War 1812problem of communication Main problem that led to war –ended before it began

Major battle of the war –began after peace declared

War Hawks– Henry clay leading voice

Madison sends list of grievances against Britain

Close vote, but war declared against Britain

declared war to defend:– Sovereignty– Western territory– Maritime rights of

United States

Impressment Attack Canada Burn York

– Capital Holding pattern Napoleon

defeated British victories

Ross attacks at will on coast

Bladenburg Races– Aug 24

DC burnt Dolly Madison

Balitmore Land and Sea Land attack repulsed

– Ross killed Fort McHenry Massive bombardment Francis Scott Key

The Hartford ConventionNew England congressmen had

voted against going to war–British continue to trade with New

EnglandFederalists called Hartford

Convention, 1814–Federalist New England secession

Hartford Convention demands drowned out by end of war and New Orleans victory

New Orleans

Jefferson New Orleans America “Achilles heel”– 40% American trade

Andrew Jackson– Peace declared Dec 24 1814– Battle new Orleans Jan 8

Independence began July 4th 1776 completed Jan 8th 1815

ConclusionJefferson’s yeoman farmer

dream shatteredRepublican congress - headed

towards a market society and capitalist democracy

Immigration

From one boat to many

Post revolutionary war immigration had slowed to a trickle

But as the new century began the immigration rocketed

U.S. population and territory, 1790-1840

1790: pop. 3.9 million, in 13 states 1800: pop. 5.3 m. 16 states 1810: 7.2 m. 17 1820: 9.6 m. 23 1830: 12.9 m. 24 1840: 17.1 m. 26 land area (sq. mi.): 1790 0.86; 1840

1.75

The Irish

Just one of many groups, but the example we will look at

Predominantly protestant small farmers/landowners Coming with some money looking to

improve Mid 1820s to mid 1840s A gradual shift to poorer Non-landowners

1815 – 1840 approx 800,000 immigrants

1845-50 Disaster in Ireland Potato Famine

Basic food staple destroyed and many more forced to leave

1845-1855 1.8 million Irish immigrants

Poor immigrants Not much choice or opportunity Gathered together in urban areas Low paying manual labor

Men Construction work was the usual line of work Long, hard, dangerous Example: in 1818 3000 Irish laborers working on Erie Canal

Women

Main work was as either

House maids in the city or

Factory workers – particularly textile mils

Example: Lowell Mills in Massachusetts

Irish Women in Lowell workforce. 1845 – 8% : 1860 – 50%

Irish settlement was primarily in urban areas

At the time the census described an urban area as more than 8000 people

1790 America was 3.3% urban

1860 America was 16.1% urban

By 1850 Irish were over 50% of population in New York and Boston

This high concentration in the cities allowed for a high degree of continuation of home identity

Examples

Newspapers Food Language Customs

The Transportation RevolutionAfter 1815: dramatic

improvements in transportation:–Roads–Steamboats–Canals–Railroads

Tied communities togetherMade a market society physically

possible

Improvements: Canals and Railroads

Erie Canal –Hudson River – Lake Erie–Model for canal boom across

countryBaltimore and Ohio RailroadNew York Central 1820 – 40, 3000 miles1840 – 60, 57,000 miles

Robert Fulton’s Clermont plies the Hudson River

The Brooklyn ferry, 1839

Erie Canal at Lockport, New York

The Mohawk and Hudson Railroad’s DeWitt Clinton began service in 1831

Railroads in the United States, 1840 and 1860

Time and Money

Freight costs went down–1815 -60 95% drop

Speeds improvedMarket revolutionForeign trade continued to

expandGrowing internal domestic market

Time required to travel from New York City, 1800 and 1830

The Transformation of Rural Outwork

Position of outworkers declinesManufacture began to

concentrate in factoriesOutworkers were reduced to

dependence on merchants, who began to control the labor of outworkers

The Industrial Revolution

1820-1870: American cities grew faster than ever before or since

Seaport cities gain more from commerce with interior than overseas

Beginnings of industry and the greatest period of urban growth in U.S. history

Manifest Destiny

Manifest Destiny

A general notion rather than a specific policy

Journalist John L. O'Sullivan

"Annexation," United States Magazine and Democratic Review 17, no.1 (July-August 1845)

“the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions”

Discussing annexation of Texas

December 27, 1845 in New York Morning News

Americans claim "the whole of Oregon":

“And that claim is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federated self-government entrusted to us.”

Three Key Themes

1) The virtue of the American people and their institutions

2) The mission to spread these institutions, thereby redeeming and remaking the world in the image of the U.S.

3) The destiny under God to accomplish this work

Indian removal west

Removals and relocations of American Indians occurred throughout the 17th and 18th centuries

Developed to massive proportions during the 19th century

Indian Renewal Act of 1830 Provided for the exchange of American Indian land in any state or territory of US

Indian Removal Act 1830

Instrumental in relocating Southeastern Indians

Shifted to lands in the trans-Mississippi west

Exceptionally tragic was the removal of the Cherokee

Occurred during the late 1830s

nunna dual Tsunyi,

In Cherokee means literally, “the trail where we cried.”

Become known in English as the “Trail of Tears.”

Brief History of Cherokee

Estimated that there were over 22,000 Cherokee during the 1600s.

In the 18th century they suffered from smallpox epidemics

Epidemic in 1738-1739 severe, reduced tribe by half

Another smallpox epidemic depopulated them in 1760

From the 1760s to the early 1780s the Cherokee were also in almost constant warfare with the colonists on their lands

They sided with the British in the Revolutionary War, and by 1782 they were “reduced to the lowest depth of misery”

Then in the following year another small pox epidemic devastated the tribe

By end 18th century the Cherokee numbered slightly more than 13,000

With natural increase by 1835 about 22,000

What the population is estimated to have been some 200 years earlier

Cherokee tribal lands had once been immense comprising much of the southeastern region of the US

By 1830s, Cherokee Country, as it was called, encompassed area where the states of NC, TN, GA, and AL, more or less come together

Subjected to continued harassment by Georgia and pressures from the US government –particularly President Andrew Jackson

to cede remaining lands and move west of the Mississippi

Cherokee resisted

After three years and much harassment

Treaty was signed between the Cherokee and the US government

But not by the principal officers of the Cherokee nation

Signers ceded to the US the Cherokee lands in the Southeast in exchange for lands in Indian Territory and 15 million

Leaders of the Cherokee nation protested violently during the next years that the treaty should not be ratified.

Protests were to no availThe Cherokee were disarmed and removal began in 1838

Ordeal did not end on arrival in Indian Territory

Many survived the journey only to be stricken with disease in the new lands

Or to die there of starvationAs many as one-half of the early

immigrants died before the year was out

Estimated that over 8000 Cherokee may have died as more or less direct result of the Trail of Tears