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Distributed Electrical Systems - the emergence of demand response
John Ward
CSIRO Energy Technology
9 August 2006
Distributed Electrical Systems – the emergence of demand response
Introduction
Background
National Electricity Market
Distributed Generation
Renewables / Cogeneration
Microgrids / robustness / resilliance
Regulatory - AS 4777
Problem Features
Agents as social proxies
time scales – transient vs long term
network is both electrical and economic
lossy
sources & sinks
Distributed Electrical Systems – the emergence of demand response
Demand Management
Networks are increasingly constrained – particularly with widespread deployment of HVAC systems.
NOT exogenous disturbances – these are highly correlated with weather data – everyone wants AC on a hot day.
Traditional approach of peaking plants/ network augmentation yields low capacity factors
Can a response from within the network provide
a better solution?
Distributed Electrical Systems – the emergence of demand response
Challenges
How do we design agents that reacts individually on behalf of a consumer, but collectively on behalf of all consumers?
Particular focus is on:
Learning to cooperate
Adaption to changes in network structure
The value of information / cost of communication
Decentralised control and robustness
Near optimal convergence with limited information
Distributed Electrical Systems – the emergence of demand response
A (not very) Complex Example
1
s+1
Transfer FcnSetpoint Scope
1
KxP
1
KxI
1
Kv
1s
Integrator2
1s
Integrator1
1s
Integrator
Step Response
Time (sec)
Am
plit
ude
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Distributed Electrical Systems – the emergence of demand response
Stability Example
rkk
k
x
x
u
u
kkkk
k
x
x
u
u
xpv
x
v
x
vxpvv
x
v
x
0
0
00
1000
0
000
11
A
A
A
A
000
000
000
000
But with N…
Distributed Electrical Systems – the emergence of demand response
Simulation Result
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Time
Vel
oci
ty
Distributed Electrical Systems – the emergence of demand response
Conclusions
Distributed Generation is happening
Cogeneration / Renewables
DG has the potential to provide increased functionality and robustness to the electrical network.
There are a number of complex problems that need to be addressed before this potential is realised
Learning to cooperate
Adaption to changes in network structure
The value of information / cost of communication
Decentralised control and robustness
Near optimal convergence with limited information
www.csiro.au
Thank You
CSIRO Energy Technology
John Ward
Research Engineer
+61 2 49606072
www.energy.csiro.au
Contact CSIRO
Phone 1300 363 400
+61 3 9545 2176
Email [email protected]
Web www.csiro.au
