Biochemistry Name: ___________________________NDHS Per: ________ Date: _______________

CarbohydratesMonomers Vs. Polymers

most biological molecules are polymers

_______________ -_________________________ -_________________________ -______________________________________ -___________________________________________ - combination of ___________

Anabolism of Polymers_______________: building reactions

_______________________: 2 units form one larger unitEx: Building starch from glucose

_____________________________________________________ -bond is formed by the ___________________________ - two ____________________ - one molecule loses ______________________________- results in a bond based on the remaining O and the ________________________________________- Requires energy and a catalyst

The Synthesis and Breakdown of PolymersMonomers form larger molecules by condensation reactions called dehydration reactions

Catabolism_________________: breaking reactions__________________ - addition of _________ to break a polymer chainAlso requires __________ and ____________ - but generally gives off more __________________

Polymers can disassemble by Hydrolysis

Dehydration Synthesis and HydrolysisBuild - __________ - requires __________

Break - ____________ - ____________ energy

NOTE : COMBINATION OF MONOMERS IN DIFFERENT QUANTITIES AND PATTERNS RESULTS IN A WIDE VARIETY OF MOLECULES

Ex: Alphabet: letters are ________________

words are ________________

sentences are ________________

Four Major Biological Molecules1. ________________2. ________________3. ________________4. ________________

CARBOHYDRATESElements: ________________

FUNCTION: ________________________________________________________

Types of Carbohydrates

1. __________: simplestMost common __________:: __________

Classification:___________________:: one sugar unit

Ex. Glucose - storage of solar energy via ___________________Characteristics: Two types of carbonyls:

1) _____________ - carbonyl on end = aldose sugar ex. _____________2) _____________ - carbonyl in middle = ketose sugar ex. _____________

- carbonyl position affects _____________- placement of _____________ groups give different properties and results in the formation of

isomersGlucose and fructose

Examples of monosaccharides

Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose

Dissacharides

formation of a 2 sugar unit by __________________________

glucose + glucose = _____________glucose + galactose = _____________glucose + fructose = _____________

Formation of Disaccharides

OligosaccharidesChains of _____________________Importance: 1) ______________________________ - Part of the ______________________________ - Bind to proteins = _______________ - Bind to lipids = _________________

2) Role of Glycoproteins- part of _________________- part of _________________- H antigen (____________), the precursor to the A and B antigens of blood type- _______________: FSH, LH, TSH, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, Erythropoietin

-Determine __________________: - Pentasaccharides that are added cotranslationally (while a protein is being made) –

affect the way a protein folds affecting its overall structure and function- _____________ - a glycoprotein extracted from Synsepalum dulcificum a berry which alters

human tongue receptors to recognize sour foods as sweet

3) Role of Glycolipids - _________________________ - Immune Response - __________________________

Polysaccharides : many sugar units

Chains of _____________Type of polysaccharide dependent on the type of glucose

_____________ glucose_____________ glucose

- differ in orientation of the _____________ _____________ on the number 1 st carbon alpha – ________ beta - _________

Formation of alpha and beta glucoseThe alpha and beta forms of glucose differ only in the position of the hydroxyl on the first carbon and are NOT mirror images of each other = __________________________.

Glucose will switch from the _____________ _____________ when in solution. When it reforms a ring it will either be the alpha form or the beta form. In biological systems (depending on what is being made), enzymes will direct the formation of the correct form.

Importance of alpha and beta glucose Diastereomers

.

STORAGE POLYSACCHARIDES

1. _________- storage in _________- - as granules in organelles called _________-glucose monomers

linked together making an ________________two forms of starch________- unbranched chains________________- branched

2. ________________- storage in ________- storage in ________________________________ extensively ________________________________

________- the major storage form of glucose in plants

________- major storage form of glucose in animals

Structural Polysaccharides

provide ________________________

1. ________________ - ________________________________________________ -makes for ________________ - makes for a ________________ - makes up ________________

- enzymes that break alpha bonds can't break beta bonds -major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells

2. ________________- structure of ________________________________________________ -differences: glucose with a ________________________________

Chitin and Cartilage

Monomers of Chitin

Monomers of Cartilage-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine = ________________________

Hyaluronanic AcidIn humans, HA is abundant in the ________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________