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Water Quality Assessment
Of
Santa Cruz River
2011
Prepared and Written By:
Darlene T. Tingal – Biologist I
Gregory Alexis A. Ongjoco – Chemist II
Bileynnie P. Encarnacion – Biologist II
Reviewed By: Ms. Adelina C. Santos-Borja, OIC, Resource Mgt. and Development Department
Engr. Jocelyn G. Sta Ana, OIC, Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
For more information, please contact:
Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
Resource Management and Development Department
Laguna Lake Development Authority
Tel. No. 2866143
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Introduction 1
Objectives 2
Methodology 2
Sampling Stations and Frequency of Sampling 3
Sample Collection, Preservation and Analysis 4
Field Observation and In-situ Measurements 4
Results and Discussion 4
Physico-Chemical Parameters 4
pH 4-5
Dissolved Oxygen 6
Biological Oxygen Demand 7
Nutrient Load 8
Nitrate 8
Inorganic Phosphate 8
Ammonia 9-10 Total Suspended Solids, Total Dissolved Solids and Total Solids 10-12
Turbidity 12-13
Other Parameters 13
Chloride 13
Conductivity 14
Oil and Grease 14
Alkalinity 15
Biological Parameters 15
Phytoplankton 16
Benthos 16-17
Microbiological Analyses 17-18
Conclusion 18-19
Recommendation 19-20
References 21
List of Tables
Page
Table 1 Stations Coordinates of Santa Cruz River 2
Table 2a.1 General Observation and Description of Sampling Station 1 to 5 (May) 23
Table 2a.2 General Observation and Description of Sampling Station 6 to 10 (May) 24
Table 2a.3 General Observation and Description of Sampling Station 11 to 1 5 (May) 25
Table 2b.1 General Observation and Description of Sampling Station 1 to 5 (Nov) 26
Table 2b.2 General Observation and Description of Sampling Station 6 to 10 (Nov) 27
Table 2b.3 General Observation and Description of Sampling Station 11 to 15 (Nov) 28
Table 3a Physico-Chemical Parameters of Santa Cruz River (May) 29
Table 3b Physico-Chemical Parameters of Santa Cruz River (Nov) 30
Table 3c Computed Unionized Ammonia per Station (May & Nov) 10
Table 4a Water Quality Assessment Based on Algal Population (May) 31
Table 4b Water Quality Assessment Based on Algal Population (Nov) 32
Table 5a Water Quality Assessment Based on Benthic Macroinvertebrates (May) 33
Table 5b Water Quality Assessment Based on Benthic Macroinvertebrates (Nov) 34
Table 6 Results of Microbiological Analysis (May & November) 35
List of Figures
Page
Figure 1 Map of Santa Cruz River and its Sampling Stations 3
Figure 2 pH 6
Figure 3 Dissolved Oxygen 7
Figure 4 BOD5 7
Figure 5 Nitrate 8
Figure 6 Inorganic Phosphate 9
Figure 7 Ammonia 10
Figure 8 Total Suspended Solids 11
Figure 9 Total Dissolved Solids 12
Figure 10 Total Solids 12
Figure 11 Turbidity 13
Figure 12 Chloride 13
Figure 13 Conductivity 14
Figure 14 Oil and Grease 15
Figure 15 Alkalinity 15
Figure 16 Pictures of Santa Cruz River Stations (May & November Sampling) 36-40
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Introduction
Santa Cruz is an urban class municipality and the capital town of the province of
Laguna. It is situated at the central portion of the Laguna province along the
southeastern coast of Laguna de Bay. It is also the seat of the provincial government
since 1885, giving the municipality an additional administrative function on the entire
province. It lies approximately 87 km southeast of Metro Manila via Calamba and
105 km via Pililla, in the province of Rizal and is geographically located at 14o 17’
latitude and 121o25’ longitude. It is accessible by land from the nearby 28
municipalities and by water through Laguna de Bay from Manila and some Rizal
towns. The municipality is bounded by Laguna de Bay on the north, by Lumban and
Pagsanjan towns in the east, Pagsanjan and Magdalena towns in the south, and Pila
and Liliw towns in the west.
Santa Cruz town is situated on the banks of the Santa Cruz River and course its way
along the eastern part of the famous Laguna de Bay. Santa Cruz is considered as the
service and commercial center on the eastern part of Laguna province. The town is
composed of 5 barangays in the Poblacion area and 21 classified urban barangays.
Santa Cruz River is one of the 21 major tributary rivers of Laguna de Bay
contributing about 15% of the total water in the lake. During the typhoon “Milenyo”,
the Calumpang Diversion Dam was destroyed due to overflowing of the river. Built in
1970, the dam channeled irrigation canals around the Calumpang area. The water is
used as a source of irrigation for 2185 hectares ricefields in Pila, Santa Cruz, Liliw,
Victoria and Nagcarlan. The riverbed is characterized by rocks, pebbles to sandy
bottom where quarrying along the river was also one source of income aside from
fishing. According to the National Irrigation Authority, quarrying could be the cause
of erosion and deepening of riverbed to 12 m lower than the old depth. The width and
length of the river could be comparable to Pagsanjan River. However, the volume and
capacity of Santa Cruz River were exceeded during the tropical cyclone “Santi”
(2009). Santa Cruz River submerged 85% of the town, 6 ft at Brgy. San Pablo Norte,
waist-deep at Brgy. Santisima Cruz and San Pablo Sur while leg-deep at Brgy. Inang
Awa.
According to Water Usage and Classification for Freshwater System used by DENR
Santa Cruz River was classified as Class D, which is suitable for agricultural
irrigation, livestock watering and industrial water supply (WQ Status Report, 2005).
However, in 2001-2005, one of the river tributaries that passed the Class C dissolved
oxygen criterion was Santa Cruz River (EMB 2006). The river runs through
municipalities and considered as fishing ground to small fish farmers along the area.
Fishes caught in the river are tilapia, dalag, shrimp, kanduli and other fishes including
invasive species like knifefish and janitor fish.
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
2
Objectives
In 1996 LLDA launched its River Rehabilitation Program utilizing an integrated
approach on the management of the watershed, taking into account the water quality
and other activities that thrives along the river system all the way to Laguna de Bay.
As part of the River Rehabilitation Program of Resource Management and
Development Department (RMDD), the assessment of the water quality of Santa Cruz
was undertaken for the dry and wet season for the purpose of determining seasonal
variations of the water quality in terms of biological, chemical and bacteriological
parameters. Water quality was assessed based on the biological organisms
characterized as clean to polluted indicators and the physico-chemical parameters.
Other observations in relation to development and activities within the river system
and its watershed were taken into account. The study serves as baseline information
on the use and activity of the Santa Cruz River and its watershed.
Methodology
Sampling Stations and Frequency of Sampling
Fifteen (15) sampling stations at various sections of the river and its tributaries were
already established since 1998. Reconnaissance of the established stations was again
done to determine if changes in the original stations need to be made. Sampling
stations were selected strategically along the Santa Cruz River and its tributaries and
coordinates of each station were established using the Global Positioning System
(GPS) presented in Table 1. Stations established along the stretch of the river and
representative section of its tributaries are shown in Fig. 1. The frequency of
sampling was represented by two seasons. The May (May 17 and 18, 2011) represent
the wet season while November (November 24 and 28, 2011) represent the dry
season.
Table 1. Stations Coordinates of Santa Cruz River
Station Location Coordinates
1 Mouth (Santa Cruz) P 0327797 1580793
2 Brgy. Santo Angel P 0328548 1579893
3 Brgy. Pagsawitan P 0329736 1577880
4 Brgy. Calumpang P 0328151 1568855
5 Brgy. Sta. Lucia P 0328152 1568680
6 Brgy. Bancoro P 0328464 1567064
7 Brgy. Palina P 0329238 1563630
8 Brgy. Balinacon P 0329270 1563038
9 Brgy. San Francisco P 0329720 1560074
10 Brgy. Pook P 0327773 1560676
11 Brgy. Laguan P 0326441 1561843
12 Brgy. Panglan P 0332779 1563381
13 Brgy. Ibabang San Roque P 0332430 1563198
14 Brgy. Palayan P 0327511 1563348
15 Brgy. Cabuyew P 0328852 1566677
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
3
Fig. 1. Map of Sampling Stations of Santa Cruz River
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
4
Sample Collection, Preservations and Analysis
Water samples were collected in each station by grab method and with the use of
plastic pail in stations with depth more than 1 foot. The water samples for chemical
analysis were placed in the designated container with label and preserved in the cooler
with ice. Microbiological samples were collected by grab method using the sterilized
bottles and preserved with ice in a separate cooler. Samplers used for the collection of
biological samples were surber sampler and ekman dredge. Benthic flora and fauna
were collected using surber sampler for water depth below 1 foot while ekman dredge
for water depth 1 foot and above. Sediment samples collected using ekman dredge
were processed by allowing the collected sediment to pass through a sieve with mesh
size of 180 m. The samples left in the sieve was transferred to a screw cap plastic
container of 100 and 250 ml capacity for flora and fauna analysis, respectively.
Samples for benthic flora were preserved with 3 to 5 drops of Lugol’s solution while
benthic fauna with 2 ml of formalin. Samples for biological samples were stored
under room temperature prior to analysis. All samples collected were brought to the
Environmental Laboratory and Research Division and submitted for analysis. Method
of analysis was based on the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater (21st edition).
Field Observation and In-situ measurements
Field observations recorded during the wet and dry sampling are presented in Tables
2a and 2b. Water temperature ranged from 21 to 30oC in May and 22 to 27
oC in
November in all stations. Weather condition was sunny in May while in November,
sunny to partly cloudy, due to previous storm. The water condition was clear to
greenish in May and greenish to brownish in November. Water level was low in May
while in November a rise in the level of water was observed as boulders and big rocks
were already submerged in water. Some garbage was observed along the sides of the
tributaries far from residential area while the stretch of the river from Brgy.
Calumpang station to mouth, garbage was observed on sides of the river and floating
in the water surface. Patches of water hyacinth was observed floating from Stn. 3
(Brgy. Pagsawitan) going to Stn. 1 (mouth). In November, thick growth of water
hyacinth covering almost the entire river was observed in Station 1 (mouth). There
was an on-going construction of a new bridge in the said station and both sides of the
river were full of excavated soil leaving the river width smaller than the original size.
Results and Discussion
The Physico-chemical parameters and values obtained for both sampling are
presented in Table 3a and 3b. Results of analysis were assessed based on the water
criteria for Class C waters, that is, for fisheries and aquaculture as provided in the
DENR AO 34 and are presented below:
a) pH
The pH value of water helps us understand the kind of acidity or
alkalinity in the water. The standard criteria for pH value set for Class
C waters range from 6.5-8.5 expressed in units. The pH value of water
samples collected in May range from 5.8 to 7.4. Out of the15 stations,
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
5
12 stations passed the DENR criterion set for pH value while 3 stations
obtained a pH value of 5.8 (Station 9) and pH of 6.4 (Stns. 8 and 13),
which are below the criterion set for Class C waters. The water in
Station 9 came out from beneath the rocks and did not pass through the
main canal of the river. Residents said that a spring water outlet is
present underneath. The water was clear and cold (21oC) during the
time of sampling (May). The water in the area is used for washing and
bathing of residents and maintained clean all throughout. In November,
the pH value obtained ranged from 7 to 8.7. All stations except Stn. 6
conformed to the criteria set for Class C waters. An increase in the pH
value of 7 was observed in Station 9 (San Francisco). The main canal
was filled with water (flood/rainwater) aside from the spring water
underneath the rocks compared to the previous sampling. The change
in the pH value could have been attributed to the mixed water brought
by rainfall experienced the previous week and spring water underneath
the rocks that flows into the river. The highest pH value obtained was
8.7 in Stn. 6 (Brgy. Bancoro). The presence of dried leaves and
bamboo poles dumped/washed into the river could have contributed to
the slight increase in pH value.
Station 9 situated at San Francisco, River tunnel dried (May sampling)
Station 9 (San Francisco), River tunnel with overflowing water (November sampling).
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
6
Results showed that pH value increases in November compared to May
sampling. This could have been due to the flood/rainwater that flows
into the river carrying with it particles and other solid waste.
pH
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
Stat
ion 1
Stat
ion 2
Stat
ion 3
Stat
ion 4
Stat
ion 5
Stat
ion 6
Stat
ion 7
Stat
ion 8
Stat
ion 9
Stat
ion 1
0
Stat
ion 1
1
Stat
ion 1
2
Stat
ion 1
3
Stat
ion 1
4
Stat
ion 1
5
May Sampling
NovemberSampling
Class C WQCriteria
Figure 2. pH of Santa Cruz River (May and November Sampling)
b) Dissolved Oxygen
Dissolved oxygen (D.O.) is one indicator of a good water quality of a
stream or any water body. The amount of dissolved oxygen in an
ecosystem is affected by temperature, organic matter coupled by
bacterial activity and photosynthesis. Photosynthesis helps replenish
dissolved oxygen. This process could be experienced in areas where
there is greater sunlight. The minimum dissolved oxygen value ideal
for living organisms to survive is 5mg/L; below this amount some
species could not survive. However, other organisms can tolerate even
lower than the minimum value. The whole stretch of Santa Cruz River
including its tributaries passed the criteria for Class C waters. The
continuous water movement from the upstream going towards the
mouth with a fast to moderate flow enhances aeration process in the
river system.
In May, the D.O. concentrations in all stations ranged from 5 to 8.3
mg/L and conformed with the criterion for Class C waters. The value
of 5 mg/L was obtained in Station 5. The water in this area was
confined/retained in a “dam-like” structure with very little water
movement; part of it is diverted to irrigational canal while the rest
overflow into the mainstream of Santa Cruz River.
Dissolved oxygen values obtained in November sampling ranged from
5.2 to 10.9 mg/L in all stations and conformed to the DENR criteria.
The highest value (10.9 mg/L) obtained was in station 11. In this area,
two spring outlets along the side of the riverbank was observed free
flowing into the river and water at that time was fast flowing. The
contribution of spring water and the turbulence of the flow enhanced
aeration process and could be the reason for a high value in dissolved
oxygen. The value of 5.2 mg/L was obtained in the mouth area. At the
time of sampling, the area was fully covered with water hyacinth and
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
7
excavated soil from the on-going construction of a new bridge was
dumped on both sides of the river. With this condition, penetration of
light could have hindered photosynthesis activity thus resulted to low
dissolved oxygen value.
Dissolved Oxygen, mg/L
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Stat
ion 1
Stat
ion 2
Stat
ion 3
Stat
ion 4
Stat
ion 5
Stat
ion 6
Stat
ion 7
Stat
ion 8
Stat
ion 9
Stat
ion 1
0
Stat
ion 1
1
Stat
ion 1
2
Stat
ion 1
3
Stat
ion 1
4
Stat
ion 1
5
May sampling
Novembersampling
Class C WQMin Criteria
Figure 3. Dissolved Oxygen of Santa Cruz River (May and November Sampling)
c) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) is the amount of oxygen
consumed by microorganisms to decompose organic waste in the
water. The criterion for Class C water, such as river is 7 average and
10 mg/L maximum. BOD5 value in May ranged from 1 – 6 mg/L while
in November value of 1 to 3 mg/L was obtained. The station that
obtained the value of 6 mg/L was Station 2. The area is occupied by
residential and commercial establishments (wet and dry market). The
slight increase in the amount of BOD5 could be due to an increase of
decomposing waste and other organic matter washed and brought into
the river. All the stations both in May and November sampling passed
the criterion for Class C water of 7 (10) mg/L.
Figure 4. Biological Oxygen Demand of Santa Cruz River (May and November Sampling)
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
8
d) Nutrient Load
Human activity plays a vital role in the increase of nutrients in the
water especially nitrogen and phosphorus. Excess input of nutrients
could cause a change in the quality of water. Excess amount of these
nutrients enhance growth of algae. Presence of garbage dumped along
the sides of the river, agricultural run-off and households sewage
directly discharged into the river could contribute to the increase of
nutrients and can contribute to high biological oxygen demand (BOD).
The DENR criteria set for nitrate and inorganic phosphate are 10 mg/L
and 0.4 mg/L, respectively. In May, nutrient load such as Nitrate (NO3)
and Inorganic Phosphate (IPO4) ranged from 0.0929 to 1.47 mg/L and
0.2263 to 0.6331 mg/L, respectively. All stations passed the 10mg/L
criterion set for nitrate. The highest amount of nitrate was observed in
Station 11 (1.47 mg/L) while the lowest was in Station 5 (0.0929
mg/L). Out of the fifteen (15) stations, seven (7) stations passed the 0.4
mg/L inorganic phosphate criterion set for rivers while eight (8)
stations were beyond the criterion. The highest amount of IPO4
obtained was in station 5 (Sta Lucia) with value of 0.6331 mg/L while
station 12 (Panglan) obtained the lowest value of 0.0904 mg/L.
Stations (Stns 1, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 13 and 15) that obtained a value
exceeding the criterion were all situated in a residential and farm area.
Domestic waste discharged directly into the river and fertilizer runoff
could have contributed to the slight increase in IPO4.
In November, a slight change in the amount of NO3 and IPO4 was
obtained with values ranging from 0.1498 to 1.5348 mg/L and 0.001 to
0.6258 mg/L, respectively. The amount of nitrate in station 11 obtained
the highest value (1.5348 mg/L) while the lowest (0.1498 mg/L) was
observed in station 15. Highest value of Inorganic phosphate was
0.6258 mg/L in Stn. 14 while 0.001 mg/L in Stn. 12 was the lowest
value. The slight change in the amount of NO3 and IPO4 could be due
to an increase in suspended particles (nutrients and planktons) carried
out by flush flood during previous rainfall.
Nitrate, mg/L
0.0000
0.2000
0.4000
0.6000
0.8000
1.0000
1.2000
1.4000
1.6000
1.8000
Statio
n 1
Statio
n 2
Statio
n 3
Statio
n 4
Statio
n 5
Statio
n 6
Statio
n 7
Statio
n 8
Statio
n 9
Statio
n 10
Statio
n 11
Statio
n 12
Statio
n 13
Statio
n 14
Statio
n 15
Maysampling
Novembersampling
Figure 5. Nitrate of Santa Cruz River (May and November Sampling)
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
9
Figure 6. Inorganic Phosphate of Santa Cruz River (May and November Sampling)
Ammonia is a strong colorless gas and exists in two forms in the water,
unionized ammonia (NH3) and ionized ammonia (NH4). The 1999
Update of Ambient WQ Criteria for Ammonia cited that unionized
ammonia is the principal form of toxic ammonia and reported toxic to
freshwater organisms at concentrations ranging from 0.53 to 22.8
mg/L.
Based on the results obtained, Ammonia (NH3) ranged from 0.0149 to
0.9884 mg/L in May. Eleven (11) stations showed results of below 0.2
mg/L, a concentration that is not critical to freshwater organisms.
Plants are more tolerant of ammonia than animals while invertebrates
are more tolerant than fishes (EPA Technical Fact Sheet on Ammonia).
Unionized ammonia affects the hatching and growth development of
fishes depending on the species tolerable limits. Some fishes like trout
fry can tolerate up to 0.2 mg/L while striped bass can tolerate up to 1.2
mg/L. The effect may be loss of equilibrium, increase respiratory
activity and oxygen uptake (EPA Technical Fact Sheet on Ammonia).
Four (4) stations were beyond 0.2 mg/L. The highest value in May was
obtained in Station 5 (Sta. Lucia) at 0.9884 mg/L while the lowest
value of 0.0149 mg/L was observed in Station 12 (Panglan). Station 5
is situated in a residential area and with a “dam-like” structure
controlling the water, diverting part of it to an irrigational canal. The
flow of water was very slow to still. Since water is being confined for a
period of time, a slight increase in the amount of ammonia could have
occurred due to change in pH and temperature. Some study found that
toxic levels of ammonia are both pH and temperature dependent (1999
Update of Ambient WQ Criteria for Ammonia). In November, the
amount of ammonia ranged from 0.0587 to 0.181 mg/L and was
observed in Stations 6 and 13, respectively. All stations showed value
of ammonia below 0.2 mg/L.
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
10
Station Location
Unionized
Ammonia, mg/L
(November)
Unionized
Ammonia, mg/L
(May)
Station 1 Mouth (Sta. Cruz) 0.00483 0.00077
Station 2 Brgy Sto Angel 0.00180 0.00026
Station 3 Brgy Pagsawitan 0.01273 0.00034
Station 4 Brgy Calumpang Liliw 0.00410 0.00052
Station 5 Sta. Lucia 0.07580 0.00026
Station 6 Brgy Bancoro 0.00897 0.00082
Station 7 Brgy Palina 0.00128 0.00018
Station 8 Brgy Balinacon 0.00132 0.00015
Station 9 San Francisco 0.00074 0.00003
Station 10 Brgy Pook 0.00772 0.00015
Station 11 Brgy Laguan 0.00075 0.00020
Station 12 Brgy Panglan 0.00201 0.00013
Station 13 Brgy San Roque 0.01120 0.00024
Station 14 Brgy Palayan 0.00318 0.00046
Station 15 Brgy Cabuyao 0.00469 0.00023
Station Location
Unionized
Ammonia, mg/L
(November)
Unionized
Ammonia, mg/L
(May)
Station 1 Mouth (Sta. Cruz) 0.00483 0.00077
Station 2 Brgy Sto Angel 0.00180 0.00026
Station 3 Brgy Pagsawitan 0.01273 0.00034
Station 4 Brgy Calumpang Liliw 0.00410 0.00052
Station 5 Sta. Lucia 0.07580 0.00026
Station 6 Brgy Bancoro 0.00897 0.00082
Station 7 Brgy Palina 0.00128 0.00018
Station 8 Brgy Balinacon 0.00132 0.00015
Station 9 San Francisco 0.00074 0.00003
Station 10 Brgy Pook 0.00772 0.00015
Station 11 Brgy Laguan 0.00075 0.00020
Station 12 Brgy Panglan 0.00201 0.00013
Station 13 Brgy San Roque 0.01120 0.00024
Station 14 Brgy Palayan 0.00318 0.00046
Station 15 Brgy Cabuyao 0.00469 0.00023
Station Location
Unionized
Ammonia, mg/L
(November)
Unionized
Ammonia, mg/L
(May)
Station 1 Mouth (Sta. Cruz) 0.00483 0.00077
Station 2 Brgy Sto Angel 0.00180 0.00026
Station 3 Brgy Pagsawitan 0.01273 0.00034
Station 4 Brgy Calumpang Liliw 0.00410 0.00052
Station 5 Sta. Lucia 0.07580 0.00026
Station 6 Brgy Bancoro 0.00897 0.00082
Station 7 Brgy Palina 0.00128 0.00018
Station 8 Brgy Balinacon 0.00132 0.00015
Station 9 San Francisco 0.00074 0.00003
Station 10 Brgy Pook 0.00772 0.00015
Station 11 Brgy Laguan 0.00075 0.00020
Station 12 Brgy Panglan 0.00201 0.00013
Station 13 Brgy San Roque 0.01120 0.00024
Station 14 Brgy Palayan 0.00318 0.00046
Station 15 Brgy Cabuyao 0.00469 0.00023
Figure 7. Ammonia of Santa Cruz River (May and November Sampling)
Given the value of temperature and pH of the water, the concentration
of unionized ammonia was computed and presented in Table 3c.
Unionized ammonia concentrations of all the stations from both May
and November sampling are all below the 1999 Update of Ambient WQ
Criteria for Ammonia of 0.53 to 22.8 mg/L.
Table 3c. Computed unionized ammonia per station (May and November).
e) Total Suspended Solids, Total Dissolved Solids and Total Solids
Suspended solids are solid particles, which may be organic and
inorganic, usually suspended in the water. These include silts, plankton
and industrial and/or domestic waste. The presence of suspended
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
11
solids/particles in the water could affect the light penetration
permanently or seasonal and also have an impact in the water quality.
Total suspended solids ranged from <1 to 11 mg/L in May and <1 to
26 mg/L in November. The lowest value (<1 mg/L) was observed in
two stations (Stns. 12 and 13) while the highest value (11 mg/L) was
obtained in two stations (Stns.5 and 7) during May sampling. In
November, two stations (Stns.9 and 12) obtained a value of <1 mg/L
while the value of 26 mg/L was observed in Station 14.
Total Suspended Solids, mg/L
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Statio
n 1
Statio
n 2
Statio
n 3
Statio
n 4
Statio
n 5
Statio
n 6
Statio
n 7
Statio
n 8
Statio
n 9
Statio
n 10
Statio
n 11
Statio
n 12
Statio
n 13
Statio
n 14
Statio
n 15
May sampling
Novembersampling
Figure 8. Total Suspended Solids of Santa Cruz River (May and November Sampling)
Total Dissolved Solids are the total amount of mobile charged ions,
including minerals, salts or metals dissolved in the water, expressed in
units of mg/L. Like suspended particles they also affect the quality of
the water, density differences produced by stratification that may be
permanent, transient or seasonal.
The amount of total dissolved solids in wet season ranged from 132 to
254 mg/L. The highest value was obtained in Station 14 (Palayan)
while the lowest value in Station 12 (Panglan). The increase in the
amount of dissolved solids could be due to soil/agricultural runoff from
rice farming present in the area (Station 14). During the dry season, the
amount of dissolved solids ranged from 79 to 241 mg/L. The highest
value was obtained in Stations 5 and 10 (Sta Lucia and Pook) while the
lowest was still obtained in Station 12 (Panglan). Stations 5 and 10 are
both situated in a thickly populated area and with a dam structure
where the water was being confined for irrigation and fishpond
purposes.
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
12
Total Dissolved Solids, mg/L
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Statio
n 1
Statio
n 2
Statio
n 3
Statio
n 4
Statio
n 5
Statio
n 6
Statio
n 7
Statio
n 8
Statio
n 9
Statio
n 10
Statio
n 11
Statio
n 12
Statio
n 13
Statio
n 14
Statio
n 15
May Sampling
NovemberSampling
Figure 9. Total Dissolved Solids of Santa Cruz River (May and November Sampling)
Total Solids is a measure of all the suspended colloidal and dissolved
particles in the water. This includes dissolved salts, silts and plankton.
Soil erosion and agricultural runoff (fertilizer, suspended particles,
etc.) are both contributors of solids in the water. The amount of Total
Solids ranged from 132 to 263 mg/L in May while in November the
amount ranged from 79 to 256 mg/L. The highest values of 263 and
256 mg/L were obtained in Station 14 (Palayan) in May and Station 5
(Sta Lucia) in November sampling, respectively. Station 12 (Panglan)
obtained the lowest values of 132 and 79 mg/L during May and
November, respectively.
Station 12 is situated in descending slopes and water flows freely
flushing solid particles downstream while Station 14 is situated in an
agricultural area where soil erosion from rice paddies could have
contributed to the amount of particles in the water.
Figure 10. Total Solids of Santa Cruz River (May and November Sampling)
f) Turbidity
Turbidity is a measure of the degree in which the water loses its
transparency due to the presence of suspended particulates. It also
Total Solids, mg/L
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Statio
n 1
Statio
n 2
Statio
n 3
Statio
n 4
Statio
n 5
Statio
n 6
Statio
n 7
Statio
n 8
Statio
n 9
Statio
n 10
Statio
n 11
Statio
n 12
Statio
n 13
Statio
n 14
Statio
n 15
May sampling
Novembersampling
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
13
expresses the clarity of the water. Turbidity increases as a result of
suspended solids in the water such as clay, silt or even microorganisms
like plankton, which interferes with the transmission of light, reduces
photosynthetic activity, and hence contributes in the decline in the
productivity of a water body. Turbidity value expressed in NTU ranged
from <1 to 13 in May and <1 to 16 in November. Both low values
obtained during the wet and dry season were observed in Station 9
(San Francisco) while both high values (wet and dry) were obtained in
Station 3 (Pagsawitan). The presence of clear spring water in Station 9
contributes to the clarity of water.
Turbidity, NTU
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Statio
n 1
Statio
n 2
Statio
n 3
Statio
n 4
Statio
n 5
Statio
n 6
Statio
n 7
Statio
n 8
Statio
n 9
Statio
n 10
Statio
n 11
Statio
n 12
Statio
n 13
Statio
n 14
Statio
n 15
May sampling
Novembersampling
Figure 11. Turbidity of Santa Cruz River (May and November Sampling)
g) Other Chemical Parameters
Chloride is a useful and reliable chemical indicator of
river/groundwater fecal contamination as chloride is a non-reactive
solute and ubiquitous to sewage and potable water. The criterion value
for chloride is 350 mg/L for Class C waters. Chloride value ranged
from 11 to 37 mg/L in May and 7 to 15 mg/L in November. All values
are below the criterion for Class C waters.
Chloride, mg/L
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Statio
n 1
Statio
n 2
Statio
n 3
Statio
n 4
Statio
n 5
Statio
n 6
Statio
n 7
Statio
n 8
Statio
n 9
Statio
n 10
Statio
n 11
Statio
n 12
Statio
n 13
Statio
n 14
Statio
n 15
Maysampling
Novembersampling
Class C WQMax Criteria
Figure 12. Chloride of Santa Cruz River (May and November Sampling)
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
14
Conductivity indicates the presence of ions capable to conduct
electricity. High conductivity is an indicator of total dissolved solids
and salinity. It is an indirect measure of water salinity and one of the
most common and convenient methods used to test water. It is
significantly affected by temperature and strongly dependent upon the
ionic composition of water. Conductivity values obtained at Santa Cruz
river range from 114 to 372 S/cm in May while 49 to 238 S/cm in
November. The highest value was obtained in Station14 (Palayan) and
Station 11 (Laguan), 372 and 238 S/cm, for May and November
sampling, respectively. The lowest value of 114 and 49 S/cm for both
sampling (May and November) was observed in Station 12 (Panglan).
Conductivity, µS/cm
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Statio
n 1
Statio
n 2
Statio
n 3
Statio
n 4
Statio
n 5
Statio
n 6
Statio
n 7
Statio
n 8
Statio
n 9
Statio
n 10
Statio
n 11
Statio
n 12
Statio
n 13
Statio
n 14
Statio
n 15
MaysamplingNovembersampling
Figure 13. Conductivity of Santa Cruz River (May and November Sampling)
Dissolved and emulsified oil and grease is extracted from water by
intimate contact with an extracting solvent. The criteria set for oil and
grease for Class C water is 2 mg/L. Oil and grease values during May
sampling showed a slight increase in six (6) stations ranging from 3 to
4 mg/L. The following stations with a slight increase in oil and grease
were Stations 1, 6, 7, 8, 14 and 15. The slight increase in value could
be due to run-off and other domestic waste dumped along the sides and
or carried into the water. The amount of oil and grease during
November ranged from <1 to 2 mg/L. All stations passed the criterion
for Class C waters.
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
15
Oil and Grease, mg/L
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Statio
n 1
Statio
n 2
Statio
n 3
Statio
n 4
Statio
n 5
Statio
n 6
Statio
n 7
Statio
n 8
Statio
n 9
Statio
n 10
Statio
n 11
Statio
n 12
Statio
n 13
Statio
n 14
Statio
n 15
May sampling
Novembersampling
Class C WQMax Criteria
Figure 14. Oil and Grease of Santa Cruz River (May and November Sampling)
Alkalinity is a measure of the amount of carbonates and bicarbonates
in water. Alkalinity is considered as the key to water balance. The
values of alkalinity during May sampling ranged from 48 to 156
mgCaCO3/L while November sampling ranged from 40 to 136
mgCaCO3/L. The highest values of 156 and 136 mgCaCO3/L was
obtained in Station 5 in May and Station 6 in November while the
lowest value of 48 and 40 mgCaCO3/L were both obtained in Station
12 (Panglan) in May and November sampling, respectively.
Alkalinity, mg CaCO3/L
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Statio
n 1
Statio
n 2
Statio
n 3
Statio
n 4
Statio
n 5
Statio
n 6
Statio
n 7
Statio
n 8
Statio
n 9
Statio
n 10
Statio
n 11
Statio
n 12
Statio
n 13
Statio
n 14
Statio
n 15
Maysampling
Novembersampling
Figure 15. Alkalinity of Santa Cruz River (May and November Sampling)
2. Biological Analyses
Biological parameters are widely used in assessing the quality of water
of a stream/river and lakes. They are a good indicator of water quality
because they are directly affected by the sudden change in the
ecosystem. Their composition and abundance depend on the
environmental condition they thrive in. Biological parameters such as,
aquatic flora and fauna are useful indicators of good water quality.
Below are the results of the biological analyses obtained in the samples
collected in May and November.
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
16
a) Phytoplankton
Algae are unicellular organisms or microscopic plants that play as the
primary consumer in the food web of an ecosystem. Aquatic organisms
such as zooplankton, small animals, fishes and other aquatic animals
depend on aquatic plants to survive. The qualitative and quantitative
analysis of algae are useful tool in assessing water quality of rivers,
since these organisms can be found attached to stones or plants or
settled at the bottom. A sudden change in the quality of the water will
directly affect growth and composition of algae. The water quality was
assessed according to the percentage value of the indicator species
identified (Table 4a and 4b). Species of algae are classified as to clean
water or polluted water indicator. As shown in Table 4a, the stations in
May sampling were classified as moderately polluted to polluted
waters while in November one station was classified as relatively clean
water and the rest of the stations classified as moderately polluted to
polluted.
Based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of algae, results
showed that 21 genera of algae were identified in May while 17 genera
in November. The most diverse group of algae was mostly diatoms
(pennate type) found almost in all stations. Of the 15 established
stations, four (4) stations were classified as moderately polluted and
eleven (11) stations as polluted in May while in November, one (1)
station was classified as relatively clean, four (4) stations as
moderately polluted and ten (10) stations as polluted. In May, stations
classified as moderately polluted were Stations 12, 9, 3 and 1. Station
11 showed a 100% polluted, based on the percentage organisms
identified. In November, Station 9 was classified as relatively clean
with a percentage value of 72.7% of the total counts. Clean water
organisms comprised of 3 genera namely; Cocconeis sp., Navicula sp.
and Pinnularia sp. Of the clean water algae, Navicula sp. was the most
common species identified. Clean water algae were also found present
in moderately polluted station, however, percentage occurrence were
minimal compared to polluted water organisms. Polluted water
organisms comprised of 4 genera namely; Oscillatoria sp., Nitzschia
sp., Gomphonema sp. and Spirogyra sp. Other species of algae were
also identified and occur in numbers. Pennate group of diatoms
dominate the other species identified. Achnanthes sp., Amphora sp.,
Cymbella sp., Diploneis sp., Synedra sp., Stauroneis sp.,
Stephanodiscus sp. etc. were among the species of algae identified that
falls under other species.
b) Benthos
Organisms thriving in the riverbed or attached to sediments, rocks and
plants are commonly known as benthic fauna. This group has a wide
range of species that are considered as residents of an ecosystem.
Benthos population and its percentage contribution for both May and
November sampling were presented in Table 5a and 5b.
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
17
In May, water quality assessment based on benthos analysis showed
that 5 stations of the tributaries and Santa Cruz mainstream stations 1,
2 and 3 were classified as moderately polluted. Two stations of the
tributaries (Stns. 9 and 10) were classified as polluted while 4 stations
(Stns. 7, 8, 12 and 14) in the tributaries and 1 station (Stn. 4) in the
mainstream were assessed as clean. Based on the qualitative and
quantitative analysis of benthos, about 45 individuals were identified
during May sampling. The most diverse group is Class Insecta. Others
such as gastropods, crustaceans and fishes were also found present.
Laguan (Stn.11) and Pagsawitan (Stn. 3) were the two stations both
found most diverse in number of individuals identified. Thiara sp., a
gastropod, dominated the counts in Stations 2 (Sto. Angel) and 6
(Bancoro) with values of 2521 and 1211 individuals, respectively.
Thiara sp. is an indicator of moderately polluted water and it is capable
of carrying some gas exchange in most part of the bodies aside from
the gills. Aside from the characteristic of the organisms, the condition
of the water and its sediment could favor the proliferation of this
organism tolerant to slight pollution.
During the November sampling, benthic analysis showed that eight (8)
stations were classified as clean, six (6) stations as moderately polluted
and one (1) station as polluted. The water condition on the eight (8)
stations was fast flowing and the river width is much wider than the
rest of the stations carrying solid materials/waste easily towards
downstream. The presence of big rocks and boulders on the riverbed
could also help in the turbulence and aeration of the water. The most
dominant species identified was a gastropod, Thiara sp. with values
ranging from 508 to 904 individuals. Other species present were
Corbicula sp. and Viviparus sp., both of which were observed along
the downstream area (Stations 1 and 2). One (1) station (Stn. 6) was
classified as polluted. The polluted organisms identified were mostly
chironomid larvae and pupae but minimal in counts. Other dipterans
and Physa sp. were also found present.
3. Microbiological Analyses
The Microbiological characteristic or microbiological component of a
water body expressed in Most Probable Number (MPN) could be used
as an index of the presence of coliform group. This group is a useful
indicator of the degree of pollution and whether water is fit or unfit for
recreation and other beneficial use. E. coli is a kind of bacteria most
common in human and animal waste. For Class C waters, the criterion
for total coliform is 5000 MPN/100 ml.
Result shows that E. coli detection appeared to be present in most of
the stations during the May sampling (Table 6). There were four (4)
stations (Stations 6, 7, 8 and 9) that conformed to the criteria for total
coliform, ranging from <20 to 5000 MPN/100 ml. Station 9 obtained a
value of less than 20 MPN/100 ml in May sampling and showed no
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
18
detection of E. coli. The upper portion of the river was dried and water
was only observed present at the lower portion (Stations picture 9c &
9d). The water condition at the time of sampling was fast flowing and
very cold that comes out underneath the stones and flows freely into
the lower portion of the river. Residents said that spring water outlet is
present in the area. Since water comes from spring outlet and observed
clear, residents use it for washing, bathing and other domestic
purposes. In May, eleven stations (Stations 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13,
14 and 15) did not conform to the criteria of 5000 MPN/100 ml. The
total coliform values obtained in the eleven stations ranged from 8,000
to 160,000 MPN/100 ml. The highest value of detection was observed
in Stations 3 and 13, respectively. The area in Station 3 was thickly
populated (residential) while the presence of birds nesting under the
bridge including its excretes seen along the bridge and on stones in the
river was observed in Station 13. The effect of animal waste/excretes
could have increased the bacterial content in the water.
In November, high values of total coliform ranged from 330 to
240,000 MPN/100 ml. Station 13 obtained the highest value of
240,000 MPN/100 ml while the lowest value was detected in Station 9.
The station that obtained high coliforms counts was within thickly
populated area (residential). In Station 9, the presence of water in the
main canal was observed, which then overflowed into the lower
portion of the river mixing with the water coming from the spring
outlet. The excessive water could be due to the previous rains
experienced during the weekend, where it drained and flowed into the
river. Microbiological result showed a value of 330 MPN/100 ml of
coliform counts in Station 9. However, the minimal amount was within
the criteria for Class C waters. The runoff water that mixed with the
water in the lower portion could have introduced microorganisms in
the water.
Fecal coliform values ranged from <20 to 160,000 MPN/100ml and
170 to 240,000 MPN/100ml in May and November, respectively.
Station 9 was detected with lowest value of <20 MPN/100ml and 170
MPN/100ml, in May and November, respectively.
Based on the values obtained for microbiological analysis and the E.
coli detection, the water in all stations are not fit for domestic use
except in station 9 which is within the criterion for Class C waters.
Conclusion
Santa Cruz River was assessed based on the biological, bacteriological and physico-
chemical parameters collected during May and November sampling. The dissolved
oxygen of the water meets the criterion of Class C waters in May and November
sampling. The moderate to fast flow on the whole stretch of the river including its
tributaries helps in aerating the water thus, increasing its oxygen content. The pH
value meets the criterion for Class C waters except in Station 9, which obtained a
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
19
slight increase due to the mixed rain and spring water. All stations conformed with the
BOD5 criterion set at 7 to 10 mg/L for Class C waters. Although BOD5 showed
slightly higher values in May (1 to 6 mg/L) compared to November (1 to 3 mg/L).
Other chemical parameters showed a slight increase during November due to a
previous rainstorm. The unionized ammonia computed based on the pH and
temperature values showed that all stations were below 0.2 mg/L, which is not critical
to freshwater organisms. The total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids
(TDS) and total solids (TS) obtained a slight increase in November compared to May
sampling. Oil and grease ranged from 3 to 4 mg/L in May while <1 to 2 in November.
Water quality assessment of Santa Cruz River based on algal population showed that
four (4) stations were classified as moderately polluted and eleven stations (11) as
polluted during the May sampling. In November sampling, one (1) station was
classified as clean, four (4) stations as moderately polluted and ten (10) stations as
polluted.
Based on benthic fauna, in May sampling five (5) stations were classified as clean,
eight (8) as moderately polluted and two (2) as polluted while in November sampling
eight (8) stations were classified as clean, six (6) stations as moderately polluted and
one (1) station classified as polluted.
Microbiological results showed that total coliform ranged from <20 to 160,000
MPN/100 ml in May while 330 to 240,000 MPN/100 ml in November. E. coli
bacteria were detected in all stations. Fecal coliform ranged from <20 to 160,000
MPN/ml in May while in November an increase in number ranging from 170 to
240,000 MPN/100 ml was observed.
The stretch of Santa Cruz River and its tributaries do not have any treatment facility
that will help in controlling polluted water into Laguna de Bay. Santa Cruz River may
have also relied on self-purification process, a process of sedimentation of suspended
solids and oxidation of soluble materials before discharging into Laguna de Bay. The
water condition of Santa Cruz river and its tributaries up to station 4 (Calumpang)
were all fast flowing, a condition which has turbulence of aerating the water and at the
same time oxidation of soluble particles/waste before going downstream and into the
lake. However, in station 3 up to the mouth area, sedimentation of suspended solids
could occur due to very slow flow and still condition of water.
The “adopt-a-river” program of LLDA began last 2011 and continuously
implemented throughout. The main stretch of Santa Cruz River was adopted by the 5
Local Government Units last 5 March 2012 (MOA signing) while its minor tributaries
were adopted by group of organizations and establishments within the vicinity of the
river banks. The project had implemented programs such as tree planting along the
riverbanks and river clean-up activities.
Recommendation
In rehabilitating a river system, physical survey of the whole stretch of the river is
required to help in the identification of point sources. Its land uses and the bio-
physical structure of its sub-basins are also needed in the planning preparation to help
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
20
identify other contributing factors of pollution. Participatory planning by government
agencies, LGU’s, NGO and civic organization is very important.
Information/Educational/Communication campaign on the condition or state of the
river will help protect and rehabilitate the river. The “adopt-a-river” campaign/project
by any organization must be properly programmed and implemented. The River
Councils (RC-1999 Board Resolution #114) in every river system must be revived or
strengthened.
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
21
References
Madamba, L.S., Galapate, R.P., Decena A.M. and Casunuran, V.B.
1992. Pollution Load Contribution of Santa Cruz River to Laguna de
Bay. Phil. Journal of Science. Vol .121 (2).
Cooper, A.E., Cooper, E.A. and Howard J.A. 1919. On The Self-
Purification of Rivers and Streams. Biochem. Journal Vol. 13 (4).
Standard Method for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st
Edition.
www.water-research.net/watershed/ammonia.htm. EPA Technical Fact
Sheet on Ammonia. 1999 Update of Ambient Water Quality Criteria
for Ammonia.
WEPA 1996. LLDA River Rehabilitation Program.
Wikipedia (free encyclopedia) Santa Cruz, Laguna Reference
Comprehensive Land Use Plan Santa Cruz Laguna Planning Period
2000 – 2010 Prepared by the Municipal Planning and Development
Staff (2000).
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
22
Tables and Figures
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
23
Station Number 1 2 3 4 5
Date 18 May 2011 18 May 2011 18 May 2011 17 May 2011 17 May 2011
Time 12:41 NN 12:15:00 NN 11:45 AM 12:20:00 NN 12:35 NN
Water Condition slow flow very slow flow moderately flowing fast flowing very slow flow to still
Air Temperature (oC) 31 30 29 32 31
Water Temperature (oC) 30 27 27 27 24
Color green green greenish greenish greenish
Nature of River Bed sandy/muddy sandy/muddy sandy sandy sandy/muddy
Weather Condition sunny sunny sunny sunny sunny
P 0328151
1568855
P 0328152
1568680
GPS Reading P 0327797
1580793
P 0328548
1579893
P 0329736
1577880
presence of water
hyacinth on both sides,
duck raising along the
shores, sand quarrying,
fishing area, residential
area (waste discharged
directly into the river), river
width approx. 20 m and
water depth ~ 2 m.
patches of water hyacinth,
concrete river banks,
residential and
commercial area (waste
discharged directly into
the river), presence of
garbage, river width
approx. 20 m and water
depth ~ 2 m.
2a.1. General Observation and Description of Sampling Stations
Stations Mouth of Sta Cruz riverSto Angel (Sta Cruz,
Laguna)
Pagsawitan
(Sta Cruz, Laguna)
Calumpang
(Liliw/Nagcarlan,
Laguna)
Sta Lucia
(Nagcarlan, Laguna)
Santa Cruz River (May Sampling)
Other Observations river water controlled by a
"dam-like structure"
(reservoir) diverted to
irrigational canal,
residential area (waste
discharged directly into
the river), river banks
planted with
trees/bamboos & dried
leaves/twigs carried out
into the river, bathing and
washing, garbage on both
sides, small fishes seen in
the reservoir, river width
approx. 7 m and water
depth ~ <1 ft (deeper in
the reservoir).
washing and bathing area,
garbage, dried
leaves/branches and dead
animals floating on the
water surface, fishing area
(big knifefish caught
during sampling using
hook and line), river width
approx. 20 m and water
depth <2 m.
washing/bathing area,
dried leaves/twigs on both
sides, fist to head size
stones with few boulders,
river width approx. 30-40
m and water depth ~ <2
m.
Table
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
24
Station Number 6 7 8 9 10
Date 17 May 2011 17 May 2011 17 May 2011 17 May 2011 17 May 2011
Time 12:05 NN
Water Condition fast flowing fast flowing fast flowing fast flowing fast flowing
Air Temperature (oC) 30 27 30 25 27
Water Temperature (oC) 25 24 24 21 24
Color greenish greenish greenish clear greenish
Nature of River Bed sandy sandy sandy sandy sandy
Weather Condition sunny sunny sunny sunny sunny
GPS Reading P 0328464
1567064
Brgy. San Francisco
(Nagcarlan, Laguna)
Brgy. Pook (Rizal,
Laguna)
P 0329238
1563630
P 0329270
1563038
residential area (waste
discharged directly into
the river), part of the water
diverted into the fishpond
with Tilapia sp., both sides
concrete as irrigational
canal, fist to head size
stones, river width approx.
2 m and water depth ~ <1
m.
StationsBrgy. Bancoro
(Nagcarlan, Laguna)
P 0329720
1560074
P 0327773
1560676
Brgy. Palina (Liliw,
Laguna)
residential area,
bathing/washing/fishing
area, river width approx. 8
m and water depth ~ <2
m.
Other Observations
Santa Cruz River (May Sampling)
Brgy. Balinacon
(Nagcarlan, Laguna)
area with boulders, stones
fist to head size,
vegetation on both sides,
grasses and trees near
the banks, low river
banks, river width approx.
10 m and water depth ~
<1 m.
Table 2a.2. General Observation and Description of Sampling Stations
residential area, water
don’t passed thru the
main river channel comes
out beneath the stones
(river pass the channel
during heavy rains), used
as laundry area, trees
/bamboos on both sides
of the banks, plenty of
dried leaves/branches
after the washing area,
river width approx. 1-2 m
and water depth ~ <1 m.
residential area, presence
of boulders, fist to head
size stones, water
controlled by a dam-like
structure used for diving
and swimming,
bathing/washing area,
river width approx. 8 m
and water depth ~ <1 m.
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
25
Station Number 11 12 13 14 15
Date 17 May 2011 18 May 2011 18 May 2011 17 May 2011 18 May 2011
Time 10:10 AM 9:48 AM 10:10 AM 8:40 AM 9:03 AM
Water Condition fast flowing fast flowing moderately flowing moderately flowing fast flowing
Air Temperature (oC) 29 29 28 20 29
Water Temperature (oC) 24 23 24 22 25
Color greenish clear brownish clear greenish brown
Nature of River Bed sandy sandy sandy sandy sandy
Weather Condition sunny sunny sunny sunny sunny
Brgy. Palayan
(Nagcarlan, Laguna)
Brgy. Cabuyew (Liliw,
Laguna)
Table 2a.3. General Observation and Description of Sampling Stations
StationsBrgy. Laguan
(Nagcarlan, Laguna)
Brgy. Panglan
(Majayjay, Laguna)
GPS Reading P 0326441
1561843
P 0332779
1563381
P 0332430
1563198
Brgy. Ibabang San
Roque (Liliw, Laguna)
P 0327511
1563348
P 0328852
1566677
Santa Cruz River (May Sampling)
Other Observations high river banks, pasture
area (goats/rooster farm),
few residential, fist to
head size stones, dried
leaves/branches on the
water surface and sides,
river width approx. 4 m
and water depth ~ 1 m.
water controlled by big
boulders forming different
sizes of pools used as
swimming/diving area,
picnic area, washing area,
presence of garbage
(snack wrappers etc. from
outings), trees/bamboos
on both sides, river width
approx. 10-12 m and
water depth ~ <2 m
(deeper inside the pools).
residential area (waste
discharged directly into
the river), fist to head siz
stone with few boulders,
too many birds (locally
called as "layang-layang")
flying under the bridge
causing lots of excrete
seen on stones and sides
of the river, river width
approx. 1-2 m and water
depth ~ <1 ft.
residential area, fist to
head size stones, few
boulders, trees/bamboos
on both sides, dried
leaves/branches present,
water on one sides with
water strider insect
(Gerris sp .), river width
approx. 4 m and water
depth ~ 1 ft.
few residential, vegetation
on one side (kangkong,
grasses), fist to head size
stones with medium size
boulders, presence of fish
fry seen near the shore,
presence of water strider
(Gerris sp .) on surface,
river width approx. 10 m
and water depth ~ <1 m.
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
26
Station Number 1 2 3 4 5
Date 28 Nov. 2011 28 Nov. 2011 28 Nov. 2011 28 Nov. 2011 28 Nov. 2011
Time 11:05 AM 11:30 AM 11:51 AM 12:15 NN 12:38 NN
Water Condition standing very slow flow slow flow fast flowing moderately flowing
Air Temperature (oC) 29 30 29 27 30
Water Temperature (oC) 27 27 26 27 27
Color greenish greenish greenish brown greenish grayish green
Nature of River Bed sandy/muddy sandy/muddy sandy sandy sandy/muddy
Weather Condition sunny sunny sunny sunny sunny
P 0328151
1568855
P 0328152
1568680
high water level boulders
no longer seen, grassy
area, water diverted into
irrigational canal,
residential area.
some water from the
reservoir diverted to
irrigational canal, dried
leaves & branches on
sides, grassy/vines
present on river banks,
residential area.
Other Observations fully covered w/ water
hyacinth, construction of
bridge on-going, high
water level, residential
area waste discharged
directly into the river.
transport area/used as
passage for people going to
the other side of the river,
high water level, few
garbage, no water hyacinth,
residential and commercial
area waste directly
discharged into the river,
port for motorized boat used
for dredging.
kangkong & other
vegetation,slight increase
in water width, garbage on
sides high water level,
residential area.
GPS Reading P 0327797
1580793
P 0328548
1579893
P 0329736
1577880
Table 2b.1.General Observation and Description of Sampling Stations
Stations Mouth of Sta Cruz riverSto Angel (Sta
Cruz, Laguna)
Pagsawitan
(Sta Cruz, Laguna)
Calumpang
(Liliw/Nagcarlan,
Laguna)
Sta Lucia
(Nagcarlan, Laguna)
Santa Cruz River (November Sampling)
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
27
Station Number 6 7 8 9 10
Date 28 Nov. 2011 28 Nov. 2011 24 Nov. 2011 24 Nov. 2011 24 Nov. 2011
Time 12:55 NN 1:08 PM 11:59 AM 11:30 AM 10:00 AM
Water Condition fast flowing fast flowing fast flowing fast flowing fast flowing
Air Temperature (oC) 31 30 23 23 24
Water Temperature (oC) 27 26 22 22 24
Color clear clear clear clear clear
Nature of River Bed sandy sandy sandy sandy sandy
Weather Condition sunny sunny cloudy cloudy cloudy
water flows from the
tunnel and under the
boulders, washing area,
dried leaves, an increase
in water level, residential
area.
vines covering some
areas, flowpipe for the
fishpond water still
collecting water from the
canal/river, garbage on
sides & water surface,
residential area.
Other Observations dried bamboo poles &
leaves on sides, wider
range river width, high
water level, residential
area.
grassy area, high water
level, boulders no longer
seen, fishing activity on
other sides.
no garbage, a slight
increase in water level.
Residential area, river
water used for
bathing/washing.
P 0329720
1560074
P 0327773
1560676
StationsBrgy. Bancoro
(Nagcarlan, Laguna)
GPS Reading P 0328464
1567064
P 0329238
1563630
P 0329270
1563038
Brgy. Palina (Liliw,
Laguna)
Brgy. Balinacon
(Nagcarlan, Laguna)
Brgy. San Francisco
(Nagcarlan, Laguna)
Brgy. Pook (Rizal,
Laguna)
Table 2b.2. General Observation and Description of Sampling Stations
Santa Cruz River (November Sampling)
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
28
Station Number 11 12 13 14 15
Date 24 Nov. 2011 28 Nov. 2011 28 Nov. 2011 24 Nov. 2011 28 Nov. 2011
Time 10:15 AM 3:25 PM 3:15 AM 12:15 NN 2:30 PM
Water Condition fast flowing fast flowing fast flowing fast flowing fast flowing
Air Temperature (oC) 25 26 28 25 28
Water Temperature (oC) 23 23 26 24 26
Color clear/greenish clear clear greenish clear
Nature of River Bed sandy sandy sandy sandy sandy
Weather Condition sunny to partly cloudy sunny sunny cloudy w/ rainshowers sunny
high water level, fishing
activity by hook and line,
few kangkong on sides,
boulders no longer seen,
water strider (Gerris sp .)
present on sides,
grassy/cogon on both
sides of the river banks.
GPS Reading P 0326441
1561843
leaves/bamboo poles
along the center of the
river, bulk of dried leaves,
water depth high,
grassy/vines along the
sides, left side of the river
bank goat/rooster farm, 2
outlet/pipes of spring
water flow into the river.
Other Observations area for picnic, water used
for bathing and washing
clothes, some area
converted on pools for
swimming/diving,
residential and resort
area.
residential area, domestic
waste directly discharged
into the river, absence of
birds, trees on sides, high
water level.
w/ garbage on sides,
residential area, dried
leaves on sides.
P 0332779
1563381
P 0332430
1563198
Brgy. Palayan
(Nagcarlan, Laguna)
Brgy. Cabuyew (Liliw,
Laguna)
Table 2b.3. General Observation and Description of Sampling Stations
Santa Cruz River (November Sampling)
P 0327511
1563348
P 0328852
1566677
StationsBrgy. Laguan
(Nagcarlan, Laguna)
Brgy. Panglan
(Majayjay, Laguna)
Brgy. Ibabang San
Roque (Liliw, Laguna)
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
29
Table 3a. Physico-Chemical Parameters of Santa Cruz River (May 2011)
Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Station 4 Station 5 Station 6 Station 7 Station 8 Station 9 Station 10 Station 11 Station 12 Station 13 Station 14 Station 15DENR Class C
WQ Criteria
pH, units 6.5 6.6 6.8 7.0 6.8 7.4 6.7 6.4 5.8 6.5 6.7 6.5 6.4 7.0 6.8 6.5 - 8.5
Total Suspended Solids, mg/L 4 8 8 5 11 6 11 10 1 7 9 0.5 0.5 9 7 <30 (increase)
Total Dissolved Solids, mg/L 230 222 216 192 237 241 145 148 149 221 228 132 183 254 173 1000
Total Solids, mg/L 234 230 224 197 248 247 156 158 150 228 237 132 183 263 180
Chemical Oxygen Demand, mg/L 20 26 20 12 27 8 12 12 8 8 16 16 20 14 24
Biochemical Oxygen Demand, mg/L 4 6 3 1 5 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 4 2 4 10
Dissolved Oxygen, mg/L 5.4 6.2 6.9 7.6 5 8.3 8 8 7.2 7.2 7.5 8.3 6 7.7 7.8 5(minimum)
Oil/Grease, mg/L 3 2 2 2 2 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2
Ammonia, mg/L 0.2993 0.0709 0.4302 0.0291 0.9884 0.0364 0.0223 0.0302 0.1620 0.4700 0.0248 0.0149 0.7441 0.0412 0.0818
Nitrate, mg/L 0.5808 0.6448 0.6611 0.9938 0.0929 0.7669 1.0124 1.0304 1.0870 1.4144 1.4700 0.6029 0.6907 0.4094 1.0298 10
Inorganic Phosphate, mg/L 0.418 0.3664 0.3199 0.4271 0.6331 0.3741 0.2263 0.2295 0.5027 0.4007 0.4092 0.0904 0.5134 0.2584 0.4206 0.4
Total Phosphorus, mg/L 0.622 0.5307 0.397 0.546 1.003 0.3792 0.2376 0.2295 0.5027 0.4656 0.4918 1.2544 0.7294 0.2584 0.6018
Total Nitrogen, mg/L 6.6 5 6 3.7 8 3.5 4.6 3.7 6.1 4.6 5.4 4.1 5.8 3.8 4.8
Chloride, mg/L 19 19 19 15 15 15 11 11 11 11 11 15 11 37 11 350
Alkalinity, mg/L 132 124 120 100 156 136 64 60 52 116 116 48 80 108 84
Calcium Hardness, mg/L 48 48 44 36 56 44 28 24 16 40 32 20 32 48 32
Total Hardness, mg/L 108 104 96 80 128 116 52 44 44 92 96 32 60 100 64
Turbidity, NTU 7 7 13 5 6 4 2 2 <1 1 2 1 3 2 6
Conductivity µS/cm 331 312 292 246 361 337 159 152 150 288 298 114 192 372 192
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
30
Table 3b. Physico-Chemical Parameters of Santa Cruz River (November 2011)
Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Station 4 Station 5 Station 6 Station 7 Station 8 Station 9 Station 10 Station 11 Station 12 Station 13 Station 14 Station 15DENR Class C
WQ Criteria
pH, units 7.4 7.6 7.7 8.4 7 7.6 8.7 8 7 7.5 7.8 8.2 7.8 8.2 7.5 6.5 - 8.5
Total Suspended Solids, mg/L 14 11 21 10 15 11 7 8 0.5 10 11 0.5 7 26 11 <30 (increase)
Total Dissolved Solids, mg/L 150 154 169 184 241 235 156 151 159 241 229 79 132 218 154 1000
Total Solids, mg/L 180 230 224 197 248 247 156 158 150 228 237 132 183 263 180
Chemical Oxygen Demand, mg/L 52 4 2 12 2 2 24 12 4 2 16 2 2 2 2
Biochemical Oxygen Demand, mg/L 3 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 3 2 10
Dissolved Oxygen, mg/L 5.2 6.7 7.6 7.4 7.5 7.9 7.8 6.8 8.1 7.2 10.9 8 7.1 7.6 7.5 5(minimum)
Oil/Grease, mg/L 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 2
Ammonia, mg/L 0.1532 0.1005 0.0840 0.0805 0.0785 0.0587 0.0676 0.1116 0.1110 0.0874 0.0753 0.0831 0.1810 0.1014 0.0644
Nitrate, mg/L 0.9586 0.7421 0.9630 0.9093 0.5722 0.8676 1.3254 1.2670 1.2738 1.5224 1.5348 0.5062 0.3161 1.1041 0.1498 10
Inorganic Phosphate, mg/L 0.2375 0.2304 0.2205 0.323 0.2336 0.3211 0.1767 0.1673 0.3847 0.373 0.3528 0.001 0.0988 0.6258 0.3489 0.4
Total Phosphorus, mg/L 0.4102 0.29 0.3118 0.4548 0.3072 0.3211 0.9164 0.2216 0.408 0.3732 0.4244 0.055 0.3718 0.3818 0.3888
Total Nitrogen, mg/L 5 5 5.9 3.9 7.9 3.6 4.5 3.5 6 4.5 5 4.6 5.9 3.5 5
Chloride, mg/L 15 15 11 11 7 15 11 7 11 11 11 7 11 11 11 350
Alkalinity, mg/L 80 80 84 96 132 136 64 56 56 108 108 40 64 92 76
Calcium Hardness, mg/L 52 44 56 28 56 44 32 28 16 44 52 24 28 48 24
Total Hardness, mg/L 68 64 68 84 116 112 60 56 52 96 92 28 80 84 64
Turbidity, NTU 13 13 16 5 11 4 2 2 <1 1 3 1 4 9 4
Conductivity µS/cm 144 148 154 165 230 237 117 128 128 232 238 49 112 202 134
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
31
Table 4a. Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River and tributary based on Algal population (May 2011).
Stations Location Counts (organism/sq.m.) % Contribution Water Quality Assessment CWA PWA OTHERS TOTAL % CWA % PWA % OTHERS
Mainstream
1 mouth of Sta Cruz 0 2325 11628 13953 0.0 16.7 83.3 Moderately Polluted
2 Brgy. Sto Angel, Sta Cruz 5550 73252 19979 98781 5.6 74.2 20.2 Polluted
3 Brgy. Pagsawitan, Sta Cruz 789 5526 13420 19735 4.0 28.0 68.0 Moderately Polluted
4 Brgy. Calumpang, Nagcarlan 5167 9472 5167 19806 26.1 47.8 26.1 Polluted
Tributaries
5 Brgy. Sta Lucia, Nagcarlan 2870 10047 3590 16507 17.4 60.9 21.7 Polluted
6 Brgy. Bancoro, Nagcarlan 26049 137353 71834 235236 11.1 58.4 30.5 Polluted
7 Brgy. Palina, Liliw 29207 79727 22103 131037 22.3 60.8 16.9 Polluted
8 Brgy. Balinacon, Nagcarlan 2476 10729 0 13205 18.8 81.2 0.0 Polluted
9 Brgy. San Francisco, Nagcarlan 1651 825 4952 7428 22.2 11.1 66.7 Moderately Polluted
10 Brgy. Pook, Rizal 8181 31359 6135 45675 17.9 68.7 13.4 Polluted
11 Brgy. Laguan, Nagcarlan 0 897 0 897 0.0 100.0 0.0 Polluted
12 Brgy. Panglan, Majayjay 2583 3444 0 6027 42.9 57.1 0.0 Moderately Polluted
13 Brgy. Ibabang San Roque, Liliw 1651 14854 9903 26408 6.3 56.2 37.5 Polluted
14 Brgy. Palayan, Nagcarlan 4485 19734 8970 33189 13.5 59.5 27.0 Polluted
15 Brgy. Cabuyew, Liliw 27125 77610 30892 135627 20.0 57.2 22.8 Polluted
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
32
Table 4b. Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River and tributary based on Algal population (November 2011).
Stations Location Counts (organism/sq.m.) % Contribution Water Quality Assessment CWA PWA OTHERS TOTAL % CWA % PWA % OTHERS
Mainstream
1 Mouth of Sta Cruz 0 10941 2432 13373 0.0 81.8 18.2 Polluted
2 Brgy. Sto Angel, Sta Cruz 1110 2220 6660 9990 11.1 22.2 66.7 Moderately Polluted
3 Brgy. Pagsawitan, Sta Cruz 1110 1110 0 2220 50.0 50.0 0.0 Moderately Polluted
4 Brgy. Calumpang, Nagcarlan 1579 1579 2367 5525 28.6 28.6 42.8 Moderately Polluted
Tributaries
5 Brgy. Sta Lucia, Nagcarlan 718 718 7176 8612 8.3 8.3 83.3 Moderately Polluted
6 Brgy. Bancoro, Nagcarlan 1163 4651 0 5814 20.0 80.0 0.0 Polluted
7 Brgy. Palina, Liliw 0 18945 5526 24471 0.0 77.4 22.6 Polluted
8 Brgy. Balinacon, Nagcarlan 0 718 718 1436 0.0 50.0 50.0 Polluted
9 Brgy. San Francisco, Nagcarlan 6603 2476 0 9079 72.7 27.3 0.0 Clean
10 Brgy. Pook, Rizal 0 754 0 754 0.0 100.0 0.0 Polluted
11 Brgy. Laguan, Nagcarlan 3445 12056 861 16362 21.1 73.7 5.3 Polluted
12 Brgy. Panglan, Majayjay 682 2727 0 3409 20.0 80.0 0.0 Polluted
13 Brgy. Ibabang San Roque, Liliw 646 1292 646 2584 25.0 50.0 25.0 Polluted
14 Brgy. Palayan, Nagcarlan 1508 2261 1508 5277 28.6 42.8 28.6 Polluted
15 Brgy. Cabuyew, Liliw 5525 9473 3946 18944 29.2 50.0 20.8 Polluted
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
33
Water Quality
CWI MPWI PWI Others Total %CWI %MPWI %PWI %Others Assessment
Mainstream
Stn. 1 Mouth of Sta. Cruz 0 1620 0 0 1620 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 Moderately Polluted
Stn. 2 Sto. Angel 0 5517 0 48 5565 0.00 99.14 0.00 0.86 Moderately Polluted
Stn. 3 Pagsawitan 22 855 133 0 1010 2.18 84.65 13.17 0.00 Moderately Polluted
Stn. 4 Calumpang 100 22 44 0 166 60.24 13.25 26.51 0.00 Clean Water
Tributaries
Stn. 5 Sta. Lucia 0 144 100 67 311 0.00 46.30 32.15 21.54 Moderately Polluted
Stn. 6 Bancoro 0 2110 33 33 2176 0.00 96.97 1.52 1.52 Moderately Polluted
Stn. 7 Palina 221 122 66 11 420 52.62 29.05 15.71 2.62 Clean Water
Stn. 8 Balinacon 88 44 0 0 132 66.67 33.33 0.00 0.00 Clean Water
Stn. 9 San Francisco 11 11 166 22 210 5.24 5.24 79.05 10.48 Polluted
Stn. 10 Pook 11 11 33 11 66 16.67 16.67 50.00 16.67 Polluted
Stn. 11 Laguan 88 110 44 0 242 36.36 45.45 18.18 0.00 Moderately Polluted
Stn. 12 Panglan 134 0 22 22 178 75.28 0.00 12.36 12.36 Clean Water
Stn. 13 Ibabang San Roque 22 55 11 156 244 9.02 22.54 4.51 63.93 Moderately Polluted
Stn. 14 Palayan 177 110 33 11 331 53.47 33.23 9.97 3.32 Clean Water
Stn. 15 Cabuyew 33 99 0 467 599 5.51 16.53 0.00 77.96 Moderately Polluted
Stations
Counts (no. of organisms/sq.m.) Percentage Contribution
Table 5a. Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River based on Benthic Macroinvertebrates (May)
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
34
Water Quality
CWI MPWI PWI Others Total %CWI %MPWI %PWI %Others Assessment
Mainstream
Stn. 1 Mouth of Sta. Cruz 0 2049 0 0 2049 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 Moderately Polluted
Stn. 2 Sto. Angel 0 931 28 0 959 0.00 97.08 2.92 0.00 Moderately Polluted
Stn. 3 Pagsawitan 0 99 0 0 99 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 Moderately Polluted
Stn. 4 Calumpang 178 0 0 0 178 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Clean Water
Tributaries
Stn. 5 Sta. Lucia 88 55 0 0 143 61.54 38.46 0.00 0.00 Clean Water
Stn. 6 Bancoro 0 0 11 11 22 0.00 0.00 50.00 50.00 Polluted Water
Stn. 7 Palina 33 78 11 0 122 27.05 63.93 9.02 0.00 Moderately Polluted
Stn. 8 Balinacon 33 55 11 0 99 33.33 55.56 11.11 0.00 Moderately Polluted
Stn. 9 San Francisco 0 22 11 0 33 0.00 66.67 33.33 0.00 Moderately Polluted
Stn. 10 Pook 66 0 11 0 77 85.71 0.00 14.29 0.00 Clean Water
Stn. 11 Laguan 33 11 11 0 55 60.00 20.00 20.00 0.00 Clean Water
Stn. 12 Panglan 55 22 0 0 77 71.43 28.57 0.00 0.00 Clean Water
Stn. 13 Ibabang San Roque 88 33 0 0 121 72.73 27.27 0.00 0.00 Clean Water
Stn. 14 Palayan 99 77 11 0 187 52.94 41.18 5.88 0.00 Clean Water
Stn. 15 Cabuyew 243 22 22 0 287 84.67 7.67 7.67 0.00 Clean Water
Stations
Counts (no. of organisms/sq.m.) Percentage Contribution
Table 5b. Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River based on Benthic Macroinvertebrates (November)
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
35
Total Coliform
MPN/100mL
Fecal Coliform
MPN/100mL
Detection of
E.coli
Total Coliform
MPN/100mL
Fecal Coliform
MPN/100mL
Detection of
E.coli
Station 1 8,000 8,000 present 160,000 54,000 present
Station 2 50,000 50,000 present 92,000 92,000 present
Station 3 160,000 160,000 present 49,000 49,000 present
Station 4 9,000 9,000 present 54,000 54,000 present
Station 5 >16,000 >16,000 present 92,000 92,000 present
Station 6 5,000 5,000 present 16,000 5,400 present
Station 7 1,300 1,300 present 16,000 9,200 present
Station 8 2,400 2,400 present 7,900 4,900 present
Station 9 <20 <20 not detected 330 170 present
Station 10 16,000 16,000 present 92,000 35,000 present
Station 11 >16,000 >16,000 present 160,000 35,000 present
Station 12 17,000 17,000 present 17,000 17,000 present
Station 13 160,000 160,000 present 240,000 240,000 present
Station 14 >16,000 >16,000 present 92,000 24,000 present
Station 15 50,000 50,000 present 35,000 35,000 present
May sampling November samplingSampling
stations
Table 6. Results of Microbiological Analysis (May and November sampling)
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
Laguna Lake Development Authority – Environmental Laboratory and Research Division
36
Figure 16. Pictures of Santa Cruz River Stations
Station 1 (May sampling) Station 1 (November sampling)
Station 2 (May sampling) Station 2 (November sampling)
Station 3 (May sampling) Station 3 (November sampling)
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
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Station 4 (May sampling) Station 4 (November sampling)
Station 5 (May sampling) Station 5 (November sampling)
Station 6 (May sampling) Station 6 (November sampling)
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
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Station 7 (May sampling) Station 7 (November sampling)
Station 8 (May sampling) Station 8 (November sampling)
Station 9 (May sampling) Station 9 (November sampling)
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
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Station 10 (May sampling) Station 10 (November sampling)
Station 11 (May sampling) Station 11 (November sampling)
Station 12 (May sampling) Station 12 (November sampling)
Water Quality Assessment of Santa Cruz River
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40
Station 13 (May sampling) Station 13 (November sampling)
Station 14 (May sampling) Station 14 (November sampling)
Station 15 (May sampling) Station 15 (November sampling)