World War IUNIT 7 CH.22

War in Europe

Causes in Europe Militarism, nationalism, imperialism, the alliance system,

assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Opposing Sides Allies-France, Russia, Britain,

Central Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary

Neutrality Domestic Divisions

Cultural ties to the Allies

Over 10 million, German and Austrian immigrants supported the Central Powers as did the Irish

Many Americans refused to take sides

Conflict on the Seas British naval blockade of Central Powers

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare- official German policy

Neutrality Lusitania sunk in 1915 killing 128 Americans

Germany temporarily suspends USW

Moving Toward War Wilson authorizes $1 billion for military build-up

Election of 1916

Charles Evans Hughes vs. Wilson

Wilson won with the slogan “He kept us out of war”

Germany resumes USW in 1917

Zimmermann Telegram

“Over There” Conscription

Selective Service Act (1917)

American men registered for random selection of service

3 million draftees and 1 million volunteers

300,000 “slackers” and 4,000 conscientious objectors

American Fighting Force General John J. Pershing led the American Expeditionary

Forces (AEF) in Europe

4 million “doughboys” put on the uniform

53,000 servicemen died in combat and an additional 63,000 from disease

Diversity and Racism Black Americans fought in segregated units

Native Americans fought in integrated units

Eddie Rickenbacker American fighting ace with 26 aerial victories

Sergeant Alvin York Single-handedly killed 25 Germans and aided in the

capture of an additional 132

Mobilizing Industry War Industries Board

directed military production

Bernard Baruch

Fuel Administration Introduced daylight saving time to conserve coal and oil

Food Administration Herbert Hoover

“Gospel of the Clean Plate” would negate the need for rationing

Mobilizing Workers National War Labor Board

Established an eight hour work day

Time and a half for overtime

Endorsed equal pay for women

Recognized unions’ right to form

Black and Mexican American workers Black Americans were actively recruited to northern

factories which resulted in the “Great Migration”

Political instability in Mexico and the need for industrial and farm workers in the Southwest spurred Mexican migration

Women Women took over factory jobs and other positions

traditionally held by men

Wartime Reform Suffrage Victory

NAWSA argued that proving patriotism would advance their cause

Alice Paul took a more militant stance

Arrested and went on hunger strike

Nineteenth Amendment In recognition of women’s wartime contributions women will win the

right to vote in 1920

Promoting National Unity Propaganda

Committee on Public Information

George Creel

Acted as a nationalizing force by promoting the development of a common ideology

Anti-immigrant Hysteria Anti-German sentiment meant many of German descent lost their

jobs or were physically attacked

All things associated with Germany were not socially permissible

Curbing Dissent Espionage and Sedition Acts

A person could be fined up to $10,000 and sentenced to 20 years in jail for interfering with the war effort or saying anything disloyal

Targeted socialists and labor leaders

Schneck v. The United States Supreme Court ruled that the right to free speech could be limited

when it presented a “clear and present danger” to public safety

The War Ends Collapse of Germany

Nov. 3, 1918 A-H surrendered

German soldiers mutinied and formed a republic

Nov. 9- Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated

Nov. 11- armistice signed

Final Toll About 8.5 million soldiers died and 21 million were wounded

Over 20 million civilians died due to starvation, disease, and slaughter

Treaty of Versailles The Fourteen Points

Points 1-5 addressed issues to prevent future wars

Points 6-13 dealt with boundary changes and self-determination

Point 14 called for the establishment of an international organization (League of Nations)

Negotiations Wilson failed to understand Allied anger

The Big Four (Wilson, Clemenceau, Lloyd George, and Orlando) worked on the peace treaty amongst themselves

Fate of the Treaty U.S. Congress never ratifies treaty and U.S does not join

League of Nations

Racial Strife East St. Louis, IL experienced a race riot during the war in which

over 50 people died

Over 25 cities experienced race riots once the war ended

Chicago Race Riot Arrival of 50,000 Black Americans increased racial tensions during

the war

Soldiers coming home were competing for jobs and housing

Some Blacks served as strike breakers

40 people killed and 500 injured

Labor Unrest Common Tactic

Employers attempted to connect strikers with Communists

Boston Police Strike Union reps were fired for asking for raises

Police struck and the national Guard was called in

Once the strike was over all union members were fired

Steel Mill Strike Denied the right to unionize

Strikers were beaten by police, federal troops, and state militias

Labor Unrest

Coal Miner’s Strike United Mine Workers leader John Lewis called for a strike

Attorney General Palmer obtained a court order to end the strike

Lewis publicly called it off while privately continuing it

Miners received a 27% pay increase and Lewis became a national hero

Labor Movement Loses Appeal Immigrants willing to work in poor conditions

Difficulty organizing because of language barriers

Most unions excluded Black Americans

The Red Scare 70,000 radicals joined the new Communist Party

After a series of bombs mailed to government officials and business leaders the public became fearful

Palmer Raids U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer appointed J. Edgar Hoover to

hunt down Communist, socialists, and anarchists

Many people were deported or arrested

The Red Scare

Sacco and Vanzetti Trial Radical Italian immigrants who evaded the draft in WWI

Arrested in May 1920 and charged with the murder of a factory paymaster and a guard

Both had alibis and the evidence against them was circumstantial

They received the death penalty and went to the electric chair in 1927