Name: ____________________________________ Period:____ Date:_______________

Earth Science Midterm- Study Guide

1. What is Earth Science? is a blend of many different sciencesName and describe the 4 major areas of specialization?Astronomy is the study of objects beyond Earth’satmosphere.Meteorology The branch of Earth science that studies the airthat surrounds our planetGeology The study of the materials that make up Earth and theprocesses that form and change these materials is the branch of EarthscienceOceanography The study of Earth’s oceans, which cover nearlythree-fourths of the planet

2. What types of things are studied by scientists specializing in climatology, tectonics, geochemistry, ecology, hydrology, and paleontology?

3. Name and describe the 4 main Earth systems. Hydrosphere, Atmosphere, Biosphere and Lithosphere.

The Lithosphere Earth’s lithosphere is the rigid outer shell of theplanet and includes the crust and the solid, uppermost part of thelayer below the crust, the mantle. There are two kinds of crust: continental

Name: ____________________________________ Period:____ Date:_______________

Earth Science Midterm- Study Guide

crust and oceanic crust. Earth’s continental crust is mademostly of a rock called granite. Oceanic crust is mainly basalt, a rockthat is denser than granite. Earth’s mantle is mainly composed of arock called peridotite. Some of Earth’s upper mantle behaves like arigid solid while other parts of this layer are partially molten and flowlike a soft plastic. This partially molten layer is the asthenosphere.Beneath Earth’s mantle is the core, which can be divided into twoparts: an outer, liquid part and a solid, inner part. Earth’s core isthought to be made of iron and nickel. While Earth’s core andasthenosphere are not parts of the lithosphere, they do interact withthis system of Earth to produce many of the features at the planet’ssurface. You’ll learn how the lithosphere and asthenosphere interactto produce volcanoes, mountains, and earthquakes in Unit 5.The Hydrosphere The water in Earth’s oceans, seas, lakes, rivers,and glaciers, as well as the water in the atmosphere, makes up thehydrosphere. About 97 percent of Earth’s water exists as salt water;the remaining 3 percent is freshwater contained in glaciers, in lakesand rivers, and beneath Earth’s surface as groundwater. About threefourths of all freshwater is contained in glaciers and icebergsThe Atmosphere The blanket of gases that surrounds our planetis called the atmosphere. Among other things, Earth’s atmosphere isnecessary for respiration by most living things, protects Earth’sinhabitants from harmful radiation from the Sun, and helps to keepthe planet at a temperature suitable for life. Earth’s atmosphere containsabout 78 percent nitrogen and 21 percent oxygen. The remaining1 percent of gases in the atmosphere include water vapor, argon,carbon dioxide, and other trace gases. You will learn more aboutEarth’s atmosphere and how parts of this system interact to produceweather in Unit 4.The Biosphere The biosphere includes all organisms on Earth aswell as the environments in which they live. Most organisms existwithin a few meters of Earth’s surface, but some live deep beneath theocean’s surface, and others live high atop Earth’s mountains. Earth’sbiosphere appears to be unique in that scientists have not yet foundany confirmed evidence of life on other planets in our solar systemor elsewhere in the galaxy.Earth’s biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere,and atmosphere are interdependent systems.

4. List the steps used in a scientific method.1. Identify the problem2. Hypothesis3. Experimentation4. Analyze5. Conclude

Name: ____________________________________ Period:____ Date:_______________

Earth Science Midterm- Study Guide

5. In an experiment, describe the independent variable, dependent variable, constant, control, hypothesis.independent variable in an experiment is the factor that is manipulated by the experimenter A dependent variable is a factor that can change if the independent variable is changed. Constants are factors that do not change during an experiment. A control is used in an experiment to show that the results of an experiment are actually a result of the condition being tested. hypothesis, or suggested explanation for an observation

6. Convert the following numbers to scientific notation.a. 3000000000 3 x 109

b. 9758.0000 9.758 x 103

c. 0.0000073 7.3 x 10-6

d. 29.9 2.99 x101

7. What are the 4 states of matter? Solid, liquid, gas, plasmaDraw a diagram including the 3 states of mater and the processes involved in phase changes. Ex. Evaporation, condensation, sublimation.

A- FreezingB- MeltingC- CondensationD- Vaporization or evaporationE- sublimation

Name: ____________________________________ Period:____ Date:_______________

Earth Science Midterm- Study Guide

8. What is an Ionic bond? positive and negative ions attract each other. The attractive force between two ions of opposite charge (electrons

transfer)What is a covalent bond? One way in which atoms fill their outermostenergy levels is by sharing electrons. Attraction of two atoms for a shared pair of electrons that holds the atoms together

Draw and describe the difference. (See above.)

9. While drawing the electron configuration of an element, how many electrons can be held in the 1st energy level, 22nd energy level, 83rd energy level 184th energy level. 32

Name: ____________________________________ Period:____ Date:_______________

Earth Science Midterm- Study Guide

10. Draw the electron configuration of Helium, Chlorine, Calcium and Krypton.

11. Draw the Lewis Dot Structure of Silicon, Helium, Chlorine, Calcium, and Krypton. (see above)

12. What is the formula for Density? Mass? And Volume? D=M/V M=DV V=M/D13. A mineral has a mass of 500g and volume of 20 cm3. Find the density.

D=m/v 500/20= 25g/cm3

14. What is the SI unit for mass, volume of solids, volume of liquids, density of solids, density of liquids and weight.

Mass: kgVolume solids: cm3, m3

Volume liquids: mL, LDensity solids: (g/cm3), (kg/m3)Density liquids: g/mLWeight: Newton, N

15. Draw a diagram of an atom showing the location and electrical charge of the nucleus, proton, neutron and electron.

Name: ____________________________________ Period:____ Date:_______________

Earth Science Midterm- Study Guide

16. What are Isotopes? Atoms of the same element have different mass numbers. the number of neutrons in the nuclei of an element’s atoms can vary.

17. When are elements unlikely to combine chemically with other elements? Element has full outermost energy level.

18. Which subatomic particle identifies an element? protons19. What are the 2 most abundant gases that make up the Earth’s atmosphere? Nitrogen and

oxygen20. Water vapor in the atmosphere produces which types of precipitation? Clouds and rain21. The amount of energy the atmosphere absorbs depends on which gas? Carbon dioxide22. Which solid particles are included in the atmosphere? tiny particles of dust and

salt23. What is ozone? Write the formula and state its importance. ozone (O3), is a gas

formed by the addition of a third oxygen atom to an oxygen molecule (O2). Ozone exists in small quantities mainly in a layer well above Earth’s surface. It is important because it absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.

24. Is air denser near the earth’s surface or high in the atmosphere? Density changes with altitude, therefore, air is denser near earth’s surface. The density of air increases as you get closer to the bottom of the atmosphere. This is because gases at the top of the atmosphere press down on the air below, thereby compressing the particles and increasing the density of the air. Thus, at the top of a mountain, temperature, pressure, and density are all less than they are at lower elevations.

25. Do particles in the atmosphere exert pressure on earth’s surface? Yes, atmospheric pressure increases as you get closer to earth’s surface because there are more and more gas particles exerting pressure. The gravitational attraction between Earth and atmospheric gases causes particles of gas to be pulled toward the center of Earth.

26. Is air pressure greater on top of the mountain or at lower elevations? NO. At the top of a mountain, temperature, pressure, and density are all less than they are at lower elevations.

27. In the troposphere, as air temperature increases, does the air pressure increase also? YES. In the atmosphere, temperature is directly proportional to pressure. So, if an air mass maintains a certain density—that is, the number of gas particles in a fixed volume remains the same—as temperature increases or decreases, pressure does, too.

Name: ____________________________________ Period:____ Date:_______________

Earth Science Midterm- Study Guide

28. What is wind? An imbalance between the warm, less-dense air and the cool, more-dense air. Wind is the movement of air from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure.

In which direction does it move? wind can be thought of as air moving from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure.

29. As you move upward from earth’s surface, why does wind speed increase? Like temperature and pressure, wind changes with height in the atmosphere. Near Earth’s surface, wind is constantly disrupted by the friction that results from its contact with trees, buildings, and hills—even the surface of water affects air motion. Farther up from Earth’s surface, air encounters less friction, and wind speeds increase.

30. Draw and describe the water cycle?

Receives its energy from the Sun. Radiation from the Sun causes liquid water to change into a gas. The process of water changing from a liquid to a gas is

Name: ____________________________________ Period:____ Date:_______________

Earth Science Midterm- Study Guide

called evaporation. Water evaporates from lakes, streams, and oceans and rises into Earth’s atmosphere. As water vapor rises, it cools and changes back into a liquid. This process is called condensation. When water vapor condenses, it forms clouds. Water droplets combine to form larger drops that fall to Earth as precipitation. This water soaks into the ground and enters lakes, streams, and oceans, or it falls directly into these bodies of water and eventually evaporates, and the water cycle continues.

1. Evaporation2. Condensation3. Precipitation4. Runoff5. Groundwater

31. What are the different types of precipitation? Rain, hail, freezing rain, sleet, snow32. Where do we receive our main source of energy? Sun33. Define air mass. a large body of air that takes on the characteristics of the

area over which it forms. Meteorologists call the region over which an air mass forms the source region. Air masses form over land or water.

34. What is a maritime tropical air mass? Air masses are classified according to their source regions. Where does it originate? The origins of maritime tropical air are tropical and subtropical oceans, such as the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. In the summer, mT air brings hot, oppressively humid weather to the eastern two-thirds of the United States and Canada.

35. Describe a cold front, warm front, stationary front and occluded front? What happens in each scenario?

Name: ____________________________________ Period:____ Date:_______________

Earth Science Midterm- Study Guide

36. What do the following instruments measure? Anemometer, hygrometer, ceilometers, thermometer, barometer and radiosonde.

37. Describe the Doppler Effect and give an example. is the change in wave frequency that occurs in energy, such as sound or light, as that energy moves toward or away from an observer.

38. In which direction does air move in high-pressure systems and low-pressure systems?

Name: ____________________________________ Period:____ Date:_______________

Earth Science Midterm- Study Guide

39. In which pressure system does air sink and air rise? See above 40. What is 1 possible source of earth’s water? comets Comets, travel throughout

the solar system and occasionally collide with Earth. These impacts release water, possibly enough to have filled the ocean basins over geologic time. In addition, studies of meteorites, which are composed of the same material that may have formed the early planets, indicate that meteorites contain up to 0.5 percent water.

42.Gases emitted by volcanoes contain mostly which elements? Water vapor, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, chorine, nitrogen

43. What is the formula to calculate ocean depth? Depth = velocity of speed of sound x time divided by 2 (depth =1500m/s x time (seconds) divided by 2) If minutes are given, be sure to convert to seconds first then plug in.

44. Calculate the ocean depth if a sonar signal takes 40 seconds to hit the floor and reach back to the ship? d=1500x40 / 2 30,000 m

45. Calculate the ocean depth if a sonar signal takes 5 minutes to hit the floor and reach back to the ship? 5mins = 300mins so d=1500x300 / 2 225,000 m

46. How long does it take for a sonar signal to hit the ocean floor and reach back to the ship if the ocean depth is 72,000m?

72,000 = 1500 x time / 2 solve for time

Step 1 multiply boths sides by 2

72000 x 2 = 1500 x time

Step 2 divide by 1500

72000 x 2 = time

Name: ____________________________________ Period:____ Date:_______________

Earth Science Midterm- Study Guide

1500

Time = 96 seconds

Check your answer: plug 96seconds to find depth.D=1500 x 96 / 2D= 72000m

47. Draw and label the following ocean layers in order; thermocline, surface layer and bottom layer.

48. Draw and label the different parts of a wave. Include the crest, trough, wavelength, wave height and frequency.

49. Draw a venn-diagram differentiating between neap tides and spring tides.

Name: ____________________________________ Period:____ Date:_______________

Earth Science Midterm- Study Guide

When the sun, moon and earth all line up at new (as in the picture) or full moon then we get the highest (and indeed lowest) tides which are called 'spring' tides (nothing to do with the time of year!). In fact it takes a bit of time for the enormous mass of water to move, so the spring tide will actually occur a couple of days after the new (or full) moon, so the picture on the left is a simplification

When the moon is at first or third quarter (forms a right angle) then the moon and sun are exerting forces from two different directions and the overall effect on the water is less, so the high tides are lower than average and the low tides are higher than the average and we call these low tides 'neap' tides.

50. What is desalination? processes that remove some amount of salt and other minerals from saline water. How does it make freshwater from salt water? Salt water is desalinated to produce fresh water suitable for human consumption or irrigation

Name: ____________________________________ Period:____ Date:_______________

Earth Science Midterm- Study Guide

51. What are renewable and non renewable resources?

52. What are land, air, water and solar resources?Solar resources - sunWater resources are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful. Uses of water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities. Virtually all of these human uses require fresh water.

Name: ____________________________________ Period:____ Date:_______________

Earth Science Midterm- Study Guide

53. What are different types of global effects created by humans on the atmosphere?a. Global impact

i. Acid precipitationii. Ozone depletion

iii. Global warming54. Name and describe 7 alternative energy resources? Ex. Wind

Solar energy Hydroelectric power – energy from falling water Geothermal energy Nuclear energy Biomass energy Wind energy ????

55. Draw a diagram of the earth showing the lines of longitude and latitude.

Name: ____________________________________ Period:____ Date:_______________

Earth Science Midterm- Study Guide

56. What is the formula for temperature while converting Fahrenheit to Celsius and Celsius to FahrenheitF=9/5C + 32C= 5/9(F -32)

57. Convert the following temperatures:a. 85 degrees Fahrenheit to Celsius 29.44oCb. 0 degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit 32oFc. 100 degrees Fahrenheit to Celsius 37.78oCd. 23 degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit 73.4oF

58. Draw a diagram of the earth showing the following layers: mantle, crust, inner core, outer core

Name: ____________________________________ Period:____ Date:_______________

Earth Science Midterm- Study Guide

59. Define a mineral. is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a specific chemical composition and a definite crystalline structure.

Name the softest/hardest mineral. Talc, diamond

60. Name the different property’s used to identify a mineral.

61. Name and describe the 3 different types of rocks. • Igneous, Formed from the cooling of either magma or lava• sedimentary, Formed from sediments:– rock fragments,– mineral grains,– animal & plant remains– Pressed or cemented together – Or sediments precipitate out of a solution. – Moved by wind, water, ice or gravity– Only kind of rock containing fossils – Form horizontal layers• metamorphic Rocks that change due to intense temperature and pressure

Which rocks hold fossils? Sedimentary

62. Describe how heat is transferred via conduction, convection and radiation. Give examples.

Name: ____________________________________ Period:____ Date:_______________

Earth Science Midterm- Study Guide

63. Draw and label the 5 layers of the atmosphere.

64. What will I do to get an “A” on the midterm? Answers will vary65. What will I do different in Quarter 3 and 4 to improve my grade in this course?

Answers will vary.