Values, Personality, And Individual Differences

8/12/2019 Values, Personality, And Individual Differences

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represent basic convictions that-A specific mode of conduct or end-state of

existence is personally or socially preferableto an opposite or converse mode of conductor end-state of existence.

Value is a judgmental element of what isright, good, or desirable.


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Individuals enterorganizations with

notions of what isright and wrongwith which theyinterpret behaviorsor outcomes

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Values generallyinfluenceattitudes and

behavior.

Values lay thefoundation for the

understanding ofattitudes andmotivation becausethey influence ourperceptions.


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TerminalValues

VALUES

InstrumentalValues


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Desirable end-statesof existence; the

goals that a personwould like to achieveduring his or herlifetime.

Rokeach value survey


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Preferable modesof behavior or

means of achievingones terminal

values.

Rokeach value survey


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Theoretical interest in the discovery of truth throughreasoning and systematic thinking

Economic interest in usefulness and practicality,

including the accumulation of wealth

Aesthetic interest in beauty, form, and artistic harmony

Social interest in people and love as human relationship

Political interest in gaining power and influencing people

Religious interest in unity and in understanding thecosmos as a whole.


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Achievement getting things done andworking hard to accomplish difficult things inlife.

Helping and concern for others beingconcerned for other people and with helpingothers

Honesty telling the truth and joining whatyou feel right Fairness being impartial and doing what is

fair for all concerned


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Value congruence- occurs when individualsexpress positive feelings upon encountering

others who exhibit values similar to theirown. Value incongruence occurs when individuals

express negative feelings upon encounteringothers who exhibit values similar to theirown.


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Power distance

Individualism versus collectivism

Quantity of life versus quality of life

Uncertainty avoidance

Long-term versus short-term orientation

A

B

C

D

E


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Power distance is the willingness of a culture to accept statusand power differences among its members.

Uncertainty avoidance is the cultural tendency to beuncomfortable with uncertainty and risk in everyday life.

Individualism-collectivism is the tendency of a culturesmembers to emphasize individual self-interest or grouprelationships

Masculinity-femininity is the degree to which a society valuesassertiveness or relationships

Long-term/short-term orientation is the degree to which aculture emphasizes long-term or short-term thinking


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- Power distance

- Individualism/Collectivism

- In-group collectivism

- Performance orientation

- Humane orientation

- Uncertainly avoidance

- Assertiveness

- Future Orientation

- Gender differentiation


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The overall profile or combination ofcharacteristics that capture the unique nature of aperson as that person reacts and interacts withothers.

Combines a set of physical and mentalcharacteristics that reflect how a person looks,thinks, acts, and feels.

Predictable relationships are expected betweenpeoples personalities and their behaviors.


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Heredity and environmental linkage with personality


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Heredity and environment. Heredity sets the limits on the development of personality

characteristics.

Environment determines development within theselimits.

About a 50-50 heredity-environment split.

Cultural values and norms play a substantial role in thedevelopment of personality.

Social factors include family life, religion, and many kindsof formal and informal groups.

Situational factors reflect the opportunities or constraintsimposed by the operational context.


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Developmental approaches are systematicmodels of ways in which personality develops

across time.


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Personality dynamics.

The ways in which an individual integrates andorganizes social traits, values and motives, personal

conceptions, and emotional adjustments.

Self-concept.

The view individuals have of themselves as physical,social, and spiritual or moral beings.

Self-esteem.

Self-efficacy.


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Extraversion

Being outgoing, sociable, assertive.

Agreeableness.

Being good-natured, trusting, cooperative.

Conscientiousness.

Being responsible, dependable, persistent.

Emotional stability.

Being unworried, secure, relaxed.

Openness to experience.

Being imaginative, curious, broad-minded.


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Surface-level traits that reflect the way a person

appears to others when interacting in various

social settings. An important social trait is problem-solving style.

The way a person goes about gathering and evaluating

information in solving problems and making decisions.


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Getting and organizing data for use.

Sensation-type individuals prefer routine and

order and emphasize well-defined details ingathering information.

Intuitive-type individuals like new problems and

dislike routine.


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Making judgments about how to deal withinformation once it has been collected.

Feeling-type individuals are oriented toward

conformity and try to accommodate themselvesto other people.

Thinking-type individuals use reason and intellect

to deal with problems and downplay emotions.


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The way individuals tend to think about theirsocial and physical settings as well as their majorbeliefs and personal orientation.

Key traits. Locus of control.

Authoritarianism/dogmatism.

Machiavellianism.

Self-monitoring.


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The extent to which a person feels able to controlhis/her own life.

Externals. More extraverted in their interpersonal relationships and

more oriented toward the world around them.

Internals. More introverted and more oriented towards their own

feelings and ideas.


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Authoritarianism.

Tendency to adhere rigidly to conventional values and

to obey recognized authority.

Dogmatism.

Tendency to view the world as a threatening place.


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Approach situations logically and thoughtfully.

Are capable of lying to achieve personal goals.

Are rarely swayed by loyalty, friendships, past

promises, or others opinions. Are skilled at influencing others.

Try to exploit loosely structured situations.

Perform in a perfunctory or detached manner inhighly structured situations.


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Accept direction imposed by others in loosely

structured situations.

Work hard to do well in highly structuredsituations.

Are strongly guided by ethical considerations.

Are unlikely to lie or cheat.


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A persons ability to adjust his/her behavior toexternal situational factors.

High self-monitors.

Sensitive to external cues.

Behave differently in different situations.

Low self-monitors.

Not sensitive to external cues. Not able to disguise their behaviors.


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How much an individual experiences distress ordisplays unacceptable acts.

Type A orientation.

Characterized by impatience, desire for achievement,and perfectionism.

Type B orientation.

Characterized as more easygoing and less competitivein relation to daily events.


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Values, Personality, And Individual Differences