What Material Properties are Useful

• In a climbing rope?

• In a carbon fibre bike fork?

• In a bullet-proof vest?

What Material Properties are Useful

• In a climbing rope? Elasticity and strength

• In a carbon fibre bike fork? Strength and stiffness

• In a bullet-proof vest? Toughness and plasticity

Define the followingKey Word Definition Example

StiffDoes not easily change shape when force is applied

Glass

ElasticReturns to original shape when force is removed.

Copper

Plastic Remains deformed when force is removed Blu-tac

Ductile Can be readily pulled out into a thinner shape. Copper

Malleable Can be deformed under compression Copper

Strong Requires a large force to break it Steel

Brittle Easily cracks Glass

Tough Needs a large force to deform it Kevlar

Smooth Low friction surface PTFE

DurableProperties do not deteriorate with repeated loading and unloading

Bone

Stress and Strain

Using the results from last lesson

• Draw a graph• Plot a line of best fit• Determine the gradient of the

straight line section (Young’s Modulus)

• Work out the area under this section. This is the energy stored in the material.

Working out uncertainty

• When you need to work out the uncertainty from two readings multiplied together or divided, we follow the following method.

• Work out the uncertainties as percentages.• For 5±0.5cm

Working out uncertainty 2

• Whether you are multiplying or dividing units, you will always add the uncertainties together.

• I measure the side of a cube to be 10±0.5cm

• What is its volume if all dimensions are the same?

• What is the uncertainty with that volume?

• Now place error bars on your first and last two plots on the graph. Assume mass has no uncertainties.

Necking

As the metal wire experiences plasticity, it becomes narrower at one point.

This is called necking.

1. What happens to the stress experienced at that point in the wire as it begins to narrow?

2. Work out the stress on a 1mm diameter section of wire with a experiencing a force of 10N.

3. What is the stress if it narrows to 0.9mm?

Resistance

• Write a description of resistance in no more than 9 words

• What is the energy transfer for resistance? What type of energy does it convert, and into what?

• What is the equation that relates Voltage, Current and Resistance?

Resistance

• Three things determine the resistance of a wire:

1. Length (l) - The longer the wire the more difficult it is for current to flow

2. Area (A) – The wider the wire the easier it is for electrons to pass along it

3. Resistivity (ρ) – This is a property of the material

Resistivity

Rearrange this equation for all variables.