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Aon Benfield Analytics | Impact Forecasting
Risk. Reinsurance. Human Resources.
Weekly Cat Report March 9, 2018
Aon Benfield Analytics | Impact Forecasting
Weekly Cat Report 2
This Week’s Natural Disaster Events
Along with this report, we continue to welcome users to access current and historical natural catastrophe data and event analysis on Impact Forecasting’s Catastrophe Insight website: www.aonbenfield.com/catastropheinsight
Event & Region Fatalities Damaged Structures or Filed Claims
Est. Economic Loss (USD)
Specific Areas Page
Winter Weather - United States
9+
Thousands
100s of Millions
Northeast, Mid-Atlantic
3
Flooding - Africa
8+
12,500+
Millions
Angola, Malawi
6
Earthquake - Oceania
30+
Unknown
Unknown
Papua New Guinea
7
Severe Weather - Asia
14
59,000
147 million
China
7
Aon Benfield Analytics | Impact Forecasting
Weekly Cat Report 3
Nor’easter leads to major U.S. East Coast power outages
A powerful Nor’easter spawned hurricane-force wind gusts, heavy snowfall, torrential rain, and coastal
flooding to much of the U.S. East Coast from March 1-3. At least nine people were killed. States of
emergency were declared in Massachusetts, New York, Virginia, and Maryland as the storm caused
widespread wind and storm surge damage. Extensive power outages were reported to more than 2.4
million customers across the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic states. The inclement weather also led to more
than 4,000 flight cancellations and forced the closure of numerous major roadways. Total economic and
insured losses were each expected well into the hundreds of millions (USD).
Meteorological Recap
The National Weather Service (NWS) and
Weather Prediction Center (WPC) began issuing
forecasts citing the risk of a significant coastal
winter storm during the last week of February.
Most of the computer forecast models were in
agreement of an expansive area of low pressure
center rapidly intensifying once entering the
North Atlantic Ocean.
By March 1, local NWS offices throughout the
Northeast and Mid-Atlantic issued numerous
high wind, coastal flood, winter storm, and inland
flood watches and warnings. With an initial area
of low pressure tracking through the Midwest, it
brought with it a subsequent frontal boundary.
As the first low began to weaken early on March
2, a secondary and more intense low quickly
developed while exiting the coast of southern New England. Given atmospheric dynamics in place, major
differences in temperature allowed a rapid deepening phase of the low. The storm would eventually drop
more than 24 millibars in a 24-hour period during March 2-3, which officially classified the Nor’easter as
undergoing “bombogenesis”. As a reminder, “bombogenesis” only describes the intensification of a low
pressure center and is not an indicator of projected damage or meteorological impact.
The size of the storm on March 2 into March 3 was massive, with high winds gusting in excess of 50 mph
(80 kph) from Massachusetts to South Carolina. Cold air on the back side of the low allowed precipitation
to fall in the form of heavy snow across parts of New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Vermont, and
Massachusetts – including a maximum total of 39.3 inches (99.8 centimeters) at Cobleskill, NY. In areas
that stayed above the freezing mark, the precipitation fell in the form of heavy rain. Several inches
(millimeters) of rainfall were recorded in areas closest to the Atlantic Coastline.
However, the storm was most notable for its ferocious winds – including a peak gust of 93 mph (150 kph)
at Barnstable, MA – and dangerous coastal flooding. With the area of low pressure deepening and
causing a tight pressure gradient, this led to hurricane-force wind gusts. A tight pressure gradient,
identified on a weather map with close isobars, corresponds with greater surface winds. Coastal areas
that were impacted by onshore winds, notably in Boston, MA, were often faced with storm surge heights
in excess of 3.0 feet (0.91 meters) while coinciding with high tide.
By the end of March 3 into early on March 4, impacts from the storm system waned as it further entered the North Atlantic Ocean.
Nor’easter on March 2 (Source: NASA)
Aon Benfield Analytics | Impact Forecasting
Weekly Cat Report 4
Storm Data
The selected data below comes from NOAA’s Weather Prediction Center as of March 3:
Storm Surge
Below are recorded water inundation heights from March 2-4 along coastal sections in Massachusetts
and Rhode Island. The highest storm surge and inundation heights were around 4.0 feet (1.2 meters)
around Boston, MA and Nantucket Island, MA. While notable, the water levels were slightly lower than
initially feared. The blue lines below indicate predicted water heights based on normal tides. The red lines
are the preliminarily measured water heights. The difference between the two lines is the storm surge.
Location Snowfall (in) Location Snowfall (in)
Cobleskill, NY 39.3 Tobyhanna, PA 20.0
Richmondville, NY 37.5 Branchville, NJ 16.5
Halcott Center, NY 37.0 Woodford, VT 14.0
Jefferson, NY 34.5 High Point, NJ 13.5
Knox, NY 25.0 Plainsfield, MA 12.0
Coolbaugh, PA 23.6 Buffalo, NY 12.0
Davenport, NY 23.0 Sharon, CT 6.0
Location Rainfall (in) Location Rainfall (in)
East Bridgewater, MA 5.74 West Hills, NY 3.92
Westerly, RI 4.85 Fairhaven, MA 3.69
Brockton, MA 4.61 Fenwick, CT 3.32
West Harwich, MA 3.96 Hoboken, NJ 2.84
Location Wind Gust (mph) Location Wind Gust (mph)
Barnstable, MA 93 Winchester, WV 76
East Falmouth, MA 92 Washington / Dulles Airport 71
Plymouth, MA 85 Ballenger Creek, MD 71
Little Compton, RI 83 Boston, MA 70
Bayville, NY 78 New York City (JFK), NY 67
Aon Benfield Analytics | Impact Forecasting
Weekly Cat Report 5
Event Details
The powerful Nor’easter left widespread damage
and disruption throughout several areas across the
Northeast and Mid-Atlantic. States of emergency
were declared in Massachusetts, Virginia, New York,
and Maryland due to impacts resulting from high
winds, excessive snowfall, and coastal storm surge.
At least nine fatalities were directly attributed to the
storm, with multiple other indirect deaths also
unofficially caused by the storm as well. Most of the
casualties resulted from fallen tree branches.
Among the hardest-hit areas from a physical
damage perspective came in Massachusetts,
including the greater Boston metro area. The city’s
Seaport district recorded several feet (centimeters)
of water inundation that washed over coastal
barriers and flooded roads, sidewalks, properties,
and vehicles. Similar impacts were cited in parts of
Rhode Island and Connecticut as an onshore wind
flow pushed water inland. Substantial beach erosion
was additionally recorded in Cape Code and South
Shore, MA. This was the second major coastal flood
for areas in New England in 2018. The first event,
also a powerful Nor’easter, occurred during the first
week of January.
The combination of hurricane-force wind gusts, the weight of heavy snow, and overly saturated soils led
to extensive power outages as power lines and poles were downed. At the event’s peak, an estimated 2.4
million customers were without electricity. The greatest power losses were recorded in Massachusetts,
Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland,
Delaware, and Washington DC. However, most power was restored within 72 to 96 hours after the event
– just prior to the arrival of another major Nor’easter on March 7.
Transportation was severely disrupted during event. Nearly 4,000 flights were cancelled and thousands of
others were delayed from March 1-3, including at airports in New York City, Boston, Philadelphia,
Baltimore, and Washington DC. High winds made take-off and landings very difficult. Additionally, the
inclement weather led to numerous closures of major highways and interstates. Amtrak cancelled all
service on its train lines along the Northeast corridor between Boston and Washington DC due to the
inclement weather.
Financial Loss
It remains too early to provide a specific economic or insured loss estimate at this time. However, given
the widespread impact of the event, losses are expected to be elevated. For comparison, the January 3-
5, 2018 Nor’easter that affected many of these same areas – though was followed by frigid conditions
after the main storm system passed – had an economic cost of USD1.1 billion. Public and private
insurance losses were in excess of USD700 million.
TOP: Coastal flooding in Scituate, MA (Source: Boston Globe) BOTTOM: Wind damage in Watertown, MA (Source: Watertown Police)
Aon Benfield Analytics | Impact Forecasting
Weekly Cat Report 6
Regional floods impact Sub-Saharan Africa
Episodes of torrential rainfall caused multiple separate flooding events in Sub-Saharan Africa in recent
weeks, causing multiple fatalities and affecting thousands of people, notably in Angola and Malawi.
Angola
Periods of torrential rains since February 22 resulted in damaging flooding in several regions of Angola.
Heavy rains are affecting the country in the ongoing rainy season, which normally culminates in March or
April and are connected with a position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Similar flooding
episodes can be expected in the coming months.
Among the most affected regions in Angola were the provinces of Luanda, Cuando Cubango and Cuanza
Norte. Luanda Province recorded the highest amount of precipitation on February 28. Widespread urban
flooding resulted in municipalities Viana, Cacuaco and Cazenga, located in the nation’s capital urban
area. Six people died during the flooding and significant material damage was reported. According to
local authorities, 12,250 homes and 37 schools were flooded, along with at least one health care facility.
Reportedly, at least 992 homes were destroyed completely.
Rainfall that caused the flooding was not particularly extreme. Among the main causes of this widespread
urban flood is also a lack of a functional drainage system. Luanda agglomeration is one of the largest on
the African continent and it experienced a rapid population and exposure growth in recent years. Viana
municipality (now a part of the capital), which suffered the most from the current flooding, is a densely
populated area in eastern Luanda and it also incorporates a notable amount of commercial exposure.
Further flooding was reported from provinces Cuando Cubango and Cuanza. At least two people were
killed and more than 200 homes were believed to be destroyed. Among the worst affected was
Menongue in Cuando Cubango Province.
Malawi
Rainy season in Malawi (October to April) continued with heavy rains affecting the country over the
course of the past week, as multiple storm systems dropped significant rainfall accumulations across the
region. Malawi’s Department of Climate Change and Meteorological Services issued warnings for heavy
thunderstorms that were likely to produce localized flash flooding.
Among the most affected areas were communities located in the Shire Valley and Southern Highlands,
which both lie in the Southern Region. Moderate impacts were expected in Central Region. According to
Malawi’s Department of Disaster Management Affairs (DoDMA) noted that the total number of affected
homes was over 300, while approximately 65 homes were completely destroyed. It is difficult to estimate
the scope of damage in the country due to a lack of data. Malawi ranks as one of the poorest countries
globally. DoDMA also noted that 16 people have already died during the current rainy season since
October 16, whle more than 17,500 homes were affected in total.
Aon Benfield Analytics | Impact Forecasting
Weekly Cat Report 7
Aftershocks continue to rattle Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea continued to be hit by a series of strong aftershocks after last week’s earthquake.
The two of the strongest aftershocks of M 6.0 and M 6.7 have claimed 11 and 18 lives respectively. The
overall impact of the earthquakes is still unclear as the remote location of the events has hindered the
rescue and loss assessment efforts.
A week after the massive M 7.5 earthquake which impacted Papua New Guinea, strong aftershocks
continued to be felt in the country, including one of magnitude 6.0 on March 5 that killed 11 people in the
Highlands. Another aftershock occurred 112 kilometers (70 miles) southwest of Porgera at a depth of
about 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) with a magnitude of 6.7 and was recorded on March 6, killing 18 more
people. The strongest aftershock yet occurred on March 8 with a magnitude of 6.8 about 20 kilometers
(12.4 miles) east-northeast of Taron at a depth of 15.2 kilometers (9.4 miles), causing widespread
landslides in the region.
The latest local media coverage reported a collective death toll of over 100 and injuries to more than 500
people. According to the local Red Cross, over 140,000 people have possibly been affected by series of
earthquakes and as many as 17,000 people have lost their homes. No official death toll or loss estimate
is available as of now.
The M7.5 earthquake and the subsequent aftershocks have triggered landslides which have blocked
several rivers. Experts have suggested that these dams may break and cause floods in the rainy season,
putting entire settlements downstream at risk.
Strong thunderstorms impact Eastern China
Rounds of severe thunderstorms and heavy rainfall have affected seven Chinese provinces since March
3. At least 14 people were killed and many others were injured. Strongest impacts were felt in provinces
of Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Anhui. The combined economic loss was preliminary estimated at CNY930
million (USD147 million).
Several days of severe thunderstorms and flooding rainfall led to widespread damage in no fewer than
seven provinces: Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Hebei, Hunan, and Guangxi. At least 14 people were
killed. The inclement weather was particularly damaging in the province of Jiangxi, where all of the
casualties were reported. Notable damage occurred in the regions of Nanchang, Jingdezhen and
Pingxiang. The convective storm damage was primarily associated with large hail that caused trees to
fall, windows to be shattered, and impacts to local infrastructure and agriculture. Flooding rains
additionally prompted some structural inundation.
Data from the Chinese Ministry of Civil Affairs (MCA) indicated that 59,000 homes were damaged and
600 were destroyed completely, while more than 23,000 hectares (56,800 acres) of crops were
inundated. Majority of the agricultural damage occurred in Jiangxi Province. Total aggregated economic
damage was listed at CNY930 million (USD147 million). Total number of people affected by the event
was believed to be as high as 585,000; at least 5,000 were evacuated.
Aon Benfield Analytics | Impact Forecasting
Weekly Cat Report 8
Natural Catastrophes: In Brief
Landslide (Peru)
The Peruvian government declared a state of emergency after a massive landslide struck in the southern
department of Cusco. The March 3 slide, which followed days of heavy rainfall, hit the village of Llusco
and destroyed at least 100 homes, a school and a health clinic. Additional damage was cited to local
infrastructure and agriculture. The Peru Geophysical Institute noted that more than 30 hectares (74 acres)
of land collapsed from a mountainside.
Volcanic Eruption (Japan)
The Shinmoedake volcano on Japan’s Kyushu island produced explosive eruptions on March 6 and 7,
spewing ash plumes to the altitude of 3000 metres. While there has been no reports of damage or injuries
yet, the residents of the nearby Kirishima City have been warned against possible pyroclastic flows and
falling rocks. About 80 flights have been grounded and/or cancelled at the Kagoshima airport.
Tropical Cyclone Hola (Oceania)
Tropical Cyclone Hola hit Vanuatu on March 8 and intensified to a Category 4 cyclone over the South
Pacific. There is a possibility that the intensity of the cyclone will decrease slightly as the cyclone begins
an extratropical transition over the next 36 hours. According to the data from Joint Typhoon Warning
Center, Hola is expected to pass near New Caledonia on March 9 and is expected to have maximum
sustained winds of around 220 km/h (135 mph).
Earthquake (Mozambique)
Two relatively strong earthquakes struck Mozambique-Malawi border region in the morning hours of
March 8. The United States Geological Survey registered the first, 5.6-magnitude tremor at a shallow
depth of approximately 6.4 kilometers (4 miles). The second tremor had a lower magnitude of 5.2. Strong
shaking was felt in provinces of Zambezia and Tete. The tremors caused panic, but according to initial
reports, did not incur any notable damage. Relatively strong shaking was also felt in southern Malawi,
particularly around Blantyre, Chiradzulu and Thyolo. Immediately after the tremor struck, no significant
damage or casualties were reported.
Winter Weather (United States)
Northeastern United States was hit by another winter storm on March 7 and 8, after a powerful Nor’easter
impacted the region at the end of last week. The National Weather Service noted heavy snowfall, notably
in Connecticut, Massachusetts and Maine. The highest storm total was recorded in Warren, Connecticut
and reached 28 inches (71 centimeters) as of March 8, 10 AM EST. More than 1 million people lost
power, particularly in Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York and Connecticut states. At least 3,000 flights
were cancelled due to unfavorable conditions on airports located in the region. A train derailed near
Wilmington, Massachusetts, but no injuries were reported from this incident. At the time of this writing,
three storm-related fatalities were reported.
Aon Benfield Analytics | Impact Forecasting
Weekly Cat Report 9
Global Temperature Anomaly Forecast
This product interprets an ensemble of 40 different numerical model forecasts to produce guidance for a probabilistic prediction of the mean surface air temperatures (2 meters above the surface). Probabilities indicate the percent of ensemble members that predict temperatures significantly above normal, near normal, or significantly below normal. Source: Climate Prediction Center
Aon Benfield Analytics | Impact Forecasting
Weekly Cat Report 10
Global Precipitation Anomaly Forecast
This product interprets an ensemble of 40 different numerical model forecasts to produce guidance for a probabilistic prediction of accumulated precipitation. Probabilities are derived from the fraction of ensemble precipitation forecasts exceeding various thresholds. Source: Climate Prediction Center
Aon Benfield Analytics | Impact Forecasting
Weekly Cat Report 11
Weekly Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Anomalies (°C)
The SST anomalies are produced by subtracting the long-term mean SST (for that location in that time of year) from the current
value. This product with a spatial resolution of 0.5 degree (50 kilometers) is based on NOAA/NESDIS' operational daily global 5 km
Geo-polar Blended Night-only SST Analysis. The analysis uses satellite data produced by AVHRR radiometer.
Select Current Global SSTs and Anomalies Location of Buoy Temp (°C) Departure from Last Year (°C)
Eastern Pacific Ocean (1,020 miles SW of San Salvador, El Salvador) 27.0 -1.2
Niño3.4 region (2°N latitude, 155°W longitude) 24.7 -1.3
Western Pacific Ocean (700 miles NNW of Honiara, Solomon Islands) 30.0 -0.5
Sources: ESRL, NOAA, NESDIS, National Data Buoy Center
Aon Benfield Analytics | Impact Forecasting
Weekly Cat Report 12
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
La Niña conditions are currently present.
El Niño refers to the above-average sea-surface temperatures (+0.5°C) that periodically develop across the east-
central equatorial Pacific. It represents the warm phase of the ENSO cycle.
La Niña refers to the periodic cooling of sea-surface temperatures (-0.5°C) across the east-central equatorial Pacific.
It represents the cold phase of the ENSO cycle.
El Niño and La Niña episodes typically last nine to 12 months, but some prolonged events may last for years. While
their frequency can be quite irregular, El Niño and La Niña events occur on average every two to seven years.
Typically, El Niño occurs more frequently than La Niña.
ENSO-neutral refers to those periods when neither El
Niño nor La Niña conditions are present. These periods
often coincide with the transition between El Niño and La
Niña events. During ENSO-neutral periods the ocean
temperatures, tropical rainfall patterns, and atmospheric
winds over the equatorial Pacific Ocean are near the
long-term average.
El Niño (La Niña) is a phenomenon in the equatorial
Pacific Ocean characterized by a five consecutive 3-
month running mean of sea surface temperature (SST)
anomalies in the Niño 3.4 region that is above the
threshold of +0.5°C (-0.5°C). This standard of measure is
known as the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI).
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
FMA2018
MAM2018
AMJ2018
MJJ2018
JJA2018
JAS2018
ASO2018
SON2018
OND2018
Pro
ba
bil
ity (
%)
Time period
Early March IRI/CPC Model-Based Probabilistic ENSO Forecast
El Niño
Neutral
La Niña
El Niño
Neutral
La Niña
Climatological
Source: NOAA
Aon Benfield Analytics | Impact Forecasting
Weekly Cat Report 13
Global Tropics Outlook
Source: Climate Prediction Center
Aon Benfield Analytics | Impact Forecasting
Weekly Cat Report 14
Current Tropical Systems
Location and Intensity Information
* TD = Tropical Depression, TS = Tropical Storm, HU = Hurricane, TY = Typhoon, STY = Super Typhoon, CY = Cyclone
** N = North, S = South, E = East, W = West, NW = Northwest, NE = Northeast, SE = Southeast, SW = Southwest
Sources: National Hurricane Center, Joint Typhoon Warning Center
Name* Location Winds Center of Circulation Motion**
CY Hola 18.0°S, 165.2°E 100 mph 330 kilometers (205 miles) W of Port-Vila, Vanuatu SSW at 5 mph
Aon Benfield Analytics | Impact Forecasting
Weekly Cat Report 15
Global Earthquake Activity (≥M4.0): March 2-8
Significant EQ Location and Magnitude (≥M6.0) Information
Source: United States Geological Survey
Date Location Magnitude Depth Epicenter
03/6/18 6.294°S 142.607°E 6.7 10.0 km 112 kilometers SW of Porgera, Papua New Guinea
03/8/18 4.389°S 153.202°E 6.8 15.2 km 20km ENE of Taron, Papua New Guinea
Aon Benfield Analytics | Impact Forecasting
Weekly Cat Report 16
U.S. Weather Threat Outlook
Potential Threats
The forecast models are suggesting the threat of yet another nor’easter impacting areas from the
Mid-Atlantic to New England early next week. Such a storm could bring another round of heavy
accumulating snowfall, high winds, and coastal flooding. Behind the system, temperatures will be well
below normal in the Southeast.
An area of low pressure will cross California and the Intermountain West early next week that will
spawn heavy snow chances in mountain locations. The same system will eventually lead to very
gusty winds across the Desert Southwest and Plains.
Recent heavy rainfall has led to elevated river levels in the Mississippi Valley and parts of the
Midwest.
Severe drought conditions persist for parts of California, the Four Corners region, and the Plains.
Source: Climate Prediction Center
Aon Benfield Analytics | Impact Forecasting
Weekly Cat Report 17
Current U.S. River Flood Stage Status
Top 5 Rivers Currently Nearing or Exceeding Flood Stage
Source: United States Geological Survey
Location Flood Stage (ft) Current Stage (ft) % of Full Capacity
Belle Fourche River near Sturgis, South Dakota 15.00 22.65 151%
Tongue River at Miles City, Montana 10.00 14.57 146%
Kankakee River at Shelby, Indiana 9.00 12.92 144%
White River at Hazelton, Indiana 16.00 22.63 141%
Wabash River at Riverton, Indiana 15.00 20.44 136%
Aon Benfield Analytics | Impact Forecasting
Weekly Cat Report 18
Source Information
Nor’easter leads to major U.S. East Coast power outages: Storm recovery continues two days after nor’easter, The Boston Globe
Nor’easter leaves flooding, power outages in its wake along New England coast, CBS News
Amtrak cancels all service in Northeast corridor between Boston and Washington due to weather conditions, CNBC
U.S. Weather Prediction Center
U.S. Storm Prediction Center
U.S. National Weather Service
Regional floods impact Sub-Saharan Africa: Rains displace more than 500 families in Luanda municipality. Sapo24
Department of Disaster Management Affairs, Malawi
Floodlist
Aftershocks continue to rattle Papua New Guinea: Papua New Guinea Hit by Powerful Aftershock as Quake’s Toll Mounts, New York Times Papua New Guinea aftershocks prompt fears earthquake toll could exceed 100, The Guardian
Papua New Guinea landslides triggered by 6.8 magnitude earthquake, 9 news
U.S. Geological Survey
Earthquake-report.com
Strong thunderstorms impact Eastern China: Ministry of Civil Affairs, China
Natural Catastrophes: In Brief: Peru declares state of emergency in village devastated by landslide, Xinhua News Agency Japan's Shinmoedake Volcano Erupts Violently, Grounding Dozens of Flights, Time Explosive eruptions continue at Kyushu volcano, Japan Today
Malawi shaken by earth tremor in southern region. Nyasa Times
Ground shakes in Tete and Zambezia. Noticias Online
Joint Typhoon Warning Center
New Zealand MetService
U.S. National Weather Service
U.S. Geological Survey
Aon Benfield Analytics | Impact Forecasting
Weekly Cat Report 19
Contact Information
Steve Bowen
Director (Meteorologist)
Aon Benfield Analytics
Impact Forecasting
+1.312.381.5883
Michal Lörinc
Catastrophe Analyst
Aon Benfield Analytics
Impact Forecasting
+420.234.618.222
Aon Benfield Analytics | Impact Forecasting
Weekly Cat Report 20
About Aon Benfield
Aon Benfield, a division of Aon plc (NYSE: AON), is the world’s leading reinsurance intermediary and full-
service capital advisor. We empower our clients to better understand, manage and transfer risk through
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With more than 80 offices in 50 countries, our worldwide client base has access to the broadest portfolio
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visit aonbenfield.com.
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informational purposes only. While Impact Forecasting® has tried to provide accurate and timely
information, inadvertent technical inaccuracies and typographical errors may exist, and Impact
Forecasting® does not warrant that the information is accurate, complete or current. The data presented
at this site is intended to convey only general information on current natural perils and must not be used
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Cat Alerts use publicly available data from the internet and other sources. Impact Forecasting®
summarizes this publicly available information for the convenience of those individuals who have
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