inhabited the country Shi’a Sunni Kurds

T.E. Lawrence

First Female President?

Edith Galt Wilson

• September 25, 1919 - Woodrow Wilson collapses

• October 2, he suffered a stroke paralyzing half of his body

• His second wife, Edith, shielded Wilson from all visitors without her approval

• She reviewed official papers before showing them to Wilson and relayed his messages to govt. officials

• To what extent she made decisions is unclear, but she always denied it

• Nonetheless, she controlled the flow of all information to her husband

• Wilson’s term ends on March 4, 1921