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Cytology
What is cytology?
Anatomy of the cell – Nucleus, DNA, Cytoplasm, Organelles
Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Photosynthesis
Objectives
What does ‘cytology’ mean?
The study of the structure and function of cells
Basic StructureNucleus (eukaryotes)Cell membraneCytoplasm
CytosolOrganelles
Cytology
Basic StructureNucleus – control
centerCytoplasm – space
outside nucleus surrounded by cell membraneContains
Organelles – tiny structures which perform functions for the cell
Cytosol – fluid around the organelles
Types of CellsProkaryote
Smaller & SimplerConsidered “primitive”
Lack membrane-bound organelles
No nucleusFree floating genetic
materialBacteria
Types of CellsEukaryote
Membrane-bound nucleus
Membrane-bound organelles
Plant & animal cells
Eukaryotic Cell Anatomy
The NucleusControl center of cell
– in charge of everything Like the office of the
schoolContains DNA –
blueprints for making proteins and other essential compounds
Nucleolus – small, dense region where ribosomes are formed
Nuclear envelope – double layered membrane surrounding the nucleus
Nuclear pores – control what moves into and out of the nucleus
DNA – Deoxyribonucleic acid – genetic material of lifeChromatin – long chains of DNA stretched out
inside the nucleusChromosomes – short thick coiled up sections of
DNA
The Nucleus
Building blocks of DNA are called Nucleotides
Consists of a phosphate, sugar and a nitrogenous base4 types of nitrogenous base
adenine (A)thymine (T)cytosine (C)guanine (G)
DNA Structure
DNA consists of two nucleotide chains wound together to form a double helix
Nucleotide Structure
Watson & Crick1953
Discovered double-helix structureDiscovered complimentary base-pair rule
A – T C – G
Why ‘triplet’?Every group of 3 nitrogenous bases codes for
one of the 20 amino acids!
DNA
DNA Triplet
Using your textbook or a laptop, research the function of each of the organelles list on the summary sheet.
Eukaryotic Cell Structure
Cell Anatomy
Cells Alive
How Big Are Cells?
Organelles
MitochondriaWhat do we know
about mitochondria?
Power plant for the cell
Site of cellular respiration
Has it’s own DNA!!!
Glucose gets broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce energy (exothermic or catabolic)
Carbon dioxide & water are the other by-products
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O +
ENERGY
Releases lots of energy at a relatively slow, steady pace
Cellular Respiration
Glucose gets broken down without the use of oxygen (exothermic or catabolic)
Produces lactic acid = the “burn”
C6H12O6 2 C3H6O3 + Energy
Releases small amount of energy at a really quick rate
Anaerobic Respiration
Adenosine triphosphate
Converts energy to make it useful to the cell
Aerobic respiration produces enough energy that it requires 36 ATP molecules
Anaerobic respiration produces enough energy that it requires only 2 ATP molecules
ATP
Animal cell vs Plant cell; what’s the difference?
Contain special organelles called “plastids”
Chloroplasts – site of photosynthesis; contain green pigment (chlorophyll)
- contain thylakoid discs stacked into columns called granum (grana – plural)
Amyloplasts – found in root cells of plants and their function is to store starch
Plant Cells
Chloroplasts
Exact opposite reaction to cellular respiration
Carbon dioxide + water + energy (sunlight) = sugar (glucose) + oxygen
6CO2 + 6H2O + sun light C6H12O6 + 6O2
Endothermic/anabolic reaction
Photosynthesis
Cytology TestTBAReview Sheet
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