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ylu

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Ad©s dpV$u b_phhp_u fus A_¡ s¡_u v$¡Mcpm

Ad©s dpV$u L$p¡_¡ L$l¡hpe?

Ad©s dpV$u L$¡hu fus¡ s¥epf \pe R>¡?

Ap dpV$u_¡ L$pedu DÅD A¡V$g¡ L$¡ Æh�s fpMu iL$pe R>¡, A¡V$g¡ Ap dpV$u_¡ Ad©s dpV$u L$l¡hpe R>¡, R>p¡X$_p rhL$pk dpV$¡ S>ê$fu v$f¡L$ fpkpeZuL$, cp¥rsL$ _¡ S>¥rhL$ NyZp¡ Apdp� kdsp¡g dpÓpdp� lp¡e R>¡, s¡dS> L$pmp¡ |Z®fus¡ Mpsfdp� ê$p�sfus S>¥hcpf 50% A_¡ 50% Df Df_u q¾$epiug dpV$u_y� rdîZ S>¡dp� R>¡, s¡_y� _pd Ad©s dpV$u fp¿ey R>¡.

Ap kdS>hp dpV$¡ Ly$v$fsu õ\mp¡dp� ¼ep hy DÅD dpV$u R>¡ s¡ Å¡hy� Å¡BA¡ S>¡ Ly$v$fsu fus¡ r_dp®Z \pe R>¡. âL©$rs kp¥\u hy amÖy dpV$u hjp®h_ - S�>Ngp¡dp� s¥epf L$f¡ R>¡ Ap S�>Ngp¡dp� pZu A_¡ lhp\u Õ\fp¡_u bpfuL$ dpV$u (fS>) dp� ê$p�sf \pe R>¡ Ap dpV$u h©np¡_p dym, p_ f S>dp� \su fl¡ R>¡ S�>Ng_p bp Æhp¡_p dm-dyÓ, dpV$u, p_, X$p�Mmp_p rdîZ f S>dp \ep L$f¡ R>¡ hfkpv$u pZu, h©np¡_p¡ R>p�eX$p¡ Ap rdîZdp� c¡S> Åmhu fpM¡ R>¡ Ap âq¾$ep Qpgsu S>

fl¡ R>¡ Apd ¾$di: 100 \u 500 hj£ A¡L$ BQ S>¡V$gu amÖy dpV$u s¥epf \pe R>¡ Ap OV$_p ¾$d_p¡ h¥opr_L$ ÖrôL$p¡Z\u Ahgp¡L$_ A_¡ Aæepk L$fu_¡ Aphu S> (gNcN) dpV$u dpÓ 140 qv$hkdp� dp_h kÆ®s Ad©s dpV$u ê$5¡ r_dp®Z \pe R>¡.

(1)

Ad©s dpV$u iy R>¡?

Ap dpV$u_u rhi¡jspAp¡

ApZp� hjp®h_dp� k¢L$X$p¡ hjp£dp� s¥epf \B_¡ l�d¡ip S>¡hu amÖy fl¡su s¡hu dpV$u R>¡, dpZk¡ h¥opr_L$ ArcNd A_¡ Ahgp¡L$_\u D5ÅD dpV$u b_phhp_u fus s¥epf L$fu R>¡. OZu S>ÁepA¡ rhrh âep¡Np¡ A_¡ gp�bpNpmp_p Aæepk_p fuZpd¡ Ap dpV$u 140 qv$hkdp� b_phu g¡hp_u Ýrs rhL$kphu R>¡, S>¡dp� dy�bB rõ\s râsub¡_ pV$ug_p r_óL$j® A_¡

A_ych Myb S> L$pd¡ Apìep R>¡, Ap dp_h kÆ®s dpV$u_p NyZp¡ Å¡B_¡, X$p¡.Ap¡.u. ê$¡gpÆ (cysyh® dpB¾$p¡ bpep¡gp¡ÆõV$ ICRISAT )A¡ Ap dpV$u_¡ Ad©s dpV$u _pd Apàey R>¡.

?k¢L$X$p¡ âL$pf_p kyÿd Æhp¡ (ayN A_¡ b¢L$V$fuep) A_¡ L$uV$L$p¡ dpV$u_¡ amÖy5 b_phu fpM¡ R>¡.

?Mr_S> Öìep¡_¡ Ly$v$fsu âq¾$ep hX$¡ h_õsu dpV$¡ D5gå b_ph¡ R>¡.?Ap k¡ÞÖue Mpsfp¡ h_õrs_¡ rhL$kph¡ R>¡.?leydk, Mr_S> A_¡ kyÿdÆhp¡\u s¥epf rhrh fkpeZp¡ S>¡d L$¡ leyrdL$

A¡kuX$, A¡du_p¡ A¡kuX$ A_¡ lp¡dp£Þk rhN¡f¡ h_õrs_¡ ârsL$pf i[¼s âv$p_ Lf¡ R>¡.

?S>m k�N°l ndsp dlÑd b_¡ R>¡. fpÓ¡ 5X$_pfp¡ Ap¡k (TpL$m_¡) pfZ L$fhp_u ndsp h¡ R>¡. S>¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ 5pZu Ap5hp_u AphíeL$sp OV$¡ R>¡.

?vf hj¡® DÐ5pv$_dp� 5p¡jL$sÐhp¡_u NyZhÑp h¡ R>¡.?Ad©sdpV$u_p� L$pfZ¡ rhV$pdu_ B12 S>¡hp sÐhp¡ 5Z D5gå b_¡ R>¡.?Aphu dpV$udp� s¥epf \e¡g 5pL$ D5f L$p¡C5Z âL$pf_p qL$V$L$_piL$ AphíeL$sp fl¡su _\u, S>¡\u cphrl�kp rhlu_ M¡su \C iL$¡ R>¡.

(2)

Ad©s dpV$u s¥epf L$fhp_u Ýrs

Ad©s S>m fuQe

?Ad©s dpV$u s¥epf L$fhp_p dy¿e Qpf Ngp R>¡.

1)Ad©s S>m s¥epf L$fhy�.

2)S>¥rhL$ L$Qfp_¡ 24 L$gpL$ Ad©sS>mdp� Xy$bpXu Y$NguAp¡ b_phhu.

3)Y$Ngu_y� lqfrs L$fZ L$fhp dpV$¡ jX$fk fphsp buS> Y$Ngu f hphu_¡ hpsphfZdp�\u, kye®, hpey, c¡S> A_¡ dpV$u rhN¡f¡_u DÅ® d¡mhu_¡ Y$Ngu_¡ hy amÖy b_phpe R>¡.

4)âq¾$ep v$fçep_ c¡S> S>mhpB fl¡ s¡_u L$pmÆ g¡hu.

?Ap A¡L$ A¡hy rdîZ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡dp� Ars-kyÿdÆhp¡ (dpB¾$p¡åk) _u k�¿ep A_¡ rhrhsp rhyg âdpZdp� lp¡e R>¡ S>¡dp� fl¡gp fpkperZL$ sÐhp¡ dpV$u_¡ hy amÖy b_ph¡ R>¡ A_¡ Ap kyÿdÆhp¡ c¥rsL$ A_¡ fpkperZL$ NyZp¡ hpf¡ R>¡ Ap S>mdp� fl¡gp kyÿdÆhp¡ _uQ¡_p L$pe® L$f¡ R>¡.

?M¡sfdp�\u DÐpqv$s L$Qfpdp�\u (bpep¡dpk) h_õrs_p¡ Mp¡fpL$ s¥epf L$f¡ R>¡.

?dpV$u_¡ cfcfu b_ph¡ R>¡

?ârsL$pf i[L$s hpf¡ R>¡.

(3)

Npe_y� spSy>R>pZ 1 qL$gp¡ 10 guV$f pZu

Np¥dyÓ 1 guV$f 50 N°pd v$¡iu Np¡m

?1 guV$f Np¡dyÓ (v$¡iu Npe)?1 qL$gp¡ spSy> Npe_y� R>pZ?100 guV$f pZu?50 N°pd v$¡iu Np¡m (v$hp hNf_p¡) A\hp Myb S> pL$¡gp 12 L$¡mp,

A\hp S>dê$M A\hp aZk_u 12 L$mu A\hp 500 du.gu. i¡fX$u_p¡ fk, A\hp 12 L$pSy>_p pL$p am, A\hp Myb S> pL$¡gp 12 QuLy$ Apdp�\u kl¡gpB\u S>¡ dm¡ s¡_y� kpfy� rdîZ b_phu_¡ 10 guV$f pZudp� Dd¡fhy�.

Ad©s S>m s¥epf L$fhp dpV$¡_u S>ê$fu kpdN°u111 guV$f Ad©s S>m s¥epf L$fhp dpV$¡ _uQ¡ dyS>b_u kpdN°u S>ê$fu R>¡.

(4)

Ad©s S>m s¥epf L$fhp dpV$¡_u â¾$uep

Ad©s S>m_p Dep¡N_u rhr

rhi¡j

â\d 10 guV$f pZudp� 1 guV$f Np¥dyÓ rdîZ L$fhy. lh¡ s¡dp 1 qL$gp¡ spSy> R>pZ kpfu fus¡ d¡mhhy�, R>u 50 N°pd Np¡m_¡ pZudp� Ap¡Npmhy�, Np¡m_¡ bv$g¡ Df v$ip®h¡g L$p¡BZ A¡L$ Dep¡N L$fu iL$pe. lh¡ Ap s¥epf rdîZ_¡ YpL$u_¡ fpMhy�. qv$hkdp� ÓZ hMs Ap rdîZ_¡ 12 hMs DgV$u qv$ipdp� A_¡ 12 hMs kygV$u rv$ipdp� Oydphhy�, 100 guV$f pZudp� Ap 11 guV$f rdîZ d¡mhhy� Ap Ly$g 111 guV$f b_¡gp Ap rdîZ_¡ Ad©s S>m L$l¡hpe R>¡. Ad©s S>m spSy> spSy> hpfhy� S>ê$fu R>¡.

?l¡gy hj®-v$f 15 qv$hk_p A�sf¡ R�>V$L$ph L$fhy�. (|fp hj®dp� 24 hpf)?buSy�> hj®-v$f 30 qv$hk_p A�sf¡ R�>V$L$ph L$fhy�. (|fp hj®dp� 12 hMs)?ÓuSy> hj®-v$f 90 qv$hk¡ R�>V$L$ph L$fhy�. (|fp hj® dp� 4 hMs)?Qp¡\p hj®-180 qv$hk_p A�sfpgdp� R>p�V$hy (|fp hj®dp� 2 hpf)?p�Qdy� hj®-Ad|s S>m R>p�V$hp_u AphíeL$sp _\u.

v$¡iu Npe_p Np¥dyÓ A_¡ R>pZ_u NyZhÑp kpfu lp¡e R>¡. A¡V$g¡ v$¡iu Npe_p Np¥dyÓ R>pZ_¡ âp\rdL$sp Apu R>¡, Np¥dyÓ S>¡V$gy Sy>_y lp¡e s¡V$gu NyZhÑp hy kpfu lp¡e R>¡ R>pZ spSy> lp¡hy� Myb S>ê$fu R>¡ L$pfZ L$¡ spÅ R>pZdp� S> kyÿdÆhp¡_u k�¿ep hy lp¡e R>¡. v$¡iu / L$pmp Np¡m_p¡ S> Dep¡N L$fhp¡ Å¡BA¡ L$pfZ L$¡ s¡dp� L©$qÓd fkpeZ_p¡ Dep¡N \ep¡ _ lp¡e. S>ê$fueps dyS>b Ad©s S>m s¥epf L$fhp dpV$¡ kpdN°u_y� âdpZ dp kfMy fpMu_¡ S>Õ\pdp� Z Ad©s S>m s¥epf L$fu iL$pe R>¡. Npe _ lp¡e sp¡ bmv$, c¢k, Op¡X$p¡, N¡X$p¡, JV$ hN¡f¡ âpZu_u Z rhôp$ s¡dS> dyÓ_p¡ Dep¡N \B iL$¡ R>¡.

(5)

S>¥rhL$ L$Qfp¡ L$p¡_¡ L$l¡hpe?

YNgu (rl) A¡V$g¡ iy?

L$p¡BZ h_õrs_p dym, \X$, p_, am, ayg, rhN¡f¡ cpNp¡ A_¡ âpZuAp¡_p d©s ifuf, dm A_¡ dyÓ_¡ S>¥rhL$ L$Qfp¡ L$l¡hpe R>¡.

hjp®-h_p¡dp� amÖy dpV$u b_phhp_u Ly$v$fsu â¾$uep_u _L$g L$fsp S>¥rhL$ L$Qfp¡ A_¡ bpfuL$ dpV$u_u psmp-psmp X$p¡ b_phu_¡ s¥epf L$fsp A¡L$d_¡ YNgu L$l¡hpe R>¡ Ap YNgu_¡ A�N°¡Ædp� rl L$l¡hpe R>¡ A_yLy$msp dpV$¡ kh®dpÞe A¡L$ YNgu_y dp _½$u L$fpe R>¡ S>¡_y� dp 10 ayV$ g�bpB, 3 ayV$ lp¡mpB A_¡ psmp X$p¡_u JQpB 1 ayV$ DQpB fMpe R>¡ Aphp A¡L$ YNgpdp�

400 \u 600 guV$f Ad©s dpV$u s¥epf \pe R>¡. Ap âdpZdpdp� fl¡gp¡ saphs c¡S>_u dpÓpdp� hOV$ A_¡ S>¥rhL$ L$Qfp_p âL$pf_¡ L$pfZ¡ lp¡e R>¡.

Ad©s dpV$u s¥epf L$fhp dpV$¡ S>ê$fu kpdN°u

S>¥qhL$ L$Qfp¡

(6)

Ad©sS>m 400 guV$fkyL$p¡ bpep¡dpk 80 qL$gp¡A¡L$v$d ÆZu dpV$u 10 rL$gp¡ (10% ÆZu f¡su kp\¡) rhrh buS> 300 N°pd

Ad©s dpV$u s¥epf L$fhp_u Ýrs

â\d gNcN 400 guV$f Ad©s S>m s¥epf L$fhy�

?Ad©sdpV$u s¥epf L$fhp_p Qpf Ngp?Ad©s S>m s¥epf L$fhy�.?bpep¡ dpk_p 2 \u 3 HQ_p Vy$L$X$p L$fu Ad©s S>mdp� Xy$bpX$hp.?bpep¡dpk A_¡ ÆZudpV$u_p \f p\fhp?YNgu Df buS> hphhp A_¡ gugp¡ X$hpi L$fhp¡.

?400 guV$f pZu?4 qL$gp¡ spSy> R>pZ?4 guV$f Npe_y� Np¥dyÓ?200 N°pd v$¡iu Np¡m (v$hp hNf_p¡)

lh¡ Ap s¥epf rdîZ_¡ ÓZ qv$hk Yp�L$u_¡ fpMhy�. qv$hkdp� ÓZ hMs Ap rdîZ_¡ 12 hMs OX$uepm_u qv$ipdp� A_¡ 12 hMs DgV$u rv$ipdp� Oydphhy� Qp¡\p qv$hk¡ 400 guV$f pZudp� Ap rdîZ d¡mhhy� s¡ 404 guV$f b_¡gp Ap rdîZ_¡ Ad©s S>m L$l¡hpe R>¡.

kpdN°u dpÓp

(7)

bpep¡dpk Ad©sS>mdp� Xy$bpX$hy�.

bpep¡dpk A_¡ bpfuL$ dpV$u_p \f$ p\fhp

Y$Ngu_¡ Mpsfdp� ê$5p�sf L$fhy� A_¡ Y$p�L$hy.

YNgu_y� lqfsuL$fZ L$fhy�

bpep¡dpk_p 2 \u 3 BQ Vy$L$X$p L$fu_¡ k�yZ® kyL$hu _pMhp. Ðepfbpv$ Ad©s S>mdp� 24 L$gpL$ dpV$¡ Xy$bpX$u fpMhp, blpf _ r_L$mu Åe s¡ dpV$¡ Df Õ\f

A\hp gpL$X$p_y� hS>_ dyL$hy�.

YNgu b_phhp 10'#3' kpBT _L$L$u L$fu_¡ 24 L$gpL$ Xy$bpX$¡g bpep¡dpk blpf L$pYu_¡ S>du_ Df psmy \f p\fhy�, R>u s¡_p f s¡_p âdpZdp� Qp¡\p cpN_u bpfuL$ dpV$u_p¡ R�>V$L$ph L$fhp¡. Ap fus¡ hpf�hpf \f$ - p\fsp flu_¡ JQpB 1 ayV$ ky u gB S>hy�. Ap¡R>pdp� Ap¡R>p 50 \u 70 \f_¡ p\fhp_p \pe R>¡ ¼epf¡L$ Ap \f$_u k�¿ep 100 ky u \hp Åe R>¡.

YNgu v$f kps qv$hk¡ gV$phhu A_¡ s¡_p f Ad©s S>g_p¡ R�>V$L$ph L$fhp¡ A_¡ Y$Ngudp� c¡S>_y� âdpZ Åmhu fpMhy�. gV$phu_¡ Y$Ngu_¡ Yp�L$¡gu fpMhu. Aphu fus¡ 30 qv$hkdp� Mpsf b_phhp_u â¾$uep Qpgy \B Åe R>¡.

epv$udp�\u hy_¡ hy rhrhsp Åmhu_¡ _uQ¡ v$ip®h¡g 300 N°pd buS> gB s¡_¡ 8 L$gpL$ Ad©s S>mdp� gpmp¡, Aphy L$fhp\u buS> TX$\u A�Ly$qfs \B iL$i¡ Ap buS>_¡ YNgu f h¡fhp A_¡ s¡_¡ 1/2HQ dpV$u_p \f\u Yp�L$u v$¡hp. 2\u 3 HQ_y� ApÃR>pv$_ L$fhy�.

(8)

A_pS> :

L$W$p¡m:

s¡gurbep :

dkpgp :

ipL$cpÆ:

h¡g hN}e:

L�$v$ :

f¡kp hN}e:

ayg hN}e:

Ap¥jue:

v$up®ey :

duW$p¡fk:

suMp¡ :

L$X$hp¡ :

MpV$p¡ :

syfp¡ :

Mpfp¡ :

dL$pB, Sy>hpf, OJ A_¡ X$p�Nf

dN, AX$v$, QZp, syh¡f, dW$

dNamu, sg, kfkh, A¡f�X$p¡

dfQp, d¡\u, Æê$, fpe

pgL$, V$d¡V$p, f]NZ, Nyhpf

L$pL$X$u, NgLy$, L$pf¡gp, V$]X$p¡ê$, vy$u, syfuep, NgL$p

bV$pL$p, iL$L$fuep, lmv$f, Apvy$

c]X$p¡, L$pk, iZ

bpfdpku, NgNp¡V$p¡

sygku, ksphfu, AfXy$kp¡, AðN�p

bphm, g]bX$p¡, L$f�S>, NgufukuX$uep, rhN¡f¡

hfuepmu, duW$u dL$pB

dfQu

d¡\u, L$pf¡gp

Ap�bgu, V$d¡V$p

Nyhpf

pgL$

Apeyh£v$_p R> fk âdpZ¡_p buS>

(9)

buS> A�Ly$qfs \ep_p 21 qv$hk bpv$ R>p¡X$_¡ Df\u 25 V$L$p L$pp¡ A_¡ s¡ YNgu f S> fl¡hp v$p¡ S>¡_p\u L$p¡dm p�v$X$pdp� fl¡g T]L$, ap¡õa¡V$, bp¡f¡_, dp¡gubX$¡_ued rhN¡f¡ S>¡hp Dep¡Nu sÐhp¡ YNgudp� cmi¡. lh¡ R>u 21 qv$hk bpv$ A¡V$g¡ L$¡ 42 qv$hk¡ S>¡ afu\u h¡gp R>p¡X$_¡ afu 25 V$L$p pR>p L$pu_¡ YNgudp� _pMp¡, Ap fuL$h p�v$X$p YNgudp� cmhp\u _pBV²$p¡S>_, d¡Á_¡iued A_¡ p¡V$¡íed YNgudp� cm¡ R>¡ lh¡ 63 dp� qv$hk¡ L$¡V$gpL$ R>p¡X$ f ayg Mug¡ R>¡. Ap R>p¡X$_u Ahõ\pA¡ bp R>p¡X$_¡ S>du_\u Ap® BQ Df\u L$pu _p�Mu A_¡ ÓZ Qpf BQ_p Vy$L$X$p L$fu YNgu f p\fuv$p¡. Ap L$p¡gp Vy$L$X$p 3-4 qv$hkdp� ump X$u S>i¡. Ðepf¡ Ap S>¥rhL$ L$Qfp_¡ Qpf \u R> L$gpL$ Ad©s S>mdp� Xy$bpXy$ fpMp¡ A_¡ Ðepfbpv$ Ap S>¥rhL$ L$Qfp_¡ YNgudp� bfpbf c¡mhu v$p¡ A_¡ s¡_p f Ad©s S>m_p¡ R�>V$L$ph L$fu 30 qv$hk ky u fl¡hp v$p¡. epv$ fpMp¡ Ap v$fçep_ v$f kps qv$hk¡ YNgu_¡ 5gV$php¡ A_¡ c¡S>_y� âdpZ Åmhu fpMp¡. Ap â¾uep\u dym 5pk¡ rhL$kus \e¡g rhrh kyÿd Æhp¡_u k�¿epdp� hpfp¡ \pe R>¡.

Aphu fus¡ 140 qv$hkdp� sdpfp M¡sf_u dpV$u DÅD b_u S>i¡ s¡_¡ Ad©s dpV$u L$l¡hpe R>¡ Ap rhr A¡L$ S> hpf L$fhp_u R>¡. S>¡_p\u kdN° M¡sf_u dpV$u Ad©s dpV$u b_u Åe R>¡ DÐpv$_ R>u bpL$u hsp¡ S>¥hcpf$ M¡sfdp� p\fsp flp¡ S>¡\u M¡sfdp� Ad©s dpV$u _u NyZhsp hsu fl¡i¡.

(10)

YNgu s¥epf \ep R>u Ap âL$pf¡ v$¡Mpi¡

YNgu f buS> hphhp\u iy� gpc \pe R>¡??Ap buS>dp�\u r_L$m¡gp R>p¡X$ YNgu_¡ Yp�L$u fpM¡ R>¡ S>¡\u c¡S> S>mhpB fl¡

R>¡. Ap Ýrs_¡ YNgu YpL$hp_u Æh�s ApÃR>pv$_ Ýrs L$l¡ R>¡.?AgN AgN âL$pf_p fkhpmp buS> hphhp\u YNgu_¡ Sy>v$p Sy>v$p âL$pf_p

p¡jL$ sÐhp¡ dm¡ R>¡ S>¡ S>du_dp� S>dp \pe R>¡. AgN AgN he_p R>p¡X$_p p�X$v$pAp¡dp� AgN AgN âL$pf_p p¡jL$ sÐhp¡ lp¡e R>¡ Ap\u Sy>v$p Sy>v$p

kde¡ p�v$X$p L$php\u amÖy sp h¡ R>¡.?DN¡gp R>p¡X$_p dym dpV$u_¡ rhrh kyÿd Æhp¡\u kcf b_ph¡ R>¡.?R>p¡X$_p p�v$X$p kye® âL$pi\u âpàs \e¡g DÅ® (âL$pi) A_¡ lhp\u dm¡g

L$pb®__¡ S>dp L$fu g¡ R>¡.?R>p¡X$_p dym_u Apkpk rhrh âL$pf_p kyÿd Æhp¡_y� r_dp®Z \pe R>¡ L$¡

S>¡_¡ L$ëQf L$l¡hpe R>¡ s¡ Ap Ýsu\u S> dlÑd dpÓpdp� d¡mhu iL$pe R>¡.

(11)

buS> A�Ly$fus \ep_p 21 qv$hk R>u_u YNgu

buS> A�Ly$fus \ep R>u_p 42dp� qv$hk_u YNgu

YNgu_u v$¡Mcpm L$¡hu fus¡ fMpe??YNgudp� c¡S> Åmhu fpMhp dpV$¡ S>ê$fueps âdpZ¡ pZu Aphy�

buS>dp�\u _uL$m¡gp A�Ly$fp¡_¡ rhL$pkhp dpV$¡ AX$QZ ê$ gpN¡ sp¡ kyL$pOpk_y� ApÃR>pv$_$ L$pYu _pMhy�.

?Ad©s dpV$u b_phhp_u â¾$uep TX$u b_phhp dpV$¡ v$f kps qv$hk¡ YNgu f ep¡Áe âdpZdp� Ad©s S>m Aphy� Å¡BA¡.

L$pu _pM¡gp¡ gugp¡ S>¥rhL$ L$Qfp¡buS> A�Ly$fus \ep R>u_p 63 dp� qv$hk_u YNgu

kdep�sf¡ L$pu_¡ YNgudp� Dd¡f¡gp p�v$X$pAp¡, Vy$L$X$pAp¡ rhN¡f¡_¡ ìehrõ\s dpÓpdp� phX$p\u DgV$ kygV$ L$fu kpfu fus¡ rdîZ L$fhp\u YNgu f hph¡gp R>p¡X$_p¡ S>¥rhL$ L$Qfp¡ YNgudp� cm¡ R>¡ s¡_p\u YNgu_u amÖy sp h¡ R>¡. v$f¡L$ hMs¡ YNgu_¡ DgV$ kygV$ L$ep® bpv$ kyL$p Opk \u Yp�L$u v$¡hy�. YNgu s¥epf \ep bpv$ YNgu DgV$ kygV$ L$fu_¡ R>u S> Dep¡N iê$ L$fhp¡.

(12)

YNgudp� c¡S>_u QL$pkZu L$¡d L$fhu?

140 qv$hkdp� Ad©s dpV$u _ b_hp_u Ahfp¡ ê$ bpbsp¡

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Mr Dipak Suchde, CEO - Malpaani Trust Krishi Tirth, Village Bajwada,Post Nemawar, Pin 455339Taluka Khategaon, District Dewas, MP

Subject: Some comments on analysis report of the soil samples collected from Krishi Tirth, Malpani Trust, Bajwada in Sept 2007.

Dear Mr Suchde,

The attached file has four data tables, one each having soil chemical, soil biological and soil microbiological properties and fourth on micro-nutrients. This report pertains to the soil samples collected on 19 Sept 2007. Analysis was done within 60 days after sampling. Widely used methods were followed for the different types of parameters. Data on the different parameters are in the attached data tables. Comments/highlights on the analysis report/data obtained on the different parameters are given below.

It may be noted that the unplanted area of about one acre of your form was used as reference or control and is stated as ‘Original soil’ in the three data tables.

Soil chemical parameters, Table 1: (a) fertility of the original soil was lower than the area under cultivation; (b) fertility was maximum below (15 cm) the heap indicating that roots from plants sown on heaps will tend to go deep in the soil to explore/take-up the nutrients; (c) organic carbon percent (OC%) below heap was at least 3 times more than that in the heap itself, indicating that smaller carbonaceous molecules of degrading biomass move down from heaps with water (rain or irrigation).

Micro nutrients analyses, Table 2: Only five of the ten micro-nutrients, reported in published literature as deficient in farmers’ fields were analyzed. Salient comments follow: (a) quantities of available form of at least three nutrients [boron (B), sulfur (S) and zinc (Zn)] was deficient in all the samples except those from below heaps as per Sahrawat et al. 2007 [Current Science 93(10):1428-1432], (b) it indicates that the heap method has potential to convert total concentration of all these elements, which was similar in all the four treatment, into soluble form, (c) quantities of ‘total’ or unavailable form of all the elements was similar across treatments except sulfur indicating addition of sulfur with the items such as 'Amrit pani’ etc. being applied, and this needs to be studied; (d) it was apparent that the heap method of cultivation has ability to continuously converting insoluble form of nutrients to soluble form (note: heap remains moist due to continuous application of water) and therefore seems to allow high microbial activity. Overall, the heap method potentially obviates the need of dependence on market purchased elements, provided the local soil has sufficient quantities.

12 May 2008

Soil biology parameters, Table 3: (a) as indicated by microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, the soil below heaps had most microbial activity/population followed by that in the original soil while the activity in the decomposing biomass in heaps was next highest, (b) activity of microorganisms as indicated by ‘dehydrogenase’ enzyme was also maximum in the sample collected below the heaps, followed by that in the heap itself, and lowest activity was noted in unplanted area between heaps which was covered with dry biomass, the noted high activity in the original soil is perhaps due to good growth of grass that would have allowed a good level of microbial activity in its root rhizosphere and needs further consideration.

Soil microbiological parameters, Table 4: (a) Population of bacteria inside heaps and below heaps was significantly more than the other treatments (range from 6.64 to 6.80 log10 per g of soil); (b) population of actinomycetes and fungi was similar across the four treatments and ranged from 5.30 to 5.67 (log10 per g of soil) in case of actinomycetes and from 4.00 to 4.51 (log10 per g of soil) in case of fungi; (c) maximum population of the plant growth promoters and organic acid producers was inside heaps where lot of roots were noted during sampling and lowest in the soil below the heaps where chemical fertility was the highest; (d) population of Psuedomonas (indicators of ability of soil to manage diseases) and P-solubilizers could not be counted due to methodology problems; (e) N2-fixing bacteria (colonies that were looking like Azotobacter) was similar across the four treatments.

On crops seen at your farm: Like at your previous farm at the Yusuf Meherally Centre (YMC) Tara, Panvel district of Maharashtra, I was surprised by the very good growth of plants of a large number of species (at least 50) in a small area of much less than one acre (1 hectare = 2.42 acres). Surprizingly, the growth was stated to be of less than five months, almost the period when I saw similar good growth of plants at YMC when visited in April 2005. There were all signs of high productivity per unit area at the Krishi Tirth. When dug out, most plants had abundant roots and were white ie. highly active, at both the farms. The visit to your farm at the Krishi Tirth, Bajwada in Sept 2007 was another good opportunity for me to learn and confirm my belief in your technology. However, the challenge remains on how to scale-up this kind of crop production protocol. But I see this need of ‘scale-up’ as a collective duty of the society in general and of the agricultural research institutions, in particular. I strongly recommend agricultural scientists and policy makers to visit your farm to believe the indicated level of productivity that has all potential of feeding families of small-holder farmers owning about one acre area and having access to one thousand liter water per day per ten Gunta (1 acre = 40 Gunta). It was the obvious good growth of different crops that prompted us to spend resources and collect the attached data. Interested scientists may like to verify it. I believe that if promoted strategically your technology can potentially feed not only poor of this country but of most developing countries.

Challenge for you: Keep records of productivity of all crops per unit area of your model farm and compare it with that of any one or few neighbor farmers who are largely monocrop farmers.

Yours Sincerely,

OP RupelaPrincipal Scientist (Microbiology)

Soil analysis report

The 'Amrut Mitti' is having neutral pH and organic carbon content of 8.45g in 100 g of manure. Further it is rich in both total and available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content. The calcium and magnesium content is also found higher value in the manure. All the micronutrients are above sufficiency level in the manure.

The soils of farmer's field having higher pH and is coming under alkali soil with low organic carbon content. The soils are low in Nitrogen and Phosphorus while medium in Potassium. The calcium and magnesium content is found higher value in the farmer's soil. The Zn content was found in low level while others micro nutrients are in sufficiency level.

The soils of Bajwada farm are having higher pH with high in organic carbon content. The soils are low in Nitrogen, medium in Phosphorus while rich in Potassium. The calcium and magnesium content is found higher value in the farm soil. All the micro nutrients are above sufficiency level in the farm soil.

Comments:

The challenge is to enrich our soils with organic carbon and all the nutrients by practising Natueco- farming and is possible to increase the food production with no dependency on synthetic fertilizers. The enriching of carbon in soils of Bajwada has begun and this technique of Natueco-farming needs to be popularized in all types of soils of India.

Yours sincerely

(S.K. Naik)Sr. Scientist (Soil Science)ICAR-RCER, RC, Plandu

Dr. A. K. Singh

Principal Scientist & Head

F.No. :TC/ OF/2013/ Date: 11.04.2014

To

Mr. Deepak Suchde

At Bajwada, Nemawar,

Dist-Dewas, Madhya Pradesh

Email: deepaksuchde@gmail.com

Sub : Soil test report of ‘Amrut Mitti’ and soil samples-reg Sir,

Willi reference to the subject cited above, Dr. S. K. Nook, Sr. Scientist (Soil Science)

and Mr. Gangaram, Technical officer of our centre visited your farm on 18.10.2013.

During their stay at your place, they learned about the preparation of ‘Amrut Mitti’ and

collected samples of ‘Amrut Mitti’ and farm soils from your farm.

The detail analysis report is enclosed for your needful.

Yours sincerely

(HEAD)

tUe & 29&03&1949

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