Wonders in Technology

8/7/2019 Wonders in Technology

1/44

WONDERS INTECHNOLOGY

By : Abhishek Dhawan(MECHANICAL2nd year )

Akshita Gupta (COMPUTER SCIENCE2nd year)


2/44

Introduction We have seen that a lot of wonders have already

taken place in technology in past by the

invention of various electronic media and thereapplication at the software as well as hardwarelevel . But now a days new trends are being setwhich has revolutionalised the whole scenario of

technology for the present and the future as wellleading to various miraculous inventions .


3/44

INVENTORS INVENT

INVENTIONSENGINEERS LIVEINVENTIONS

THERE ARE DIFFERENT WAYS TO PRODUCESUCH MIRACLES LIKE BY COMPUTERSCIENCE , ELECTRONICS , MECHANICAL ETC.

SEPARATELY ALL THESE HAVE MADETHEIR MARK GLOBALLY BUT MERGINGTHEM TOGETHER HAS LED TO THE WONDERSIN THE FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY LIKE:


4/44

Nanotechnology

IN ELECTRONICS

IN

ELECTRONICS


5/44

WAT IS IT ??Nanotechnology has already reached the electronics industry

with features in microprocessors now less than 100

nanometres in size. Smaller sizes allow faster processing

times and also more processing power to be packed into a

given area.

Nanoelectronics offer a new approach for the

electronics industry in the form of new circuit materials,

processors, information storage and even ways of transferringinformation such as OPTOELECTRONICS.


6/44

WHERE IT IS USED ??

Computers

Telecommunication

Optics

These further have different applications that

are discussed in the next few slides :


7/44

COMPUTERS

Nanotechnology gives scope to develop new

ideas and methods of running super-fast

processors, storing data, and many other

computational advances.

It also allows for new applications which

require more processing power, or to be

smaller, or less energy intensive.


8/44

WHERE IS IT

USED ??

FAST PROCESSORS-

As a result of the limitations of

current technology,manufacturers are turning tonanotechnology to produce thenext generation of processorsand computer components.

Chipmakers in the computingindustry are already working atthe nanoscale . These small chipsalso suffer less from leakage


9/44

CARBON NANOTUBES

IBM researchers have developed

transistors from carbon nanotubes.

These have shown vast improvements

on the more conventional silicontransistors


10/44

ew type of memories

More and more modern electronic devices need larger memories. For example, takeconsumer products such as mobile phones and MP3 players. When these wereinitially released, storage-size was small, with premium models featuring about

512MBof memory. However, now consumers demand their memory in gigabytes;

Apples latest Ipod boasting 60GB of memory. The desire is for larger storage insmaller spaces, but not at the expense of energy requirements. Current technology

makes these demands very difficult to meet, but nanotechnology offers the solution.


11/44

QUANTUM COMPUTING

Quantum computing is the area of study focused on

developing computer technology based on the

principles of quantum theory, which explains the

nature and behavior of energy and matter on thequantum (atomic and subatomic) level.

Quantum computers work differently from

conventional systems in that they can handle more

than the traditional '0' and '1' bits of information. In

fact, 'qubits' - as they are named - can process anything

in between that; meaning that new types of calculation

and simulations can be performed.


12/44

Telecommunication

and handheld devices

More and more in modern life, people

are working on the move, which

means taking their laptop, phone, and

other electronic equipment

everywhere they go.

Nanotechnology can offer improvedversatility through faster data

transfer, more mobile processing

power and larger data storage.


13/44

FAST TRANSFER

Faster transfer of data within and between

devices can be achieved using nanotechnology. A

major limitation in transfer speeds is the use of

electrical wiring and contacts.

The use of optical fibres revolutionised the

telecommunications industry by increasing the

rate of data transfer between telephoneexchanges. It has also meant that new services

can be implemented such as broadband internet.


14/44

OPTICS

An area of electronics in which nanotechnology can

make a significant difference is in optics; specifically

displays and lighting.

Due to the limitations of current technology the

displays are not very portable and take a lot of spaceIn order to make portable displays nanotechnology is

being used widely.


15/44

Nanotechnology will bring about a newera of displays in a number of ways.

Organic Light Emitting Diodes (or OLEDs) are cheaper and easier to manufacture

than LEDs. These consist of thin layers ofelectrically conducting organic

molecules which are approximately 100nanometres (nm) thick.

The convenience of these is that theycan be applied to different materials

using a process similar to ink-jet printing(as is the case for organic dye-basedsolar cells). The downside is that OLEDshave a much shorter life-span and arealso much less efficient than LEDs. Themain applications of OLEDs are in smallvideo screens (such as mobile phones).

N di la


16/44

Light emitting diodes ( LEDs ) losevery little energy as heat and alsolast up to 20 times longer thanconventional light bulbs. Withadvances in their nanocrystalline

structure in recent years, they arenow emitting more light per watt ofpower consumed than incandescentbulbs and about the same asfluorescent bulbs.

Using different semiconductormaterials, different colours of LEDare possible (note this is theopposite effect as that described forsolar cells which absorb different

spectrums of light).

NEW LIGHTENING


17/44

NANOTECHNOLOGY ANDFUTURE

Nanotechnology may offer new ways of working for electronics.Nanotechnology science is developing new circuit materials, newprocessors, new means of storing information and new manners oftransferring information. Nanotechnology can offer greaterversatility because of faster data transfer, more on the go

processing capabilities and larger data memories.

A new field is emerging in electronics that will be a giant leap incomputer and electronics science. It is the field ofquantumcomputing and quantum technology. Quantum computing is area ofscientific knowledge aimed at developing computer technology

based on the principles of quantum theory. In quantum computingthe qbit instead of the traditional bit of information is used.Traditionally, a bit can assume two values: 1 and 0. All thecomputers up-to-date are based on the bit principle. However, thenew qbit is able to process anything between 0 and 1. This impliesthat new types of calculations and high processing speeds can be

achieved.


18/44


19/44


20/44

Pros

In the present day competitive world, manycompanies hire hackers as an important partof their technical group to ensure security oftheir companys key essentials. In the businesswar there are many who try to extract

important information and data of renownedcompanies through hacking. Therefore, itbecomes really significant for companies tohire hackers.


21/44

consON THE OTHER HAND, COMPUTER HACKING CAN BE

NEGATIVE IN MANY WAYS. THERE ARE HACKERS WHOPLAY FRAUD AND INTRIGUES TO VARIOUS DISPARAGINGPURPOSES LIKE BREAKING SECURITY CODE TO ACCESSUNAUTHORIZED NETWORK, STEALING PERSONALINFORMATION, ALTERING FINANCIAL DATA OF A

COMPANY, STEALING SIGNIFICANT BUSINESSINFORMATION, BREAKING COMPUTER SECURITY,EXTRACTING BANK DETAILS OF AN INDIVIDUAL, ANDENJOYING UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS TO THE SYSTEM.HACKING CAN BE MORE DESTRUCTIVE IF ANY KIND OFNATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION OR CONFIDENTIAL

GOVERNMENT DATA IS EXPOSED. APART FROM THISTHERE ARE MANY DESTRUCTIVE ACTIVITIES A HACKERCAN PERFORM FOR HIS OR HER OWN BENEFIT. THIS SIDE OFHACKING IS VERY GLOOMY AND CAN LEAD TO MANYCOMPUTER-RELATED CRIMES.


22/44

Effects of computer hacking Computer hacking is a breach of computer security. It can expose sensitive user data and

risk user privacy. Hacking activities expose confidential user information like personal

details, social security numbers, credit card numbers, bank account data and personal

photographs. User information, in the hands of computer hackers, makes it vulnerable to

illegitimate use and manipulation.

Hackers may even delete sensitive information on gaining access to it. Deletion or

manipulation of sensitive data with intent to achieve personal gain is another effect ofcomputer hacking. A user whose computer has been hacked is at the risk of losing all the

data stored on his/her computer. Manipulation of sensitive user data is a grave

consequence of hacking

Computer hacking can lead to theft of critical business information. Important

information about business clients and customers can be lost or manipulated through

computer hacking. Hacking can expose email addresses to hackers, which they might use

for spamming and hampering email privacy.

Information critical to national security, confidential government data, information

related to national defense, security and crime, if exposed by means of hacking, can have

grave consequences on the welfare of the nation. Hacking of highly sensitive data can

potentially risk the national security and stake the overall well-being of the country'scitizens.


23/44

In ethical hacking, the hacker identifies the

weakness in the system, but instead of takingadvantage of the situation, alerts the owner, sothat the later can fix the problem and make hissystem secured. The ethical hacker can convey

the message to the owner by various meansranging from a simple phone call to leaving anelectronic card in the system, as an obvioussignal that the system was breached. Ethical

hackers use the same tools as hackers do, butthey are not a threat to the system. Somepeople do ethical hacking as a hobby, whilesome pursue it as their career.


24/44

HOW IS IT DONE??

Hackers use various methods and toolsto hack into a particular system, and inorder to understand their methodology,one has to get into the hacker's shoes.Ethical hacking guide covers black hatmethods used by hackers to vandalize yournetwork, for its security. Be careful to useyour own computer to practice ethicalhacking. You can try hacking your ownsystem to find the loopholes in the security.

You can also hack a friends PC, but makesure that you have the permission to do so.Illegal hacking is considered as a severeInternet crime, and can earn up to 10 yearsimprisonment, hence it is wiser to takenecessary precautions.


25/44

Different kinds of hackers


26/44

White Hat HackersWhite Hate Hackers are the ones who are termed as ethicalhackes. These are the ones who follows morality, ethics,abides by the laws and still hack! It seems weird, but yes,thats how it is! This is how it happens an ethical hacker is

permitted to hack computer systems or networks and he trieshis best to hack it. Now the question arises why? Anobvious answer to this is that unless there is anunderstanding of whats insecure in our system or network, wewont be able to protect it. An ethical hacker provides withvulnerabilities or loop holes in the system or network through

extensive use of various hacking techniques. Thesevulnerabilities and flaws are then generally corrected throughcorrective and preventive measures.


27/44

Black Ha Hack rs

Black Hat Hackers who are also called as Crackers arepeople who break into computer systems and networkswithout any prior permission. They are the people who breakfor various reasons such as robbery, revenge, showing-offtheir skills, causing damage or just any random reason.Black Hat Hackers can be regarded as the new criminals ofthis digital age. Several federal laws have been enacted tocurb Black Hat Hacking. The IT Act 2000 which is followedby a number of countries have listed out several ways todeal and punish Black Hat Hackers. A lot of networksecurity agencies have been formed after several hacking

cases being reported. These agencies work for designingsecurity policies and measures to protect organizations andindividuals alike from getting hacked.


28/44

Grey Hat HackersGreyHatHackers are hackers who havedesigned their own reasons to hackcomputer systems and networks. They arelike Robin Hoods of today's age. They can beseen as a mix ofWhiteHat and BlackHat

Hackers.GreyHatHackers can do good forsome people and can even cause damagedepending on their approach. For example,GreyHatHackers typically hack siteswhich they feel is socially bad like adultand gambling sites. Some from these breed

of hackers hack systems and networks, findout the vulnerabilities and loop holes andreport them to the respectiveorganizations or owners. They do this justfor getting popularity, showing-off or someof their own reasons and visions.


29/44

IS IT MECHANICAL +ELECTRONICS ??


30/44

Mechatronics is the synergistic combination ofMechanical

engineering, Electronic engineering, Computer engineering,

Control engineering, and Systems Design engineering in orderto design, and manufacture useful products.


31/44

HOW DID THIS CONCEPT

CAME??The portmanteauMECHATRONICS was

coined by TE

TSU

ROM

ORI, the senior engineerof the Japanese company YASKAWA in 1969.

An industrial robot is a prime example of a

mechatronics system; it includes aspects of

electronics, mechanics, and computing to doits day-to-day jobs.


32/44

Mechatronics is centered on mechanics,

electronics, computing, control engineering,molecular engineering (from nanochemistry

and biology), and optical engineering, which,

combined, make possible the generation of

simpler, more economical, reliable and

versatile systems


33/44

WHATDOES ITCONSISTOF ??

Mechatronics is the synergistic

integration of sensors, actuators,signal conditioning, power electronics,decision and control algorithms, andcomputer hardware and software to

manage complexity, uncertainty, andcommunication in engineered systems.


34/44

HOW DOES IT WORK??

For most mechatronic systems, the main issue is

no more how to implement a control system, but

how to implement actuators and what is theenergy source. Within the mechatronic field,

mainly two technologies are used to produce the

movement: the piezo-electric actuators and

motors, or the electromagnetic actuators andmotors. Maybe the most famous mechatronics

systems are the well known camera autofocus

system or camera anti-shake systems.


35/44

Disciplinary Foundations of

Mechatronics

Information

Systems

Electrical

Systems

Computer

Systems

Mechanical

Systems

Mechatrnoics


36/44

Elements of

mechatronics in variousfields

Mechanical

electromechanical

Electronics/electrical

Computers and information technology


37/44

Elements ofMechatronicsMechanical

Mechanical elements refer to

mechanical structure, mechanism,

thermo-fluid, and hydraulic aspects of a

mechatronics system.

Mechanical elements may include

static/dynamic characteristics.

A mechanical element interacts with

its environment purposefully.

Mechanical elements require physical

power to produce motion, force, heat,

etc.

El t f M h t i


38/44

Elements of Mechatronics

Electromechanical Electromechanical elements refer to:

Sensors

A variety of physical variables can be measured using sensors, e.g., light using photoresistor, level and displacement using potentiometer, direction/tilt using magnetic sensor,sound using microphone, stress and pressure using strain gauge, touch using micro-switch, temperature using thermistor, and humidity using conductivity sensor

ActuatorsDC servomotor, stepper motor, relay, solenoid, speaker, light emitting diode (LED), shape

memory alloy, electromagnet, and pump apply commanded action on the physical process

IC-based sensors and actuators (digital-compass, -potentiometer, etc.).

DCMotor Pneumatic CylinderFlexiforce Sensor


39/44

Elements of Mechatronics

Electrical/Electronic Electrical elements refer to: Electrical components (e.g., resistor (R), capacitor

(C), inductor (L), transformer, etc.), circuits, andanalog signals

Electronic elements refer to: analog/digital electronics, transistors, thyristors,

opto-isolators, operational amplifiers, powerelectronics, and signal conditioning

The electrical/electronic elements are used tointerface electro-mechanical sensors and

actuators to the control interface/computinghardware elements


40/44

Elements of MechatronicsComputer/Information System

Computer elements refer to

hardware/software utilized to

perform:

computer-aided dynamic system analysis,

optimization, design, and simulation

virtual instrumentation

rapid control prototyping

hardware-in-the-loop simulation

PC-based data acquisition and control


41/44

Mechatronic Applications

Smart consumer products: home security, camera, microwave oven,toaster, dish washer, laundry washer-dryer, climate control units,etc.

Medical: implant-devices, assisted surgery, haptic, etc.

Defense: unmanned air, ground, and underwater vehicles, smartmunitions, jet engines, etc.

Manufacturing: robotics, machines, processes, etc.

Automotive: climate control, antilock brake, active suspension,cruise control, air bags, engine management, safety, etc.

Network-centric, distributed systems: distributed robotics, tele-robotics, intelligent highways, etc.


42/44

Machine Components: Basic Elements

Inclined plane wedge

Slider-Crank

Cam and Follower

Gear, rack, pinion, etc.

Chain and sprocket

Lever

Linkage Wheel/Axle Springs


43/44

ROBOTICS: A PART

OF MECHATRONICS


44/44

Thank you !!

Documents

Wonders in Technology