WHI.07: Byzantines and Russians Interact

Objectivesp. 121

The student will demonstrate knowledge of the Byzantine Empire and Russia from about 300 to 1000 a.d. bya)explaining the establishment of Constantinople as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire;b)identifying Justinian and his contributions, including the codification of Roman law, and describing the expansion of the Byzantine Empire and economy;c)characterizing Byzantine art and architecture and the preservation of Greek and Roman traditions;d)explaining disputes that led to the split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Greek Orthodox Church;e)assessing the impact of Byzantine influence and trade on Russia and Eastern Europe.

Essential Understandingsp. 122

1. The capital of the Eastern Roman Empire was changed to Constantinople to provide political, economic, and military advantages.

2. As the first to codify Roman law, Justinian provided the basis for the law codes of Western Europe.

3. Under Justinian, the Byzantine Empire reached its height in culture and prosperity Greek Orthodox Christianity and imperial patronage enabled the Byzantine Empire to develop a unique

4. style of art and architecture.5. Greek and Roman traditions were preserved in the Byzantine Empire.6. The cultural and political differences between the eastern and western Roman Empire

weakened the unity of the Christian Church and led to its division.7. Byzantine civilization influenced Russian and Eastern European civilizations through its

religion, culture, and trade.

Essential Questionsp. 122

1. Why was Constantinople established as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire?2. What was the influence of Justinian’s codification of Roman law on the Byzantine Empire and

later legal codes?3. What was Justinian’s influence on the expansion of the Byzantine Empire and its economy?4. What were the contributions of Byzantine art and architecture?5. How did Greek and Roman culture survive within the Byzantine Empire?6. What factors produced the division within the Christian Church?7. Why did the Byzantine Empire have so much influence on religion, culture, and trade in Russia

and Eastern Europe?

Why do I need to know this?p. 122

1. Byzantine culture deeply influenced Orthodox Christianity, a major branch of modern Christianity.

2. The early history of Russia separated it from the West, causing mutual misunderstandings that still exist today.

Byzantine Foundations

p. 123

Constantinoplep. 123

Reasons Constantinople is a great location for the Capitol of the Byzantine Empire1.located far away enough from the Germanic invasions of the West2.was a crossroads of trade on the Bosporus Strait3.could protect the rich Eastern provinces more easily4.easily protected

Germanic Invasions of the Roman Empire

Byzantine Empire 477

Constantinople

Cultural Blendp. 123

1. mostly Greek, but the emperor and noble families were Roman and spoke Latin2. Christianity morphed into Eastern Orthodoxy3. heavily influenced by Persia

Eastern Orthodox Countries

Eastern Orthodox Priests

The Emperorsp. 123

1. the emperors had absolute Power2. head of state and of the Church3. lived with fear of assassination (29 of 88 died violently – 13 abandoned the throne

for the monastery)

Emperor Justinian

p. 123-125

Theodorap. 123

Theodora – Strong Woman1.Justinian’s wife – married her in spite of objections2.532 AD, Theodora kept Justinian from fleeing during the Nika Rebellion

a. 30,000 people were killed3.Helped oversee the reconstruction of Constantinople after the Nika Rebellion4.Expanded women’s rights

Military Campaignsp. 123

1. Italy, North Africa, and Spaina. general Belisarius strengthened and reorganized the armyb. 533-555 fought a series of wars and won; reconquered old western Roman

lands2. conquests did not last and empire lost many of its territories

Byzantine Empire 530

Byzantine Empire under Justinian 565

Byzantine Empire 600

Byzantine Empire 700

Justinian’s Accomplishmentsp. 123

1. the Justinian Code – four-part work that simplified the law code of the Byzantine Empire (cut out 66% of the original law code)a. decided issues such as marriage, slavery, property, women’s rights and crimesb. served the Byzantine Empire for 900 yearsc. became the basis for law codes in Europe

Justinian’s Accomplishments…continued p. 1252. Justinian had the fortifications of Constantinople repaired

a. 14 mile stone wall that surrounded Constantinople on the three sides that faced water

b. three walls on the land side – biggest one was 25 feet thick with towers 70 feet tall

3. Hagia Sophia in Constantinople a. beautiful church that was the pinnacle of Justinian’s building program

4. Justinian also built aqueducts, law courts, schools, and hospitalsa. mosaics decorated churches as well as government buildingsb. the libraries preserved Greek and Roman knowledge

5. Justinian expanded trade and made Constantinople very wealthy

Fortifying Constintinople

Hagia Sophia

Hagia Sophia

Hippodrome

Mosaic

Byzantine Religion

p. 125

Church and Statep. 125

1. emperors were crowned by the patriarch (bishop of Constantinople)2. sometimes persecuted Jews and non-Greek Christians

Use of Iconsp. 125

1. Byzantine Empire worshipped icons (religious images) until 730 when emperor Leo III ordered all icons removed from churches

a. iconoclasts broke into churches to destroyicons

2. resistors were supported by Church of Rome which approved of using icons in religious ceremonies

3. the pope supported the use of icons andexcommunicated the emperor

Conflict with Romep. 125

1. Germanic Lombards invaded Italy and Byzantine emperor refused to help2. pope turned to Germanic Franks (who had converted to Christianity in 496)for help,

crowned Charlemagne as emperor; title only a Byzantine ruler could grant3. 1054 – schism (division of the churches); Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox

Charlemagne Coronation

History of Christianity

Byzantines Missionaries Convert the Slavs p. 1251. the Catholics and Orthodox began competing for souls2. monasteries and convents were established3. Cyril and Methodius were missionaries who translated Bible

a. created the Cyrillic alphabet so that Slavs could read the Bible and would accept Christianity

Russian Alphabet

Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire

p. 127

The Plaguep. 127

1. first recorded outbreak of the Bubonic Plague struck the early 500s2. probably spread from rats from a trade ship from India3. resurfaced every 8 to 12 years until the 700s4. nearly wiped out 50% of the population of the Byzantine population

Bubonic Plague

Military Attacksp. 127

1. began facing constant attacks from all sides2. by 700 – only Greek areas were left

Fall of Constantinoplep. 127

1. Ottoman Turks took Asia Minor2. late 1300s – only Constantinople and immediate area left

a. its walls, fleet and location helped it hold out3. 1453 – Ottoman Turks took Constantinople, renamed it Istanbul

Byzantine Empire under Justinian 560

Byzantine Empire 630

Byzantine Empire 740

Byzantine Empire 1095

Byzantine Empire 1280

Byzantine Empire 1360

Byzantine Empire 1430

Russians Adopt Byzantine Culture

p. 127

Land of Russia’s Birthp. 127

1. Slavs – people from the forests north of the Black Sea2. 862, Rurik founded Novgorod3. Oleg moved south to Kiev and began a principality4. boyars – Russian nobles

Kievan Russia

Kiev Becomes Orthodoxp. 127

1. Russia was in constant contact with the Byzantine Empire through trade routes that ran from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea

2. 957 Kievan Princess Olga paid a visit to Constantinople and converted to Christianity (Eastern Orthodox)

3. 989 Olga’s grandson, Vladimir converted to Christianity (Eastern Orthodox) and made all people in Kiev convert also

Eastern Orthodox Countries

Mongol Invasions Favor the Rise of Moscow

p. 129

Kievp. 129

Khanate of the Golden Horde1.1240, the Mongols demolished Kiev2.ruled Russia for 200 years and called it the “Khanate of the Golden Horde”3.allowed Russians to follow their usual customs as long as they made no signs of rebellion4.Mongols demanded just two things from the Russians, slave-like obedience and massive amounts of tribute5.Russia was cut off from Western Europe during this time

Mongols

Mongol Rule Serves Moscow’s Interests p. 1291. Mongol rule helped unify Russia2. Moscow began as a crude village

a. located near three rivers – Volga, Dnieper and Donb. could lead to control of all of European Russia

Ivan the Greatp. 129

Ivan III (Ivan the Great)1.wanted to make Russia the “Third Rome”2.adopted the title of czar (tsar) – the Russian form of Caesar3.1480, refused to pay tribute to the Mongols4.helped Russia became independent from the Mongols

Muscovite Russia

                                                                                        

                

Moscow

Notebook Workp. 000

p. 129 – You’ll need a book. Compare/contrast the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. The Directions will tell you which page to look on.p. 133 – DIRTy Definitions.

a. do all the definitions (you may need the glossary from the book)b. do all the reminding wordsc. do at least half (3) of the illustrations

Three Empires: Byzantine, Russian, Seljuk 565-1100 p. 131

DIRECTIONS: Please put the following places on your map where they belong. Use the map in your book on page 267.

Bodies of WaterAtlantic Ocean Mediterranean SeaBlack Sea Caspian Sea

CountriesSpain France GermanyScandinavia Persia ArabiaEngland

ContinentsEurope Asia Africa

CitiesConstantinople Baghdad Novgorod

Kiev Rome

EmpiresByzantine Empire 565 A.D. Kievan Russia 1100 A.D.