Exploration

Reasons for ExplorationDemand for gold, spices, and

natural resources in Europe Gold, Glory, GodSpread ChristianityCompetition between

European countries (most colonies)

Innovations (sailing – compass)

ExplorersVasco da Gama (Portugal) – sailed around the

Cape of Good HopeChristopher Columbus (Spain) – discovered

AmericasCortez (Spain) – conquered AztecsPizarro (Spain) – conquered IncasMagellan (Spain) – sailed around the world

ExplorersDrake (England) – pirate (robbed Spanish

ships)Cartier (France) – explored St. Lawrence

River

Impact of Age of Discovery - AmericasEuropean migration to Americas –

permanent settlements (plantations)Demise of Aztec and Inca EmpiresRigid class system and dictatorial rule

in Latin America (peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, and mulattoes)

Forced migration of Africans into slaveryForced natives to be more like Europeans

(ex. accept Christianity)

Impact of Age of Discovery - AfricaEuropean trading posts along the coastsTrade in slaves, gold, and other productsExports – slaves, raw materials, ivory, and

goldImports – manufactured goods from Europe

+ corn and peanuts

Impact of Age of Discovery - AsiaColonization by small groups of merchants

(mostly trading posts)Influence of trading companies (Dutch East

India Company and the British East India Company)

China – creation of foreign enclaves to control trade/increase in European demand for Chinese goods (porcelain & tea)

Impact of Age of Discovery - AsiaJapan – powerless emperor/ruled by shogun

(military leader) & adopted policy of isolationism to limit foreign influence

Columbian ExchangeWestern Hemisphere

agricultural products such as corn, potatoes, and tobacco changed European lifestyles

European horses and cattle changed lifestyles of American Indians

European diseases (smallpox) killed many American Indians

Need for labor to grow cash crops led to the use of African slaves

Columbian ExchangeSlavery was based on raceEuropean plantation system in Americas

destroyed indigenous economics and damaged the environment

Triangle TradeLinked Europe, Africa, and the AmericasSlaves, rum, and sugar were tradedGold and silver – exported to Europe and Asia

from Americas (made Spain very rich)

Triangle Trade

Ottoman EmpireLocation – Asia MinorExpanded – Southwest Asia, Southeastern

Europe (Balkan Peninsula), and North AfricaCapital – IstanbulUsed Islamic religion as a unifying

force/accepted other religionsTraded in coffee and ceramics

Ottoman Empire

Mughal EmpireLocation – North IndiaSpread Islam into IndiaTaj MahalInfluence of Indian textiles on British textile

industryEuropean trading posts in India (Great

Britain, Portugal, and the Netherlands)

Mughal Empire

Commercial RevolutionDefinition – European nations

competed for overseas markets, colonies, and resources

Mercantilism – make European powers self-sufficient (have everything that they need), set up colonies (provide raw materials to and purchase goods from mother countries)

Commercial RevolutionJoint Stock Company –

individuals shared risks and profits (funded most voyages of discovery) – British East India Company

Insurance – insure packages and ships