WHII: SOL 3b

The Reformation Spreads

Reformation in Germany

• Princes in Northern Germany converted to Protestantism, ending the authority of the Pope in their states.

• The Hapsburg family and the authority of the Holy Roman Empire continued to support the Roman Catholic Church.

• Conflict between Protestants and Catholics resulted in devastating wars (e.g., Thirty Years’ War).

Thirty Years War A conflict between Protestant and Catholic states and empires across Europe (especially German regions)

• Protestant• Sweden• France• Denmark-Norway• Bohemia• United Provinces• Prussia• England• Transylvania• Ottoman Empire

• Catholic• Holy Roman Empire• Austria• Bohemia (after 1620)• Spanish empire• Croatia• Hungary• Denmark Norway (1643-

1645)

Reformation in France

• Catholic monarchy granted Protestant Huguenots (Calvinist Protestants) freedom of worship by the Edict of Nantes (later revoked).

• Cardinal Richelieu changed the focus of the Thirty Years’ War from a religious to a political conflict

Catholic Reformation

• Dissenters prior to Martin Luther: Jan Huss, John Wycliffe

• Counter-Reformation:• The Council of Trent reaffirmed most Church

doctrine and practices.• The Society of Jesus (The Jesuits) was founded to

spread Catholic doctrine around the world.• The Inquisition was used to reinforce Catholic

doctrine

Council of Trent

• Focused on the accusations made by the Protestant movement– Church condemned the teachings of the Protestants– Church reformed the administration and discipline

within the Church (attempt to end corruption)– Church as ultimate interpreter of Scripture– Relationship of faith and good works confirmed– Ended controversial practices such as sale of

indulgences and usury

Jesuits

• Founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1534• Focused on the teachings of Jesus Christ• Men take vows of chastity, poverty, and

obedience• Founded missionaries all over the world• Spread the Catholic faith through missions

and universities• “Soldiers of Jesus”

The Inquisition

• Councils formed to try heretics• Spread throughout Europe• Sometimes used torture to extract a

“confession” of heresy (opposing ideas to those taught by the Roman Catholic church)

• Where were most of the Catholics located? • Where were most of the Protestants located?• Where was the residence of the Pope? • What conclusion can be made about the

location of Protestants in relation to the location of the head of the church of Rome?

• What nation or territory was most likely to have a war over religion?

• Draw a dot for the cities of London, Paris, Bordeaux, Avignon, Rome, Geneva, Worms, Erfurt, and Wittenberg.

• Color the water blue.• Color the areas that were mostly Catholic in pink.• Color the areas that were Lutheran in green.• Color the area that was Calvinist in yellow.• Draw small triangles where Huguenot minorities lived.• Draw small squares where Presbyterian minorities

lived