WHI.07: Byzantines and Russians Interact · The student will demonstrate knowledge of the Byzantine Empire and Russia from about 300 to ... 1.What were Justinian ’s ... entertainment

WHI.07: Byzantines and

Russians InteractRussians Interact

Objectivesp. 111

The student will demonstrate knowledge of the Byzantine Empire and Russia from about 300 to

1000 a.d. by

a) explaining the establishment of Constantinople as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire;

b) identifying Justinian and his contributions, including the codification of Roman law, and

describing the expansion of the Byzantine Empire and economy;

c) characterizing Byzantine art and architecture and the preservation of Greek and Roman

traditions;traditions;

d) explaining disputes that led to the split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Greek

Orthodox Church;

e) assessing the impact of Byzantine influence and trade on Russia and Eastern Europe.

Essential Understandingsp. 112

1. The capital of the Eastern Roman Empire was changed to Constantinople to provide political,

economic, and military advantages.

2. As the first to codify Roman law, Justinian provided the basis for the law codes of Western

Europe.

3. Under Justinian, the Byzantine Empire reached its height in culture and prosperity Greek

Orthodox Christianity and imperial patronage enabled the Byzantine Empire to develop a

uniqueunique

4. style of art and architecture.

5. Greek and Roman traditions were preserved in the Byzantine Empire.

6. The cultural and political differences between the eastern and western Roman Empire

weakened the unity of the Christian Church and led to its division.

7. Byzantine civilization influenced Russian and Eastern European civilizations through its

religion, culture, and trade.

Essential Questionsp. 112

1. Why was Constantinople established as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire?

2. What was the influence of Justinian’s codification of Roman law on the Byzantine Empire and

later legal codes?

3. What was Justinian’s influence on the expansion of the Byzantine Empire and its economy?

4. What were the contributions of Byzantine art and architecture?

5. How did Greek and Roman culture survive within the Byzantine Empire?

6. What factors produced the division within the Christian Church?

7. Why did the Byzantine Empire have so much influence on religion, culture, and trade in Russia 7. Why did the Byzantine Empire have so much influence on religion, culture, and trade in Russia

and Eastern Europe?

Why do I need to know this?p. 112

1. Byzantine culture deeply influenced Orthodox Christianity, a major branch of modern

Christianity.

2. The early history of Russia separated it from the West, causing mutual misunderstandings

that still exist today.

Main Idea• After the fall of the Roman Empire

in the West, the Byzantine Empire

emerged as the dominant eastern

power, with Constantinople as power, with Constantinople as

its political, economic, and

religious center. The empire

lasted over 1,000 years.

Diocletian’s Rome

Byzantine EmpireConstantinople

p. 113

1. What was the capital of the Byzantine Empire? Constantinople

2. For which four reasons was it in a good location?

a. Located far enough away from the Germanic invasions of the West

b. Was a crossroads of trade on the Bosporus Strait

c. Could protect the rich Eastern provinces more easily

d. Easily fortified, surrounded on three sides by water bordering a natural

harbor harbor

Military Invasions of Roman Empire

Byzantine Empire 477

Constantinople

A satellite view of

the area.

EuropeBlack Sea

& sea trade routes?

Can you see the

remarkable location of

Constantinople at the

center of the ‘X’ of land

AsiaAegean Sea

The Black Sea.

The Bosphorus

Strait.

The Sea of

Marmara.

The

Dardanelles

Strait.

Constantinople

today known

as Istanbul.

Byzantine EmpireConstantinople

p. 113

1. What was the role of Constantinople?

a. True center of Byzantine power

b.Preserved classical Greco-Roman culture

Byzantine EmpireThe Emperor Justinian

p. 114

1. What were Justinian’s achievements?

a. Justinian Code – sorted through old Roman laws and established a new code of

law for the Byzantine Empire. It lasted for over 900 years.

�decided issues such as marriage, slavery, property, women’s rights and

crimes

�significance – had a huge impact on European legal code

b.reconquered former Roman territories, but not b.reconquered former Roman territories, but not

Rome

�unfortunately the conquests did not last and

the empire lost many of its territories

c. expanded trade and made Constantinople

very wealthy


Byzantine Empire under Justinian 565



Expansion of Trade

Analyzing Justinian’s Code

Book I, Of Persons

VIII. Slaves

1. Slaves are in the power of masters, a power derived from the law of nations: for among all nations it may

be remarked that masters have the power of life and death over their slaves, and that everything acquired

by the slave is acquired for the master.

Book II, Of Things

I. Division of Things

28. If the wheat of Titus is mixed with yours, when this takes place by mutual consent, the mixed heap

belongs to you in common because each body, that is, each grain, which before was the property of one or belongs to you in common because each body, that is, each grain, which before was the property of one or

other of you, has by your mutual consent been made your common property; but, if the intermixture were

accidental, or made by Titus without your consent, the mixed wheat does not then belong to you both in

common; because the grains still remain distinct, and retain their proper substance. ...if either of you keep

the whole quantity of mixed wheat, the other has a real actio [claim or suit] for the amount of wheat

belonging to him, but it is in the province of the judge to estimate the quality of the wheat belonging to

each.

1. The Justinian Code has four different parts called books. What books do you see here?

2. What does the first sample tell you about slavery in both empires? How do you think slaves were treated?

3. Review Law Number 28. Under this law, what happens if someone takes your property without your

permission? How do you think this law helped the government maintain order?

4. Why do you think it was important for the Roman and Byzantine empires to have extensive legal code?


p. 114

1. What were Justinian’s achievements? …continued

d. acted as head of the church and state

e. placed a heavy emphasis on church building which displayed his leadership of

both the government and church

� Hagia Sophia – beautiful church that was the pinnacle of Justinian’s

building program

f. Built bridges, churches, hospitals, libraries, and parksf. Built bridges, churches, hospitals, libraries, and parks

g. Had the fortifications of Constantinople repaired

Walls of Constantinople

Constantinople


2. Who was Theodora?

a. Born into lower class, worked as an actress and dancer as a teenager.

b. Loved adventure, new friendships and travel

c. Married Justinian while in her 20’s, sometimes equaled or surpassed

husband’s wisdom and skills.

d. Convinced her husband to

crush Nika rebellion

p. 114

crush Nika rebellion

e. Established social welfare programs

for the poor

f. Worked for the rights of women

Byzantine EmpireCulture

1. Art and architecture inspired by Christian Religion and Imperial Power

2. Hagia Sophia – beautiful church that was the pinnacle of Justinian’s building

program

a. Built during Justinian’s reign. Took 5-6 years to build

b. Known as the “Church of Holy Wisdom”c. When Constantinople fell to the Turks, Hagia Sophia became a mosque; now it

is a museum

p. 116

is a museum

d. Plain exterior symbolizes earthly life

e. Ornate interior symbolizes spiritual universe

f. Cathedral’s size, thick pillars, and enclosed space show Roman influence.

g. Intricate and ornate design shows Eastern influences

Byzantine architects invented the pendentiveswhich connected

the round base of a dome to a square

building.building.

The combination

of Greco-Roman

and Middle

Eastern influence Eastern influence

are evident in the

intricate

decoration on this

column.


3. Mosaics with gold-covered stones added more light to the huge interior of the Hagia

Sophia

4. Icons – religious images

p. 116

5. Hippodrome – entertainment venue for chariot races and circuses

6. Greek and Roman knowledge preserved in Byzantine libraries

7. Greek was the primary language (as opposed to Latin in the West)

8. Church – Greek Orthodox Christianity


p. 116

Greek (Eastern) Orthodox Priests

My Beard is

AWESOME!!!

Greek (Eastern) Orthodox Countries

Byzantine EmpireThe Division of the Christian Church

p. 116-117

1. Background - Distance and lack of contact slowly caused the doctrines and rituals of

Western and Eastern Christianity to split in the 11th Century.

2. emperors were crowned by the patriarch (bishop of Constantinople)

3. Conflict about power of Pope (in west) and Emperor (in east)

a. 730AD Byzantine Emperor Leo III ordered all icons removed from churches

b.iconoclasts broke into churches to destroy icons

c. the pope supported the use of iconsc. the pope supported the use of icons

Byzantine EmpireThe Division of the Christian Church

p. 1171. The Great Schism - In 1054, the split between the Eastern and Western Churches

was made permanent when the Pope (in the West) and the Patriarch (in the East)

excommunicated each other.

a. Excommunication – cast out from the church

b. This permanent split was called the schism

2. Created the Roman Catholic (West) and Greek (Eastern) Orthodox (East)

3. the Catholics and Orthodox began

competing for soulscompeting for souls

History of Christianity

Roman CatholicSimilarities

Eastern Orthodox

Differences Differences


Eastern Orthodox


1. services were in Latin

The base their faith on the

gospel of Jesus and the

Bible

1. services were in Greek or

local languages


Eastern Orthodox





Bible


local languages

2. Pope had authority over

all bishops

Their religious leaders are

priests and bishops

2. patriarch and bishops

headed the

church as a group


Eastern Orthodox





Bible


local languages


all bishops


priests and bishops


headed the

church as a group

3. the emperor claims 3. Pope claims authority

over kings and emperors

3. the emperor claims

authority over the patriarch

and bishops


Eastern Orthodox





Bible


local languages


all bishops


priests and bishops


headed the

church as a group





and bishops

4. priests may not marryThey seek to convert

people 4. priests may marry


Eastern Orthodox





Bible


local languages


all bishops


priests and bishops


headed the

church as a group





and bishops

4. priests may not marryThey seek to convert

people 4. priests may marry

5. divorce is not permittedThey use sacraments such

as baptism

5. divorce is allowed under

certain conditions

p. 117

Byzantine EmpireWhy did the Empire Decline?

1. Justinian’s Plague – In 542, 10,000 people were dying every day

2. Military Attacks – began facing constant attacks from all sides

a. By 700, only the Greek areas were left




p. 118

Byzantine EmpireThe Fall

1. Unsuccessfully tried to maintain power through political marriages, bribes and

diplomacy

2. late 1300s – only Constantinople and immediate area left

a. its walls, fleet and location helped it hold out

3. 1453 – the Ottoman Turks took Constantinople, renamed it Istanbul








Ottoman Empire 1606 A.D.

p. 118

Byzantine EmpireHow did Byzantine Culture influence Eastern

Europe and Russia?1. Trade routes between the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea let to exchange of ideas and

culture

2. Eastern Orthodox missionaries spread their faith to the Slavic people of Russia and

Eastern Europe

a. Cyril and Methodius were missionaries who translated Bible

b. created the Cyrillic alphabet so that Slavs (Russians) could read the Bible and

would accept Christianitywould accept Christianity

3. Also influenced Church architecture and religious art

p. 117

Byzantine EmpireHow did Byzantine Culture influence Eastern

Europe and Russia?

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WHI.07: Byzantines and Russians Interact · The student will demonstrate knowledge of the Byzantine Empire and Russia from about 300 to ... 1.What were Justinian ’s ... entertainment