Chapter 11

Byzantines, Russians, and Turks Interact500-1500 AD

Vocabulary Justinian Code: The Body of Roman Law, collected and organized by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian

Hagia Sophia: The Cathedral of (Holy Wisdom in Constantinople) built by Justinian

Patriarch: Principal Bishop in the Eastern Branch of the Christianity (Eastern Orthodox)

Icon: A religious image used by Eastern Orthodox Christians

Excommunication: The taking away of a person’s right of membership in a Christian Church

Vocabulary Cyrillic Alphabet: The alphabet for “Slavic” languages

Slavs: People from the forests North of the Black Sea (Now Eastern European)

Ivan III: Russian who established the Russian control from the Mongols

Czar: Russian emperor (Roman title for Caesar)

Seljuks: Turkish group who started their own empire in Turkey in the 11th century

Malik Shah: Most famous Seljuk sultans/prime minister

Byzantium Becomes the New Rome

New Rome in a New SettingJustinian: A New Line of Caesars

Rome was officially divided in two in 395 Justinian became Caesar of the Eastern

Roman Empire in 527

The Absolute Power of the EmperorsThe Byzantine Emperors controlled politics

and religion

Building the New RomeJustinian’s Code

The Code consisted of four works aimed at created a uniform set of laws for Byzantium

a. The Code - Contained 5,000 Roman Lawsb. The Digest – Summarized the opinions of

Rome’s legal thinkersc. The Institutes – A Textbook that taught

students about the lawsd. The Novellae – Any new laws created

after 534

Strange Laws

Building A New RomeCreating the Imperial Capital

Justinian rebuilt massive fortifications around Constantinople

Construction of hospitals, aqueducts, and schools rivaled old Rome

Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom)/HippodromeReconquered most of the OLD ROMAN

EMPIRE!!!!!

Constantinople’s Hectic PaceThe City’s main streets were crowded with

merchants from Asia, Africa, and EuropeFree entertainment provided at the Hippodrome

(horse-track) which sat 60,000 people

Hippodrome

Life In The New Rome Byzantium Preserves Learning

Schools and SubjectsAlmost all children attended either monastic or

public schoolsByzantium helped to preserve ancient Greek and

Roman knowledge through the Middle Ages

The Empire Confronts Its Enemies The Mysterious Plague of Justinian

From 542-700 a series of plagues swept through Byzantium

By 700, Byzantium had lost a large amount of its population

Attacks On The Empire

Attacks From East and WestGermanic tribes, Seljuk Turks, and Russians launched invasions of Byzantine territory between 600-1400

Constantly attacked due to resources/trade routes

By 1350, only immediate area around Constantinople was controlled by Byzantium

The Division of Christianity

The Church DividesA Split Between Rome and ConstantinopleThe head of the Eastern Church was known as

the PatriarchIn 1054, the Patriarch and the Pope had a

disagreement over religious doctrineEach excommunicated the other, or kicked

them out of the churchThe Great Schism, it forever split Roman Catholicism with Eastern Orthodox

Division of Christianity

Roman Catholic Eastern Orthodox

OldPopeRome

NewPatriarchConstantinople

Roman Catholic

Old

Similarities Eastern Orthodox

New

Latin They base their faith on the gospel of Jesus and the

Bible

Greek or local languages

The Pope has authority over all

other Bishops

They use sacraments such

as a baptism

The Patriarch and other bishops head

the Church as a group

The Pope claims authority over all

kings and emperors

Their religious leaders are Priests and

Bishops

The emperor claims authority over the Patriarch and other Bishops

the empire

Priests may not marry

Priests may be married

Divorce is not allowed

They seek to convert people

Divorce is allowed under

certain conditions

Roman CatholicOld

Eastern Orthodox

New

Similarities

Language

Latin Greek or local languages

They base their faith on the

gospel of Jesus and the Bible

Religious

Structure

The Pope has authority over all other Bishops

The Patriarch and other bishops head the Church

as a group

They use sacraments

such as a baptism

Authority:

Political

The Pope claims authority over all kings

and emperors

The emperor claims authority over the Patriarch and other Bishops

the empire

Their religious leaders are Priests and

Bishops

Priests Priests may not marry Priests may be married

Divorce Divorce is not allowed Divorce is allowed under

certain conditions

They seek to convert people

Religious Conversations

Byzantine Missionaries Convert the Slavs

Missionaries from the Orthodox Church began to convert Slavs in the 9th Century

Cyrillic AlphabetBasis for Slav/Russian Lang.

Cyrillic Language

Chapter 11:2

The Russian Empire

Russians Adapt Byzantine Culture

Both Slavic and GreekThe Land of Russia’s Birth

Three great rivers (Dnieper, Don, and Volga) connect Russia to the Black and Caspian Seas

Ural Mountains Slavs and Vikings

The original inhabitants of Eastern Europe were a mix between Slavs and Vikings

Vikings called Rus (Russia)Slaves invited Viking King (Rurik) to be their

king

The Birth of RussiaKiev Becomes OrthodoxKiev become powerful trade city

(Constantinople)Prince Vladimir Investigates MonotheismPrince Vladimir converted to Orthodox

Christianity in 989, and made it the official religion of Kiev

Created link between Kiev and Byzantine Empire

Kiev’s Power and DeclineKiev due to trade

with Constantinople (Educated, Prosperous)

Kiev held great power in 11th century, led by great Kievan ruler: Yaroslav the WiseMarried off daughters

for political power/alliances

After his death, civil war and crusades disrupted prosperity

Mongolian Invasion

Mongol Invasions Favor the Rise of Moscow Mongol Rule in Russia

In 1240, Mongol warriors destroyed Kiev, slaughtering most inhabitants

Khanate Golden Horde (Kingdom, Royal Color Camp)

Mongols allowed Russians to keep their customs in return for obedience and monetary tribute

Mongol rule cut off the Russians from Western Europe, setting them back 200 years in technology

Life Under The Mongols1. Allowed to continue culture/religion (tax)

1. Mongol Demands: “Absolute Obedience/Massive Tributes”

2. Religious toleration3. Separated from Western Europe/Isolated

(No new Technology/Cultural Diffusion)4. Moscow became center of Russian

government under Mongols5. Patriarch of Eastern Church moved to

Moscow, linking religion with government

Russia Breaks Free

By 1156 Moscow grew to be an important city (Volga, Dnieper, Don Rivers)

Prince Ivan I grew in power b/c tax collector

Convinced the Patriarch in Kiev to move to Moscow

Church now supported Moscow

Ivan III: 43 year reign Challenged Mongol

Rule, named himself “Czar”

Marched to battle but both sides turned around (Bloodless Revolution)

Chapter 11:3

Turkish Empires Rise In Anatolia

Rise of the TurksNomadic HerdersKnown for their military skill/craftsmanshipAbbasids bought Turkish child-slaves to train

as soldiers (Mamelukes)Seljuk Turks (family/clan) grew in powerCaptured the Abbasid capital (Baghdad) in

1055 ADCaptured Persia Adopted Religion, language, literatureShah (king)

Eventually pushed their forces into Anatolia Pressured the Byzantine Empire

Challenges Facing the SeljukThe Seljuk and the

Crusaders The Seljuk Face the

Mongols

Pope II launched the First Crusade in 1095

Christians to drive the Turks/Muslims out of Anatolia/Holy Land

1099 the Crusaders captured Jerusalem (Massacred Jewish/Muslims)

Saladin lead Muslims recaptured Jerusalem 1187

Mongol Armies eventually turned to the West

Destroyed/Conquered/slaughtered everything in the way

Captured Baghdad Wrapped the Caliph in

blankets (Horses)