Zimbabwe News, Vol. 27, No. 4

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Zimbabwe News, Vol. 27, No. 4

Alternative title Zimbabwe News

Author/Creator Zimbabwe African National Union

Publisher Zimbabwe African National Union (Harare, Zimbabwe)

Date 1996-04-00

Resource type Magazines (Periodicals)

Language English

Subject

Coverage (spatial) Zimbabwe, South Africa, Southern Africa (region), Malawi

Coverage (temporal) 1996

Source Northwestern University Libraries, L968.91005 Z711 v.27

Rights By kind permission of ZANU, the Zimbabwe African NationalUnion Patriotic Front.

Description Editorial: Beyond the Presidential Elections. Freedom of thePress. Cover Story: Zimbabwe's 16th IndependenceAnniversary. Special Feature: The new cold war in Asia.Church News: Churches condemn statement by MinisterStamps. Domestic File: Black economic empowerment amust — President. Regional File: The peace process.Business News: Textile sector needs government move.The South African economy in 1996. Talking Point: Apost-mortem of Presidential Elections. A policy forsustainable economic growth. Healthline: Out-of-courtsettlement for deadly error. Women's Forum: Women aretheir own problem. Viewpoint: Indigenisation of theeconomy. News Update: Msika on campaign rallies. Peaceplan for Korean Peninsula. Muluzi praised in Malawi.Ugandans urged to end rebellion. SADC urged to promoteinformation exchange. Pro-democracy movement growing inSwaziland. Poverty in South Africa too. Book Review:"Democracy: The challenge of change."

Format extent(length/size)

36 page(s)

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ZANU PF

ZANU PFUnity. Peace and De-elomerOtZimbabwe NewsOfficial Organ of ZANU PFDepartment of Informatit and Pulicity, 144 UnIon Aoerue, Harare, Tel: 790148Volume 27, No. 4 1996, Registered at the G.P.O as a Newspaper APRIL 1996$2.50(inc. sales tax)Theyour land forfreewhyshould we pay now

Zimbabwe NewsOfficial Organ of ZANU PFContentsEDITORIAL (I):(1l):COVER STORY: SPECIAL FEATURE: CHURCH NEWS: DOMESTIC FILE:REGIONAL FILE: BUSINESS NEWS: TALKING POINT: HEALTHLINE:WOMEN'S FORUM: VIEWPOINT: NEWS UPDATE:BOOK REVIEW:Beyond the Presidential Elections .........................................Freedom of the Press ...........................................................Zimbabwe's 16th Independence Anniversary .........................The new cold war in Asia ....................................................Churches condemn statement by Minister Stamps .................Black economic empowerment a must - President ...............The peace process ...................................Textile sector needs government move .................................The South African economy in 1996 ....................................A post-mortem of Presidential Elections ...............................A policy for sustainable economic growth ............................Out-of-court settlement for deadly error ................................Women are their own problem .............................................Indigenisation of the economy ..............................................Msika on campaign rallies ....................................................Peace plan for Korean Peninsula ..........................................Muluzi praised in Malawi ....................................................Ugandans urged to end rebellion...: ......................................

SADC urged to promote information exchange .....................Pro-democracy movement growing in Swaziland ...................Poverty in South Africa too .................................................."Democracy: The challenge of change" ..............................I-HMZimbabwe Newsis the official organ of the ZimbabweAfrican National Union(ZANU PF) and is produced on the authority of the Central Committeeby theDepartment of Information and Publicity, Jongwe Printing and Publishing Co.,No. 14Austin Road, Worldngton, Harare. World Copyright. Central Committee(ZANU PF)Editorial Council: Cde. N.M. Shamuyanra, Cde. C.C. Chimutengwende, Cde. C.Ndhlovu, Cde. S. Kachingwe. Cde.A. Sikhosana, Cde. M. Munyati.ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 27 NO. 4C

Beyond the Presidential ElectionsNow that the Presidential elections of 1996 are over, it is time to take stock of themistakes made in the past, and how they should be corrected; and look at the roadahead to see how the material conditions of our people can be improved. Ourleadership has the political will, the experience, and the dedicationto make acorrect assessment of the situation, and arrive at the right conclusions. ZANU-PFhas been through many crises and difficult situations, but it survived because ofwise leadership. And a dedicated cadreship. It is in this context that weso muchwelcome the return of Comrade R.G. Mugabe, First Secretary and President, tothe helm of the Govern. ment. He has what it takes to lead a growing nation likeours - the ability to take wise decisions; a set of principies to guide him;and acapacity to unite the people.The Central Committee, the Parliament, the Politburo, and the Cabinet,shouldnow chart the road ahead of the nation, dearly sign-posted with concrete steps thatare being taken in order to forge ahead. Looking back one of the mistakes madewas to embrace the concept of the ESAP in the belief that it would attractforeigninvestment, increase exports, and thereby reduce or remove unemployment. Noneof that has occurred; instead prices have gone up, inflation has alsogone up, andthe value of our dollar has gone down. Now, the same economists who wereurging for the opening up of the economy in order to achieve growth, are nowarguing for a drastic reduction in Government expenditure, and selling off theparastatal bodies to private companies. We should close our ears to theseeconomists. They will simply lead us to financial bankruptcy, and politicalstalemate. The promises that were made during the election campaignmust nowbe fulfilled, especially on the land, indigenisation of the economy, and buildingmore and bigger dams. The expectations of our people al'e high. Any delay orhesitation would give our people a totally wrong impression of ourGovernment,and its intentions. Those who own farms and companies should enjoytheirproperty, but they should not be allowed to stop or hinder the Government and theParty from fulfilling the promises made to the people. In future the credibility andlegitimacy of the Government will depend on its ability to deliver on the promises

it has made. In the past, ZANU-PF has never failed to fulfill its promises to theZimbabwean people. We delivered freedom and independence; weunited ourpeople and gave them peace and stability; we sharply increased the social services(education and health) to our people; we opened up to them what was aclosedracist society; and, we improved their material conditions substantially. All thiswas done in the face of thick opposition from the same economists whoare nowadvising us to sell the little silver left in the house. The Party has the popular base,the administrative capacity, and the political will to deliver on the promises of itsprincipled leadership. [lFreedom of the pressThere has been much uninformed discussion about the freedom of the press.Unfortunately, even eminent legal minds that should shed much-needed light onthe subject, have not done so. They have infact contributed to theconfusion byrepeating slogans that have no meaning. The campigners for press freedom haveheld up the 'Financial Gazette' as the example of a free, and independent press.Free and independent from what? They mean free from Governmentcontrol. Butfreedom from Government control does not mean freedom from other forms ofcontrol, especially the paymaster. Every editor and journalist must adhere to thepolicy of the proprietor of the newspaper he or she is writing for. Thispoint wasmade abundantly clear by Mr. Elias Rusike, the chief executive of ModusPublications. After dismissing the editor, Mr. Trevor Ncube, he said: "Editors areemployees like any other persons. An editor does not own a newspaper but ishired by owners of the newspaper to implement their editorial policy." Thatstatement is the truth of the matter. We have never accepted the view that ajournalist working for the press barons is free and independent. There is pressurenow to end the monopoly of the ZBC in the field of broadcasting. While somecompetition may be very good for the ZBC, but it does not follow thatthosejournalists working for other broadcasting organisations will necessarily be freeand independent. Freedom can never be absolute. But, we think the largestmeasure of freedom can be achieved in an institution like the Zimbabwe MassMedia Trust. It is not perfect, and it has had many teething problems.But, thecentral idea is to have an institution that is not controlled by Government, and notdictated to by any press baron. Those distinguished Zimbabwean citizens who runit have no financial interest in the business, and no shareholders to please orplacate, In that context, they should serve the interest of all Zimbabweans. Themajority shares they hold in the publishing company, are held in trust for allZimbabweans. The papers should be influenced by, and reflectall tections of theZimbabwe public, the Government of the day, the opposition parties,the businessgroups, sporting associations et cetera, without fear or favour. That is the centralobjective of the noble idea of the Trust. It is a great pity that campaigners ofvarious organisations have lost sight of this objective, and vilifiedthe Trustunfairly. Some of the campaigners are sworn enemies of the Government, andonly want to see a newspaper that attacks and discredits the present Government,even with false statements. Those people have their political objective, but theydo not promote democracy in Zimbabwe. The central aim of the Trustis topromote democracy and tolerance among all sections of Zimbabweansociety; and

to represent all those sections in the structures of the Trust.]ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 27 NO. 4

ibwe's 16th Independence anniversaryBy Zvenyika Kambizi2 day we all became one big team in the governance of this country - ViceidentCde. Muzendahis month on April 18, Zimbabwe- dependence Celebrations Committee. ans fromall walks of life celebrate He added: "It is a day that marked a the country's 16thIndependence new beginning to a new life for all Zimwersary.babweans, a day that we all became oneabwe attained its national indepen- big team in the governance of this coune in1980 on April 18 after 90 bit- try and in the shaping of our own ears of colonialrule. destiny."e new and all-important chapter in the Antry's history opened following a-year bloody armed struggle against oniaism.was the Second Chimurenga led by e:Joshua Nkomo (PF ZAPU), and Cde. bertMugabe (ZANU) that finally disIged colonialism in this country. TheitChimurenga waged in 1896 and led Ambuya Nehanda and Sekuru KagunMashonaland and King Lobengula he Matebeleland region, failed mainly e toinferior weaponry. ndreds of young men and women rificed their precious livesfor the inpendence of Zimbabwe. Many elderpeople and young children also lost rdear lives in "crossfire" is the country's national indepenice dayis a veryimportant occasion the people of Zimbabwe and the ithern African region.is a very, very important day that v the Union Jack Flag go down, ilaced by onedenoting our history, present and our aspirations," said u President Cde SimotVengesai zenda who is the chairman of the In-Cde. Muzenda noted that April 18 also reminds all progressive minds of thiscountry of the achievements made by the democratically elected people'sgovernment led by Cde. Robert Gabriel Mugabe, vis-a-vis the desires, concernsand aspirations of the electorate. With regards to the needs and concers of themasses, the Government of Zimbabwe has done a great deal in the socio-politicalarea.UhuruUhuru means freedom in Swahili. Rusungunuko in Shona. Inkululekoin Ndebele.We all know that. But then, say that word in any language to a nation thatexperienced nearly a hundred years of colonial rule, a 14 year-armed liberationstruggle and the death of over 40 000 of its nationals with hundreds maimed,raped and left homeless, and it will sound like manna from heaven.April 18,1980, Zimbabwe's independence day is such a day.Cde Muzenda noted that in celebrating the dawn of a new era, all progressiveminds cannot help but cast their minds back onto the achievements of theirdemocratically elected government ledby Cde. Robert Gabriel Mugabe, taking cognisance of any failures. When in 1980,of the 5 000 students at the University of Zimbabwe, 87.5 percent were whites, no

one could believe that by 1996, over 98 percent of the more than 12 000 studentenrolment would be black. This is happeningwith ,a background of secondaryschools having increased tenfold with clinics and hospitals expandedwhere theyexisted and new ones built where they did not. And while there has been aremarkable expansion in the structures and operations of the UZ, another suchinstitute, the National University of Science and Technology (NUST), has beenestablished cheifly to take care of the country's critical shortage of technicalexpertise. Moreso, a degree-offering Science teacher training institute soon to belaunched in Bindura will be gradually turned into a fully-fledged university. Thecollege will take over the ZimbabweCulba Teacher Training Programme thatpreviously required locals to go to the Caribbean island for five-year periods.Besides, the present government has encouraged any interested parties to set uptheir own instutions of higher learning. Already, the Seventh Day Adventists aretransforming Solusi College in Bulawayo into a university; the UnitedMethodistChurch has set up Africa University in Mutare; and plans are affoot towards theestablishment of a Catholic Church-run University in the City of Gweru.To redress the imbalances brought about by the oppresive and discriminatorycolonial education system, the government has invested heavily inthis sector toenable every child to at least, get to form four and this continue to bethe policy tothis day. In the health sector, the country has now established and improvedprovincial hospitals and most of Zimbabwe's 58 administrative districts now havetheir own hospitals. As a result, Zimbabwe now ranks amongst a few ofthedeveloping nations with the lowest infant mortality rate due to the vastlyimproved health delivery system and the government immunisation drive throughthe Ministry of Health ard Child Welfare.Training programmes for commuritybased health workers have been going onsince 1980 and this has also helped in further improving the health deliverysystem as many have now been trained in various areas to advise on aspectseContinued on next pageWE NEWS VOL. 27 NO. 4

Zimbabwe's 16th Independence anniversay*Continued from previous pageranging from nutrional to such diseases as tuberclosis.Land issueAlso, tremendous efforts have been made towards resettling the many thousandsof landless blacks inspite of the constraints imposed on the governmentby theLancaster House Constitution of1979, during the first ten years ofmajority rule.Well over 60 000 families have so far been resettled and accordingto VicePresident Muzenda, the government will vigorously pursue the resettlementprogramme during this new term of governance which began on Saturday, March30, 1996.While conceding that the government had no money to buy land for resettlementpurposes, Cde. Muzenda nonetheless, stated that farms were stillgoing to beidentified and acquired through the Land Acquisition Act. "There is no goingback on the land issue, and we are not going to compromise on this even in the

face of mounting pressure from some western countries which have threatened towithhold their aid to Zimbabwe if we took farms from the whites," said Cde.Muzenda.He mentioned France and Britain as some of the western nations putting pressureon Zimbabwe. "If whites ,grabbed our land through some notoriouspieces oflegislation, I don't see why we cannot pass our own laws thate will effectivelyredress the situation."The Sir Godfrey Huggins (later to be known as Lord Malvin) Government firstpassed the Land Act (1930) mainly to destock blacks who had large herds oflivestock before forcing them to arid areas (tribal trust lands) through the LandApportionment Act (1933) which demarcated the country into five agriculturalregions. Blacks were squeezed in regions four and five while the fewwhitesapportioned to themselves the fertile one and two. regions and a part of regionthree.Asked Cde. Muzenda: "If whites passed the Land Apportionment Act todisadvantage blacks and enrich- themselves, why can't we pass our own Land Ap-. portionment Act to redress the situation?"He said the question of funds should not take prominence on the land issue. "Thequestion here should be what method to apply because the land is thereand it isthat land that we have to allocate to the several thousands of landlessblacks."The Vice President said the present situation where on average, one whiteoccupied 16 hectares to one-and-a-half occupied by a black person when the latteraccount for over 99 percent of the population cannot be allowed tocontinue.IdeologyCde. Muzenda denied and dismissed charges by some self-proclaimed politicalanalysts that the ZANU PF Government does not endorse multi-party politics andthat it once tried communism but failed, as cheap politicking by some arm-chairpoliticians pre-occupied by such illusions as when ZANU PF will fallfrompower."We considered the idea, yes, during the liberation struggle, .butwe never tried toenforce it on the people upon independence. Neither were we at anyone timecommunists as some people allege," said Cde. Muzenda adding that the fact thatthere were more than three political parties, at least, at every general electionsince 1980 clearly demonstrates that the ZANU PF Government hasaccommodated multi-party politics even before assuming the governance of thiscountry.He said it was easier then (in 1980) to adopt the one'Party rule system as othercountries in the region such as Mozambique, Zambia and Malawi were onePartystates.And on communism: "We never were communists -although we sided withthemsince they too were firmly opposed to colonialism."UnityHe praised Cde. Robert Mugabe, Prqsident and First Secretary ofZANU PF formaking unity between former PF ZAPU and ZANU a reality. "We are absolutelyvery lucky in that the two parties came to an agreement

- something quite rare in Africa but we managed that and that development hasbrought the country peace and tranquility making Zimbabwe the continent'sshining example," said the VicePresident.The unity accord between the former two parties was signed on 22 Decem ber1987, and it gave birth to the new ZANU PF.Black economic empowerment Vice President Muzenda nonetheless pointed outthat while the ZANU PF government has now fully consolidated and empoweredthe masses politically, black economic empowermet programmes now neededto be pursued with the same vigour, determination and will as was the thecasewith political empowermentThe -starting point, observed Cde. Muzenda, would be re-examining and revistingthe application of the policy of reconciliation.ReconciliationHe said the national reconciliation policy, proclaimed upon the attainment-ofindependence in 1980, has only helped to some extent - where the policy soughtto heal wounds between the nationalists and those who worked and sympathisedwith the fascist regime of rebel Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian Douglas Smith."As for whites," noted Cde. Muzenda, "they only accepted it in as far as itprotected them but at the same time, saw it as a weakness on our part and startedexploiting the situation to their advantage."For instance, said the Vice-President, upon independence, whites appointed someblacks into executive positions as a way of safe guarding their business interests,but as soon as they realised that national reconciliation had taken care of that,whites started dismissing these blacks one after the other. Thus, stated the Vice-President, it was necessary at this point in time to revisit the policy of nationalreconciliation so that its application does not hinder our programmes ofdevelopment., CelebrationsCelebrations this year to mark Zimbabwe's birthday come just over a fortnightafter the swearing in of Cde. Robert Gabriel Mugabe as Zimbabwe'sExecutivePresident following his resounding victory in the Presidential Election.Independence day celebrations are spread all over the country with lots offestivities. 0ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 27 NO. 4

,he end of World War il saw the beginning of ideological tensions betweencapitalism and communism. i ideological camp claimed authoriver chunks ofseveral states which e once regarded internationally as ary states. Imnny was divided into west and Korea was partitioned into north south, and sowas Vietnam. In ChiTaiwan separated itself from the nland and claimed that itspopulai of 1.75 percent was the represenre of the 98.25 majority! The United esbacked this absurd claim for eral decades until its attempts to rthrow thegovernment of comnist China were exhausted. Though partitioned. Laos andCampuchea lerwent fratricidal civil wars the coniation of which is still being feltin the er.

,mning from March 10 this year, teni between the United. States and Chitook on atautness which aroused I heightened the risk for a nuclear r confrontation.President Lee Tenii of Taiwan, reflecting on the heightd tension, said: "Let me tellyou all. ! government (of Taiwan) has arleady de complete preparations."New world warAlthough communist ideology was soundly trounced by capitalism in EasternEurope, its survival in Asia has attracted increased attention from theAmericanswhose mission is to eradicate it from every region of the earth. As the situationstands at present, nothing short of a new World War can stop the further growthof communism in Asia. In a world dominated by capitalist ideology, communist,ideas need secure refuge in isolation. T he introspective centrism. Inherent in theculture of the Orient provides a promising refuge for the blossoming ofcommunist ideas in China. Since everyone out of four people in the world is aChinese, the influence of the Asian giant is destined to recruit adherents from allregions of the world.The rippling effect of Chinese ideas is the cause of fear in capitalist America. Ifthe Americans have so far failed to extinguish the flickering light of communistideas in Cuba - only 120 kilometres away from their shore - their greatestfear of communism must surely centre on the future of China. Hence their largestdisplay of military muscle in the South China Sea since the end of the VietnamWar.During the second week of last month, the United States deployed two large navalcarriers: the nuclear-powered USS Nimitz capable of carrying 100 bombers andthe USS Independence with a capacity to carry 85 bombers. On its part,communist China was already conducting a week-long military exercise-involving unarmed missiles along the Straits of Taiwan in the China Sea.Thanksto the restraining effects of international diplomacy, the scenariosurroundingthese war preparations would have triggered World War III. Modem warfare isnot a simple operation where the weak is speedily overrun by the stronger. TheGulf War should have been a case of American forces and their alliesoverrunningIraq in a matter of days. Instead, little Iraq managed to save itself bywithstandingthe onslaught of superior armies.Another example is that of little Chechnya which has withstood the onslaught ofthe Russian army to a point of indefinite conclusion.American military planners very well know the unpredictability of awar betweenChina and the United States. Their past experiences in Vietnam may drivePentagon hawks to take the option of a pre-emptive nuclear strike as they did inNagasaki and Hiroshima 50 years ago. They only need to find an internationally .acceptable pretext to start World War Ill over their goal of eradicating communistideas in the triangle formed by Beijing, Pyongyang and Ho Chi Min City.On February 10, 1996, North Korean Foreign Ministry spokesmansaid: "If theUS and its supporters attempt to undermine our socialist system, thinking thatpressure will work on the Democratic People's Republic of Korea,tension on theKorean Peninsula will grow more .serious and only the trouble-makers will beharmed." The spokesman went on to reveal that the'United States had 1 000nuclear weapons deployed in South Korea and pointing to North Korea.

Global policemanAs the world becomes a miniaturisedglobal village through modern communications technology, the UnitedStates hasappointed itself sheriff in the global village. Its global patrols have taken it intostormy waters in Cuba, Panama, Haiti, Nicaragua, Grenada, Libya, Somalia,Israel, Iraq, Iran, Bosnia, Mozambique, Angola and many othertroubled spots toonumerous to mention.The self-appointed task of the United States is to make every countrya pasture forits capitalists under the cover of "making the world safe for democracy". In theprocess, no risk is spared, including threats of a nuclear war. The question thenarises on whether promoting world capitalism is such a stealthy undertaking thatthe United States, as the promoter, needs the services of hundreds ofthousands ofinter-national espionage agents in addition to an everpresent nuclear war overhangin the minds of all those who may opt for resistance? The camp of resisters in allparts of the world find justification for their uphill struggles in that the UnitedStates - using all that is in its Arsenal- can still feel threatened by the retreating waves of communist ideology. Thisreality gives encouragement to the resisters against capitalist ideology that itscurrent worldwide victories are mere surface appearances of a paper tiger whosedemise is the working class agenda for the 21 st century.The global policemanship of the United States over all the peoples of the world isbound to have its Napoleonic Waterloo in the breaking out of its weakest link. Itsweakest link is in its dependence upon each country's national bourgeoisie whichis, in turn parasitic on the labour of the working class, and is earning the stillunchannelled wrath of these grassroot masses whom they exploit.The grassrootlabouring classes are increasingly and irrevocably becoming conscious to destroytheir enemies the capitalists and their hangers-on are the sworn enemies ofgrassroot working masses.The working classes, led by their representatives, are becoming more and moreconscious each year about how their national bourgeoisie has contracted amarriage of convenience with global capitalism championed by USeContinued on next pageABWE NEWS VOL. 27 NO. 4

he Heads o Denominationsrepresenting forty Christian Churches in Zimbabwe are offended by the statementof the Minister of Health and Child Welfare quoted in The Sunday Mail of 4February 1996 in which he questions the motivation of those who oppose theMinistry's policy of countering the AIDS crisis by swamping the country withcondoms and by promoting the use of the condom as a certain barrier to disease.Those Churches who oppose the Minister's present policy are motivatedoContinued from previous pageneo-colonialists. The traditional opulence of all Western imperialists is now beingconspicuously emulated by the national bourgeoisie of every country under USguardianship. This unholy assimilation of the national bourgeoisieto US globalstrategies for the promotion of capitalism or, as they have nicknamedit, market

economies is now open for the grassroot masses to see despite the thicklayer ofpropaganda being spread over to cover it.Mission impossibleThe US self-appointed task of a global capitalist policeman is a missionimpossible. Different races have differing cultures.and political outlooks.Universally, they may share a common experience of leading poverty-strickenlives under their national governments which are attempting to inculcate on theirminds an American mentality outside the territorial boundaries of the UnitedStates. Nationalism in each targeted nation-state will eventually solidify into aformidable barrier against US ideological influences.Patriotic resistance by national forces in each country will eventually gain inter-by a concern tor tne genuine weirare or the people of Zimbabwe and are disturbedby the government's apparent failure to comprehend the true causes of the presentepidemic and the basis for its long-term solution. Heads of Christian Churchesoppose the Minister's "safe sex" condom campaign on three grounds.In the first place, there is ample scientific evidence to show that condoms are notthe infallible barrier to infection which the Minister's publicity campaignproposes. By telling the public, including children, that they may safely in-national support as the case of Cuba whose resistance leader, Dr.Fidel CastroRuz, was recently given a standing ovation by Heads of State at the UnitedNations General Assembly. That ovation was a slap in the face against PresidentClinton who had wished to receive that ovation on behalf of US globalpolicemanship.The assembly of Heads ot State at that UN meeting and the standing ovation forDr. Fidel Castro Ruz showed clearly how summit representatives of all thepeoples of the world support American. policies at diplomatic levels but thinkotherwise at the august world forum. This duality of political expressionunderlines how thin and worn-out are the cords that tie the world's Heads of Stateto the leadership of America. This reality should be developed from being astruggle waged by thinning ranks of communist revolutionaries to thehigher levelof populist international solidarity against U% globalisation of thecapitalist modeof production. This should be done by popularising, and agitating for, the peacefulreunification of the partitioned states of Asia and elsewhere. edulge in sexual activity with coi protection, he is perpetrating a si deception onthe public.In the second place, the Churces tion the manner in which the Mi of Healthappears to have surren to policies formulated by wt governments and agencies inthe of population control without any prehension of the effects these p( will haveon the cultural and mon tudes of the people of Zimbabwe ticularly offensive arethe sexual e tion campaigns being launche government and other agencies!schools and colleges of this cQunt posing young people to a cult promiscuity andirresponsible sexu tivity. We believe that we'speak f( majority of parents andteachers we condemn these campaign irresponsible.Thirdly, the Churches wish to state quivocally that the only solution1 presentcrisis of AIDS is to stimuli the whole of society an attitude an ture of sexualmorality based on nence from sexual activity before riage and faithfulness to one

part marriage. There is no other guar of protection from HIV infection Minister'spresent "safe sex" cam pays lip service only to sexual n ty. The half-heartedendorsemeni Minister Stamps has previously p a code of sexual morality is morEcounteracted by his promotic condom-use as a barrier a infection.The Heads of Christian Churches, fore, call on the Government andi ticular theMinistries of Health an( cation to take seriously their res bilities to the people ofZimbabw especially the young people, and vote their resources tothe real of thepresent crisis facing our sc Christian Churches commit them unreservedly toopposing the preE responsible policies of govenl which promote a culture of 'safiin our society.ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 27 1r]Fhe ew col wari Asa. 1

Black economic empowerment a must - President*Zimbabweans should not remain mere owners of votesoting that indigenisation must bevigorously pursued as an effective method of empowering and; enriching thepeople, the President and First Secretary of ZANU PF, Cde. RobertGabrielMugabe has said that a situation must never be allowed where the people ofZimbabwe remain nothing more than owners of votes, whilst the ownership ofmost economic resources remains reposed in the hands of outsiders.Addressing the 25th session of the Central Committee at the Party headquarters inHarare on Friday, March 22, Cde. Mugabe said that such empowerment mustcomprise forms of assistance in both financial and educational (training) terms."Otherwise economic development becomes a neo-colonialist process whoseeffects will detract from our greatly cherished sovereignty," said Cde. Mugabe.The following is a full text of the President's speech:Comrades Vice Presidents and Second Secretaries of ZANU PF, ComradeMembers of the Central Committee. Hearty greetogs and warm welcome! Onlyfour days ago, on Monday 18th March, our hearts pulsated with joy aswereceived the good news of our overwhelming victory in the Presidential Electionsthat took place on the 16th and 17th of March. We all had run a gruelling electioncampaign, crisscrossing the country, covering all the provinces and addressingnumerous meetings in them all. It was indeed one of the best organisedcampaignswe have had, and accordingly very exacting and demanding one to theParty andits leadership. The meetings were wellorganised and also well-attended. Theresult was no doubt foretold long before the voting, not by prophets andsoothsayers, but by the spirit of the people themselves as they, in jubilant songsand dances, massively attended our meetings.I want to express to you my heartfeltgratitude for the wonderful role you played in this just ended, vigorous campaign.Ndinotenda zvikuru! Ngiyabonga kakhulu! It was indeed a greatvictory, for meyes, but for all of you also as my colleagues in the Central Committee and thePolitburo, and for our Party and People! Long live ZANU PF! Long live ourunity! Long live our revolution! Comrades, going through an election process

entailing a vast and vigorous campaign of the nature we have just run was atremendous experience to both the candidate(s) and all who were engaged in it. Iwould like to believe, therefore, that all of us here went through quite arefreshingexperience. Indeed, we saw a lot, heard a lot, and felt a lot. We were not justspeakers and informants during the campaign. The bipolar nature involved in ourrelating to and reasoning with the people demanded that we also become listenersand learners at the same time. Sure, we delivered our policy messages on land,education, health, roads, dams and water agriculture, industry,the economy ingeneral, unemployment, indigenisation and ownership of our resources, and othertopics. Yes, we talked about the Party, the need for unity and thecommon destinyof our people. But we also had to listen to the problems and harships beingencountered by the people, most of them relat Ing to the very topics on which wehad based our policy messages. We thus were able to appreciate how our policieshad succeeded or failed to meet the people's demands in the several areas of theirinterest and concerns; land, health, education, water, roads, jobs, housing,projects, transport, et cetera.Perhaps you gathered the same impression as I did, namely, that wehave behindus the vigorous support of a vast population, which, whilst it continues to expressits loyalty to the Party and its leadership, is nevertheless confronted by a host ofsocio-economic problems. I believe now is the time to analyse the people'sgrievances as they expressed them in both their urban and rural setting, and workout urgent and effectiveways of addressing them. Now is also the time to analyse the inadequacies of ourpast policies and try to establish how these shortcomings could be overcomethrough more thrustful and effective approaches. we have made verbal promisesin respect of many areas of our people's concerns. If the promisesare tangible atall, then let us see that they come true, and they can only do so by our turningtheory into practice. Failure to do so will undoubtedly erode the people'sconfidence in us, that is, in both the Party and its leadership. This iswhy I amsuggesting, as I have done before, the serious undertaking of well plannedprogrammes and projects based on our enunciated policies and promises. All told,our people desire and demand to move forward and not backwards.They also donot envisage remaining static in regard'to the development of their humancondition. They want progress now, and more and more progressin the future.But how do we deliver this progress to them without first marshalling resources?Resources will have to be found both domestically and externally for a faster paceof progress to be achieved.in the domestic field we have a whole area of ample resources we can tap for thepeople's benefit. For sixteen years now we have wanted to be courteous and politeon the issue of land, the greatest and richest of all our resources. The result hasbeen our inability to achieve a greater pace of resettlement. If in afree,independent and sovereign Zimbabwe, the majority of the people andtheirgovernment do not and cannot own their land, what sovereignty do they thenpride themselves on? Land and massive land will have to be transferredimmediately to the people!

If, in a free, independent and sovereign Zimbabwe, the financialinstitutions thecommercial and other banks, building societies and pension funds -are notfacilitators of our development programmes, which, after all, areaimed atattaining certain national objectives,*Continued on next pageZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 27 NO. 4

Black economic empowerment a musti*Continued from previous pagethen I wonder what their basic role in our society is. I believe, if meaningfuldiscussions are entered upon with these institutions, several of our programmes,including the financing of new and existing small and medium scale businesses,urban and rural housing, construction of dams and road infrastructure, building ofschools, et cetera, could oc,cur with given rate of rapidity. There is currently theadmission by government .that our Exchequer (the treasury) isnot receiving allthe revenue that should flow into State coffers. Why this demonstration ofinefficiency should have lasted for so long is indeed a sign of weakness on thepart of our revenue collecting machinery. The situation is aggravated by theingrained fraudulent practices some of our industries have inherited from acorrupt UDI culture. Once a thief, always a thief. You do not expect that thosewho were taught to run their industries through deceit, chicanery andfraud, inorder to withstand and survive the onslaught of sanctions against UDI, can, all ofa sudden, even after 15 years, turn into straight, honest and truthfulpersons. Theirinherited crookish behaviour continues inevitably to translate itself into thepresent fraudulent behaviour characterising some companies, resulting, therefore,in the state being defrauded. The continued existence of this dishonest UDI mafiashould be uncovered, and where fraudulent acts, engaged in in order to escapetaxation or illegally transferring our resources abroad, are detected, thenpunishment must be made harsh and examplary.It should be bome in mind that the more resources there are availableto the Statethe greater its capacity to deliver on its policies.Tapping external resources, either through policies attracting investment capital orthrough bilateral credit arrangements, is a function of government aimed atsecuring more inputs meant to work in complementarity with and enhancement ofour own domestic resources. Indeed, our economic reform programme wasestablished on the reckoning that our domestic financial investment inputs wouldalways outweigh external ones by about three to one. This is still our policy. Moreinvestment capital has, therefore, to be our own, It must be found' in Zimbabwe.Presidentin the process of transforming our economy through investment, it isimportantthat we always bear in mind the fundamental principle of empowering theindigenous section of our population. Such empowerment must comprise forms ofassistance in both financial and educational (training) terms. Itis a point I made tothe British Exchequer that in the process of privatisation the local people(indigenous) should be included instead of the vulture waiting to devour theprocess. Otherwise economic development becomes a neo-colonialist process

whose effects will detract from our greatly cherished sovereignty. A situationmust never be allowed where the people of Zimbabwe remain nothing more thanowners of votes, whilst the ownership of most economic resourcesremain reposedin the hands of outsiders. Indigenisation must, therefore, be vigorously pursued asan effective method of empowering and enriching our people.Let me now rrfer to the state of the Party. It was my happy experience to witness,as I went round the country campaigning, the large surging crowds of men,women and youth, all jubilant and cheering, and obviously demonstrating theircommitment to ZANU PF. It was clear, in many areas, that the Party was nowgetting better organised than before. It was equally clear, however, that there wereseveral cases in several areas where there were disappointing turn-outs to ourmeetings, sometimes cleverly camouflaged by crowds of little kids. Whilst littlekids should surely come out to cheer and greet their President, I amcompletelyopposed to their being commandeered out of their classes to attend our poiticalmeetings. Let their role merely be one of greeting or, in some other acceptableways, saluting the President. Any way, our campaign mission objectivewas toaddress the voters, to reach the voters, - mature adults - we wanted to impresswith our election messages. I hope the National Commissar will look into thisquestion.My own assessment of the situato!!, between rural and urban meetingsl that theattendance, with a few ex--, tions, was much much better in the ruradl' areas thanin urban ones. One natural.r ly must accept the inhibitive factors surroundingurban meetings, one of which was that these meetings were held, in manyinstances, on work days and at too awkward times for the workers butthere wereother reasons for poor attendances. Nevertheless, the fact remains that there is agreater need for intensive organisational work to be done in towns than in thecountry. in this regard, our restructuring exercise becomes very inportant indeed,although it alone will not yield larger attendances at meetings. Theefficientmanagement of the Party at the provincial level is key to the success ofthe Partyin each and every Province. If a Province cannot show good resultsin terms of thestrength of its membership, acceptable levels of joining fees and subscriptions,good attendances at meetings called at all levels (the cell, branch, district andprovince), then there is something radically lacking on the part of theprovincialleadership. I think we need to conduct a comprehensive review of our electioncampaign, for it is only through such a post mortem that we can establish areas oforganisational weakness as opposed to areas of strength in the Party. I am sure theNational Commissar's Report on the Election Campaign will provide us withcause for thought and provoke our Provincial Councils into greatervigour andpurposeful action.Once again, thank you for your support' May our unity continue to inspire ourpeople and nation, and instil fear and trepidation into misguided political midgetsand unashamed neo-colonialist stooges who in characteristic fashion take pride insinging and daning to their masters' tunes. May Zimbabwe for ever remain free,sovereign and independent. May ZANU PF continue to be the nation's hope for anassured prosperous future! I thank you! 0(Telephone 79014819

H ALWAYS THERE'TOSERVE AND SAVE 'OU NOW:ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 27 NO. 4

tIMBABWE welcomes the latestnews from Angola that an agreement has finally been reached btweenthe MPLAgovernment of An,la and the UNITA leadership to end th civil war and form agovernment of national unity and reconciliation. For the benefitof our readers, weare publishing a summary of the events that are the immediate background to thecurrent peace agreement.Reconciliation and power-sharingin September, President Dos Santos and UNrTA leader Jonas Savimbi met inBrussels at the Roundtable Conference with Angola's donors. Meanwhile, pressreports said that the government had earmarked US$9 million to build houses forUnita representatives to government and Parliament. In successive statements,Savirnbi reaffirmed that he was ready to accept a Vice-Presidency, that hispersonal relationship with President dos Santos was good, that thegovernment ofnational reconciliation would be set up in January, and that he would then moveto Luanda.In mid-October, one of the bodyguards of General Ben-Ben - Unita's Chief ofStaff - was wounded by gunfire in Luanda. Unita argued that it was anassassination attempt (rejecting the results of the inquiry by the Angolan policeinto the matter) and recalled Ben-Ben to Bailundo, so talks on outstandingmilitary issues with the government were suspended. US President,WilliamClinton's Special Envoy to Angola, Paul Hare, travelled to Bailundo to discuss theBen-Ben incident and other issues with the Unita leadership and, returning toWashington, expressed his satisfaction at progress made in the peace process.Speaking to the press in Zambia in midOctober, Savimbi apologised for havingrejected the 1992 election results and re-igniting war. In another interview, headmitted for the first time that a nonaggression pact existed between Unita and thePortuguese government since 1972, but continued to deny the authen-ticity of letters exchanged with Portuguese military commandos at the time.Addressing the UN General Assembly in late October, President DosSantosscheduled the opening of a government of national reconciliation for March 1996,'but press reports insisted that Savimbi would not return to Luanda until thatmonth. On 1 November, Unita's Political Commission concluded thatGeneralBen-Ben had been the target of an assassination attempt, and calledon UNAVEMto review security arrangements for its elements in Luanda as a condition toreopen military talks.UNITA leader Cde. Jonas SavimbiIn late November, Savimbi declared that, in January 1996, he wouldtake up hispost as Vice-President. Later, he said that Eugenio Manuvakolo, Unita's outgoingSecretary-General, would fill a post in the forthcoming National ReconciliationGovernment.Abel Chivukuvuku, head of Unita's military and political delegationto the peacetalks, was appointed as Savimbi's special Representative to the President of the

Republic. Since mid-November, Savimbi and President Dos Santos resumed theirperiodical telephoe conversations, while Angola's Ambassador to Lisbonannounced that both leaders would meet on Angolan territory before1996. Leaving for the US in early December, (when Unita had announced thesuspension of its participation in the peace process, on the grounds of agovernment offensive in northern Angola) President Dos Santos invited Savimbito meet inside Angola. Unita's Secretary for African Affairs said that theinvitation was "uninteresting", and Unita's representatives to the US, JardoMuekalia, expressed reservations, as "conditions have not yet been created." ButUnita's Political Commission agreed with the proposal, even if criticising thegovernment's offensive and demanding the creation of favourable conditions tohold the meeting. According to US News and World Report' magazine, the USVice-President, Al Gore, said thatWashington intended to promote reconciliationbetween the Angolan government and Unita, and that he had discussed the matterwith President Mandela in South Africa. Ceasefire violation: In earlySeptember,the Head of Staff of the Angolan Armed Forces (FAA), Joao de Matos,acknowledged violations, non-compliance and delays in the implementation of theLusaka Accords. FAA sources said that there were 40 Zairian soldiers,commanded by President Mobutu's son, in the Negage area, and thatUnita hadattacked a civilian vehicle near Lucapa (Lunda-Norte) killing 24 people andwounding 19 others. Unita blamed this incident on uncontrolled bandits, whileBeye blamed militias serving diamond companies, and the British Ambassadoragreed that no evidence pointed to Unita. As the government prepared a cleanupoperation against the illegal diamond miners in that same area, Unita'sspokespersons expressed concern at the government's plans. The problem wasdiscussed at a 12 September meeting between Higinio Carneiro, Isaias Samakuva(Government and Unita representatives to the joint Commission) withUnita'sleadership in Bailundo.In September, the Joint Commission confirmed 25 ceasefire violations, mainly inHuila, Zaire, Uige and both Lunda*Continued on next pageZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 27 NO. 4

The rG Continued from previous pageprovinces. But, on 20 October, the] Commission concluded that these tionsdecreased to only 12 in the p ous fortnight. General Joao de M described themilitary situation as ing calm, although in late October FAA again accusedUnita.of several lations, including the kidnapping o people, among them six SouthAi workers of a mining company in Lt Norte. Unita argued that the capt SouthAfricans were mercenaries in forms (among the more than 3 000 claimed theFAA had in its ranks), n prisoners after Unita's counter-offer against a positionthat the FAA hai cupied on 15 October. The governr denied the existence ofmercenarie thin the FAA, and contended that it Unita that had mercenaries in itsra Unita's spokespersons continued to cize the South African Executive comescompany, saying that a grot their "mercenaries" planned to as sinate Savimbi.

By late November, Unita was accu the government of launching an o sive and ofoccupying new areas in and Zaire, particularly in the oil Soyo region, andthreatening repri At the end of the year, a source the FAA GeneralStaff said thatdi 1995 Unita caused 500 civilian and military deaths, while taking prisoners, 27of them military. Military matters: In mid-Septen Savimbi told a European Unionde tion that the main controversial is in the~peace process would be inout byChristmas. Later, he assured peace wds final and that the ceas was beinghonoured throughout country, although in early Octobe commented that GeneralJoao de M "irresponsible" war-mongering s ments would be to blameif wasumed. Unita's General Ben-Ben that talks between the two armies makingprogress, and that logis problems would be overcome. problem wasthegovernment's wis create a 4th division of the armed fo that Unita opposed. By thelate October, despite a decr in ceasefire violations, Unita kept tary negotiations ata standstill, p ing a final assessment of the Ben-Be cident. As Unitaconditionedthe reo ing of negotiations to a review by VEM of the system of protection ofeace proceessh ta officials in Luanda, Beye criticised Un- ment for its offensivein Zaireprov* e' ita for ill-treating a group of Portuguese - that Higinio Carneirojustified as ajoint "Blue Helmets" and members of foreign retaliation for Unita's provocationsac- NGOs. MPLA Secretary-General, Lopo do and demanded an immediate stopto revi- Nascimento, observed that the peace FAA movements. Unita's IsaasSamaku, atos process had not yet reached a point of va argued thatthe peaceprocess had be- no return, while Brigadier Urbano Tchas- to be "re-launched in areally serious ,the sanha - Unita's deputy head to the manner." The governmentoffered to un. vio- Joint Commission - said that the cease- conditionally freeprisoners, to quarter if 32 fire was non-existent. the Rapid DeploymentPolice and toican In early November, George Moose, Us evacuate the FAA from TchikalaTdlounda Under-Secretary of State for Africa, hanga (Vila Nova),but Unitahalted can. ured travelled to Angola to severely Aa, toment, as a reprisal for thecapture uni- both p o s vly wrn of three towns by the FAA in the Soy0ni bohparties to stop violating the Pro- rein Menhl, nt' OLkrl they tocol, or USinvestments would stop. Af- region. Meanwhile, Unita's Lukamba ade ter ameeting of the' government's Gato argued that the government's i-. nsiverepresentative to the joint Commission regular practices (occupying positions, doc- with Unita's leadership in Bailundo Uni- assassinations) had prompted Unitato, nent ta's Lukamba Gato announced that con- suspend its participation in thepeace s wi- tacts with the government would re- process, and conditioned itsretmrn to was sume in Luanda, with General Ben-Ben the withdrawalof allgovenment forces inks. integrating Unita's delegation. On 13 from the Soyoregion and a "reassess crti- November, a Unita military and politi- ment" of thewhole peace process. Af. Out- cal delegation returned from Bailundo ter accusingUnita's Rado Vorgan of up of to reopen negotiations, as a joint pursuing a hostilecampaign against the ssas- government-Unita declaration affirmed FAA,

President Dos Santos sent a perthat the latest differences had been sonal messageto Savimbi.ising ironed out. Ben-Ben expressed his will On 7 December, the US StateDepart. iffen- to relaunch the peace process, and the ment met theAngolanAmbossador in Uige government's Higinop Carneiro com- Washington torecommend that gover-rich mented that an acceleration of canton- mentimmediately withdraw its troops sals. ment was imperative. When he talks onfrom recently-occupied towns around from political issues resumed, Unitaproposed Soyo, to call on Unita to speed up canuring that security matters begiven priority. tonment, and to accuse both parties of 233 On 17 November, anagreement was human rights violations. On 8 Decem900 reachedto begincantonment by 20 ber, after meeting President Clinton inNovember. * Washington, President Dos Santos annber, On 16November, as the first 150 Unita nounced several decisions to faclitate lega-soldiers were cantoned, Blondin Beye the peace lrocess - the release of Unisueswarned that countries friendly to Ango. ta prisoners, the return ofthe FAA tooned la began to doubt the sincerity of its their barracks, the cantonment of thethat leaders' commitment to peace.. Four Rapid Deployment Police and thecanefire days later - on the fitst anniversary of cellation of the contract with theExecuthe the Lusaka Accords - the government tive Outcomes company. Heproposed-rh ta the Soyoa regan remain under UNer he declared that theaccords were irrever- y r atos sible, and Blondin Beye congratulated AVEM'sresponsibility, but Unita's tate- both parties for discarding the militaryrepresentative td the US, Jardo Muekar re- option. General Ben-Ben continued tolia rejected this, as it could set "a dansaid underline the principle of parity whengerous precedent." After Muekalia exwere reforming the new armybut thegovern- pressed concern at "'the napoleonic tical ment's negotiator, HiginioCarnerio, 're- appetites of the government's military One jected the principle.Regardless of this leaders," both the Political Bureau of sh to and otherdifferences on 1 December, MPLA and high-placed FAA sources deirces,Blondin Beye expressed optimism after nied rumeours of a split between the millameeting with Savimbi at Andulo, that tary and the government, reiterating theBeye considered the most "fruitful and former's subordination to civilian power.'ease useful" contact ever with Unita's leader In early December,the ExecutiveOutmil- and anticipated visible results in the comes company confirmedthe canceend- next few days. lation of its contract with the goveren inpen- On4December, at the closing of an ex- ment, and its. personnel began to leave UNA-traordinary meeting of the Joint Commis- Angola. A government press releaseanUni- sion, Beye strongly criticised the govenq- * Continued on next pageZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 27 NO. 4I . I . -1 " . I . :, I lx-,,,l , , I I W"ARegional File

ThepsContinued from previous page

nounced that FAA units would be withdrawn from Sumba, Quicandi, Quipui II,Manga Grande and Quinzau (Zaire province).Blondin Beye called on Unita to quickly resume cantonment, and on bothpartiesto leave aside confrontation, hostile propaganda and mutual accusations. After ameeting of the Joint Commission concluded that the prisis was over, delegationsfrom the government and Unita reaffirmed their political will to implement theLusaka Protocol and to continue contacts reinforce mutual trust. Beye and the"Troika" of observers met Unita's leadership in Bailundo, but Lukamba Gatopublicly made a pessimistic assessment of the implementation of the LusakaProtocol during 1995. He denounced a new FAA offensive towardsQuibaxe(Uige) - a claim that was termed by government sources as a propagandamanoeuvre to justify Unita's non-complieance with agreements taken at themeeting held on 21 December in Bailundo. On the 29th, a joint Commission ofInquiry travelled to Uige to investigate Unita's accusation about an MPLAoffensive.In his New Year address, President Dos S tos said that dialogue within the joint.Commission has contributed to clarify positions and to solve diver. gences. AnFAA source confirmed that its troops would return to their barracks starting inJanuary, in a goodwill gesture to accelerate the peace process. On 29 December,the government formally complained to the UN Security Council aboutUnita'sand Zaire's violations of the Lusaka Protocol and of Angola's airspace.Cantonment: In early September, Jorge Valentim, head of Unita's Office forMonitoring the Lusaka Protocol, was blaming the Un and the internationalcommunity for delays in the quartering of Unita's troops. The government'srepresentative to the Joint Commission, Higinlo Cameiro, blamed bothUnita andUNAVEM for delays in preparing the Londuimbali and Vila Nova quarteringareas after a Joint Commission delegation toured cantonment facilities inHuambo. In mid-September, Beye discussed with Savimbi the construction ofcantonment facilities for Unita's troops, while Unita's Ben-Ben and IsaisSamakuba cautioned that lack of conditions could force troops to abandoncantonment areas would have weapons with'cace prco'cessthem. He later told the press that UNA- Angola - declared that there were threiVEM III was improving conditions in the million mines planted in Huila, Cunencantonment areas, -but Beye cautioned and Kuando Kubango provinces, ant thatthe process would take longer than predicted a difficult and long demininiexpected. In Brussels, Savimbi asked the process. D. Wuiros Alves,Bishop of Kuinternational community to support can- ando Kubango, criticized both thitonment, or else troops "could pose a government and UNAVEM III for payinjserious threat to peace." little attention to demaining in hiIn October, the joint Commission ex- province. In Malanje province, therepressed satisfaction at progress in Uni- were 50 more landrnine victims betweerta's cantonment at Vila Nova and Lon- September and October. In early Novemduimbale (Huambo), that were now ber, over 150 people died when a busdescribed as "technically capable" of hit a landmine at Dundo (Lunda Norte)hosting the first Unita soldiers. Paulo As a joint governemt/Unita military en

Lukamba Gato said that Unita already gineering team resumed demining or had510 men cantoned in Vila Nova, but the Menongue-Cuito Cuanavale route, a herecalled that cantonment was part British NGO "The Halo Trust" said ithac of apackage including returning the neutralised, since early 1995, over 400 "ninjas"(Rapid Deployment Police) to landmines in Kuito city (Bie), where the theirbarracks, the expulsion of merce- accident ratio used to be 15 per month nariesand the disarmament of civilians. A school for training of deminers unde A high-ranking officer from the FAA in UNAVEM-I1 supervision was opened irthejoint Commission contended that the Cucuaco town. Lusaka Protocoldid notindicate suchsimultaneous actions. Later, the Joint On 1 September, the Government andCommission confirmed delays in prepa- Unita published a joint declaratior rationsin cantonment areas at Kibaxi guaranteeing freedom of movementand Negage,and by early November, throughout the country, while restrict there were reportsthat some Unita sold- ing that of soldiers in uniform. Later, the iers were desertingfrom their canton- opening of bridges benefited the free ment areas to governmentcantonment flow of people and goods on thg Luanda areas.Malenje road and between Lobito andHuambo. But sources close to NGOsUnita continued to oppose the presence German Land Action, Savethe Childrerof Angolan NGOs or Angolans working USA, and the Italian CIESTAS,denouncec for foreign NGOs in cantonment areas, a kidnap attempt against theirworkers Several foreign NGOs suspended their by Unita forces inKibaxi(Bengo). In De support to Unita's cantonment in Piri- cember, forsecurityreasons, NGOs operQuibaxe (Kwanza Norte) for some time, atingin northerAngola decided tc after their workers suffered "physical ag- reduce theirmovements by road gression" from Unita soldiers. together with otheractivitiesin Unita In late November, as the government held territories. Lubango's formerArch opened four units of its Rapid Deploy- bishop, Franklim d4 Costa, lamentecment Police in Luanda to UN inspection, that, a year after the Lusaka ProtocolUnita began the cantonment of its he could not freely access certain areas troopsin Vila Nova (Huambo), at a of Huila province. planned rate of 150 per day. Buteightdays later, only 370 soldiers had been In December, the government succescantoned at Vila Nova, and General Ben- sively freed four Unitasoldiers in UigeBen admitted that the average age of 66 in Huambo and another three in LueUnita's cantoning soldiers was 18. On na (Moxico), while Unita liberated a to 1December, UNAVEM declared that the tal of 43 prisoners in Menongue, Kuitooperation to set up tents in the Negage Huambo and Benguela. and Quibaxeregions - to house 15 000 UNAVEM W:Zimbabwean Major-Genera Unitasoldiers -- was concluded. Phillip Sibanda was installed in office a Landmines,freedom of UNAVEM Ill's military commander on 3movement and the liberation of September, substituting General Chri prisoners:In October, the Minister of so- Caruba. By late November, the numbe cialAssistance and Reintegration of Blue Helmets in Angola reachec reduced theestimated number of mines 6 186. planted in Angola from 10-15 million to In

early October, Unita called on the Ub just over two million. Nevertheless, in tospeed up cantonment. Blondin Bey December, Celso MalavolunickUNICEF representative in the south of *Continued on next pageZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 27 NO. 4eesseelZevional Fiie

The peaice prcess*Continued from previous pagepraised Unita "for its efforts in trying to put and end to banditry in areas under itscontrol," and particularly for detaining the assassins of ten womenand children inNegage lUige), but he asked Unita not to execute them. Political 'circles inLuanda commented that Unita lacked legitimacy to try anyone, and even less topass a penalty that has been abolished in the country. Lukamba Gatosaid that theculprits had been tried by Unita's laws (contemplating sentences of upto 20 yearsimprisonment) because "at this stage, those who commit crimes in Bailundocannot be transferred to Luanda (to be tried)."Reporting to the Security Council in October, UN-Secretary-General, BoutrosBoutros-Ghali; expressed regret over the slowness of the peace process andintegration of the army - he blamed this on both the government and Unita. UNofficials criticised the government's hesitation to open a radio stationfor the UNas agreed, as Foreign Minister Venancio de Moura proposed that itbroadcast "onour (existing) radios." At the same time that the Governor of Benguela formallyaccused UNAVEM Ill forces in Chongoroi of bias, UNAVEM sources accusedUnita of having disarmed 12 Zimbabwean "Blue Helmets" in the Negagae region.lsaias Samakuva argued that the 12 were low-ranking officers travelling in anunidentified vehile. lnDecember, UNITA circled a company of 160Brazilian"Blue Helmets" in Nharea (Bie). Unita sources said that the operationwas toprotest the rape of the wife of a local chief by a Blue Helmet, UNAVEMspassiveness and a Brazilian soldier's derogatory statements with respect toSavimbi. Unita's claim about the rape was denied. By month's end, both Unita andgovernment officials were criticising UNAVEM's lack of impartiality.In a report dated 7 December, BoutrosBoutrosGhali again criticisedthe continuedmilitary actions in Angola, the slow pace of cantonment, human rights violationsand the lack of respect towards the UN and its personnel. Later, theSecurityCouncil expressed deep concern at constant ceasefire violations, the renewal ofmilitary offensives, the delays in the integration of the FAA and the attacks onUNAVEM Ill. It commended the liberation of prisoners held by the government.Cabinda: On 25 September, the Angolan government and FLEC-Renovada(FLEC-R) signed a 120-day truce. In October, both parties again met in Namibiato consider details of the ceasefire agreement, while various FLEC factions met in

Brazzaville to decide if they should meet with a government delegation. i-LEC-Cabinda Armed Forces (FLEC-FAC, considered the most radical ofFLECfactions) protested against the truce, and reiterated its refusalto sign a ceasefirewith the government, until all the independent factions hold a round table to electa single spokesperson. In November, FLEC-FAC leader, Nzita Tiago, reiteratedthat he would not sign any ceasefire with the government t4lhout a- plan tonegotiate Cabinda's self-determination.Nevertheless from 15-20 November, representatives from the Cabindan provincialgovernment and FLEC-FAC meeting at Punta Negra (Congo) committedthemselves to resuming talks in future. But afterwards, FLEC-FACleadersconfirmed that they would not negotiate with the Angolan government until aftera round table of all of Cabinda's nationalist factions. Angola's Minister of theInterior blamed Nzita Tiago for the delay in reaching an agreement for Cabinda,and expressed disappointment at FLEC-FAC's turnaround.Since mid-October, the alleged shooting of a Unita soldier ignited skirmishesbetween Unita and FLEC-FAC in Miconje (northern Cabinda, that forced 1500people to flee over the border to the Congo. A few weeks later, an agreement oncooperation and bordee safety was signed between the Congolese government andthe Cabinda provincial government, while the prefect of the Congolese borderregion of Kanilou, Francois Tchitchelle, denied rumours about theexistence ofUnita or Cabindan'secessionist bases in Congo. On 20 October, Unita's RadioVorgan suggested that a helicopter crash in Cabinda that caused the death ofGeneral Jose Pedro, FAA Commander in Cabinda, was due to FLEC-FACgunfire, but sources from the Cabindan provincial government denied theallegations. In November, Nzita Tiago accused Unita of attacking and occupyingFLEC-FAC positions. Unita's representative to Portugal, Isaac Wambembe,contended that "Unita will never wage war against the people of Cabinda." ButFLEC-FAC again accused Unita of attackipg its positionson -13 and 17 November. On 1 Decem. ber, 18 civilians were reportedly killed instrong battles between government and FLEC-FAC forces at N'Dinje, Cabinda.On 7 December, Cabindan local authori. ties, meeting with the provincial gover.nor, favoured the enclave's autonomy.THE ECONOMYEconomic peformance and policy. In early October, a presidentialcommuniquecalled on government to take drastic measures to reverse the social and economicsituation experienced by Angolans. At a meeting with the PermanentCommissionof the Council of Ministers, President Dos Santos criticised the government'sindiscipline and inca. pacity to halt rising inflation and other social ills. Themeeting approved 20 measures (with deadlines), including ira. mediate imports offood and medical supplies; granting of credit to commercial companies and theagricultural and industrial sectors; supervision of ports and airports; new budgetcontrol methods and revision of the 1995 State Budget; periodic and timelypresentation of accounts to the National Treasury; publication of monetarystatistics by banks, and salary increases. On 7 September, President Dos Santoscalled on commercial and industrial associations and banks to help inovercomingthe crisis. In September, the Permanent Commission of the Angolan Council of

Ministers approved a new tax, customs and foreign exchange regime for themining sector. At a meeting of the Commission, President Dos Santosexpressedhis discontent at the banking sector's devaluation of the Kzr without previouslyconsulting him.In early November, the Council of Ministers decided to assign Kzr 500 billion (65percent of it in hard currency) to the Minirmum Programme of Public Investment(prioritising health, education and Social rehabilitation); to readjust the 1995 Statebudget; and to reschedule external debt payments, thanking the Danishgovernment for having cancelled Angola's debt. On the 9th, the PermanentCommission of the Council of Ministers considered that the tar'gets of theemergency actions announced in September had been met. It further decided toallocate US$40 million to provide essential goods to the population, starting inJanuary. Later, the Council of Ministers approved *new* Continued on next pageZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 27 NO. 4

The peace processiContinued from previous pageregulations on taxes and modified the Law on the Social Support Fundin order toopen participation to NGOs and private entities.inflation, the cost of living and monetary matters: Official figures indicated thatconsumer prices went up by over 43.29 percent in Jt1ly and August.InSeptember, the government subsidised milk powder, oil, rice and sugar, reducingto 50 percent the uncontrolled prices at ,which they were being sold.In October,the Permanent Commission of the Council of Ministers approved a series ofmeasures to increase the supply of bread and to stabilise its price. In earlySeptember, the newly issued Readjusted Kwanza (Kzr) sufferedan 87 percentdevaluation in August - the sharpest in 1995 - to accumulate a to tal of 204percent since its introduction. In the course of September, the Kzr lost about 49percent of its value - a cumulative figure of 638 percent for the whole year, or amonthly average of 25 percent since January. By 30 September, itwas trading at 6080 at the bank and 9 800 on the informal market. In December, it lost43 percentof its value, and at year's end the US dollar was informally quotedat 25,000 Kzr.Mining and oil: In November, the Angolan diamond company ENDIAMAsigned,with the Brazilian Odebretch company, a contract to mine, on a 50-50 basis, over120,000 square kilometres in the Cuango River basin (Lunda Norte). On 15September, the CATOCA diamond project - a joint venture between Angolan,Russian and Brazilian companies- began in Lunda-Sul. In order to stop diamond smuggling, the Lunda Norte andLunda Sul provincial government made entry permits mandatory for everyonetravelling to these provinces. In early November, after meeting Angolanbusinessmen and officials, South African Ambassador .Roger Ballard Tremerannounced' that his country would invest in iron and gold exploration in Cassingaand Chamutete (Iluila). On 13 November, 32 small diamond miners were killedby an avalanche near N'Zaji (Lunda Norte). In October, sources from the Oil

Ministry said that production in Soyo would resume in January, after two years'suspension following Unita's occupation of the region. Angola wasproducing650 000 barrels per day, and the resumption of production in Soyowould addanother 5 000 barrels daily. Visiting Angola in October, the Vice-President ofChevron was received by President Dos Santos and his Prime Minister.Trade, investment, debt and the donor community: After voicing his concern\.. ata. meeting of the Council of Ministers with respect to problems relatedto theopening of lines of credit, the selection of importers and the quality of importedproducts affecting the Ministry of Trade, President Dos Santos dismissed theMinister, replacing him with the personal Advisor for Economic Affairs. The newTrade Minister suspended, "until further notice" the issuing of import licences forall individual and collective entities.The President of the Angolan Businessmen's Association (GEA) saidthat GEA,the Angolan Commercial Association and Luanda's Commercial and industrialAssociation had imported food for US$7 million, allocated by the Angolangoverment to the city of Luanda. At the same time, Cunene's Provincial Governoraffirmed that, due to the government's lack of commercialisation capacities, over70 000 cattle are illegally transported to Namibia each year. In late November itwas reported that a group of Lebanese traders - associated to the Natali's Groupfirm - were preparing to sue the Angolan govern,ment for US$25 million,presenting at French court, the case of the properties they lost when they wereexpelled from Angola in 1994The Law on Foreign investments was published by Jomal de Angola in lateOctober. A delegation of the SBC Wartbug/Swiss Bank, headed by itsVicePresident, Michael Spriggs, arrived in Luanda to assess the possibilities ofcooperation with Angola in the financial field.By late September, Angola's debt with Portugal totalled US$10 million. Angolawas planning to settle its overdue debt with the Export-Import Bank(US$12.5million), to open the way for the US to fund new projects in Angola.In September, Barnabas Dlamini, Executive Director of the InternationalMonetary Fund (IMF), visited Angola to monitor progress on the government'sEconomic and Social Programme, while the Director-General of theWorld Bank(thatwas financing eight projects valued at U,;$250 million in Angola) scheduled avisit for the first quarter of 1996. At the Donors' Round Table in Brussels inOctober, Angola presented its Community Rehabilitation Programme, and donorspledged US$1 billion in assistance, on conditions of peace, reconciliation andtransparent governance. But in midDecember, the IMF suspendedits negotiationson a monitored financial stabilisation programme with the government, arguinglack of transparency in the relationship between Angolan institutions, and also.lark.LpoIxical consensus. Reconstruction: Angola received donations of fivemetal bridges from the African Development Bank and 13 from the USgovernment- A Swedish NGO, SWEDRELIEF, signed an agreement torepair theBenguela-Huambo route with financing from the Swedish government, the WorldFood Programme (WFP) and UNAVEM. The Angolan Vice-Minister ofTransport announced that trains on the Benguela Railway would reach Bie by

mid-1 996. But the rehabilitation of the entire Benguela Railway would costUS$105 million, plus deminingSince late October, Angola's 20th Anniversary celebrations weremarked by theopening of bridges, roads, hospitals, schools (including the Faculty of Law), aradio station, water, telecommunications and power systems, a refurbishedpowdered milk assembly line and a new production line of cigarettes. A newproduction line of milk was inaugurated at the LACTIANGOL factory in Luanda,the National Steel Works resumed operations, and a private paint factory, with acapacity of 8 000 litres per day, was opened in Cabinda. The constructiono(Tecnocarro's abattoir in Kahama (Cunene) also began.. Sweden contributedsome US$6 million for reconstruction and development, Portugal offeredagricultural equipment valued at US$100 000, the Benelux countries commitedtheir support to Angola's agriculture, and Italy donated agriculturalsupplies worthUS$300 000. The Permanent Commission of the Angolan Council of Ministersapproved US$5 million to rehabilitate the electricity supply sector.3. GOVERNMENT AND CIVIL SOCIETY 3-1. Government, Parliamentand thepolitical parties: The National Convergence Party (PCN) was legalised. The coa*Continued on next pageZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 27 NO. 4

The peace prccess*Continued from previous page lition Angolan Opposition Parties(POA),comprising seven parties) was formed, while the Democratic Political Parties ofthe Civilian Opposition (PPOCD) complained of their continued marginalisationby government and of delays in the implementation of the peace agreement andceasefire violations. The PPOCD also criticised recent measures adopted by theCouncil of Ministers, which, in their view, "would increase social differences."They later protested what they called "the self-legalisation of the AngolanParliament, that intends to continue to govern, without a mandate from the people,until the year 2000." In early October, Alberto Neto (President of the AngolanDemocratic Party held both President Dos Santos and Savimbi responsible for thedeath of 500 000 Angolans, and proposed that they be tried by an internationaltribunal. Neto added that the MPLA was negating the 1992 electoral resultsa aswell as democratic principles.In December, FNLA leader, Holden Roberto, claimed that the anti-colonialactions of 4 February 1961 in Luanda were not staged by the MPLA, but by theUPA - predecessor to the FNLA, led by Roberto himself. PSDA leader, MiltonKilandomoko, accused the PRD, the PLDA, the PSD and the PLD of beingMPLA satellite parties. On 11 November Lucio Lara (formerly number 2 inMPLA hierarchies at the time of Agcdtnho Neto) made some controversialstatements in an interview: "The problem is that when the leaders of a country areconcerned with businesses, they. no longer have time to govern,"he said. Headded: "I do not know which are more revolting: either those people(members ofgovernment) or those others (from Unita) that through the years have behaved liketrue criminals of war."

3.2. Ciyil society. In September, leaders of the Christian Churches in Angola(EDICA) met to discuss the topic "It's Time to Build the Nation," recommendingthe "africanisation" of the Angolan Church and the speeding 'up of thenationalreconciliation process. In mid-October, a group of Catholic bishops met with theJoint Commission at the formers' request to comrV't their supportin speeding upthe peace process.In October, the Bishops' Conference of Angola and Sao Tonle announced thatRadio Eclesia - a Catholic broadcasting station - would be inaugurated in January1996. Meanwhile, the Catholic Archdiocese of Huambo published a book(completed in January 1994) that is very critical of the MPLA and the Angolangovernment, accused of deliberately exterminating the Ovimbundu, of harassingthe Church and of assassinating Unita's civilian sympathisers. TheArchdioceserevealed that a second volume is equally critical of Unita, but wouldprobably notbe published until a few year's time. In December, Reverend Octavio Fernando,Secretary-General of the Association of Evangelists of Angola, affirmed inHuambo that the Church will only play an effective role in national reconciliation"if it returns to its origins, to an integral posture and to neutral actions."Labour: In September, Trade Union representatives in Luanda regretted thegovernment's lack of response to their demands, presented on 21 August, andthreatened with a general strike. The Secretary of the Angolan Confederation ofTrade Unions (UNTA) said he had presented to the government theworker's mainproblems - basic commodities, medicines and transport - and expressed his beliefthat talks with government would avert a general strike. Talks between UNTAand the Luanda Provincial government continued to be inconclusive until the19th, when the government promised that the food problem would be solved andsalaries raised. Later, the Union of Luanda TradeUnionists expressed discontent atgovernment's failure to keep its promise of improving the workers' livingconditions. They again threateped to stage a general strike, and accused theLuanda provincial government of not takig account of their demands.Elsewhere in the country, the Bie provincial government was blaming theNati6nal Treasury for delays in the payment of salaries. The Benguela ProvincialTeachers' Union (SINPROF) was formed, associating over 1 000 members. Bylate November, the Huila branch of the teachers' union, SINPROF, continued to.demand that the Ministry of Education deliver on its promise of increasingsalaries by 130 percent. A strike halted diamond production in Nzagi (LundaNorte) for one month, at a cost US$3 million to business, while another strike by.civil servants in Namibe province (in support of their de-mands of better working conditions) had been going on since mid-month.SOCIAL PROBLEMS Humanitarian matters By September, about 3 000 peoplehad returned home by road from Quitexe (Uige), while another 55 000 had alsostarted returning to their villages in Ber go province. In late September,another 3000 in Huila province started return. ing to their areas of origin. At the BrusselsRoundtable Conference, the goverrment negotiated a fund of US$6million torepatriate 45 000 people remaining in Jamba - Unita's former headquart. ers.About 130 of them - predominant. ly women and children returning home

- died when their plane (fit to carry no more than 70 passengers) crashed. By lateNovember, Unita was expressing discontent at the alleged lack of support fromthe international community to allow thousands of families, living in Jamha, toreturn home. 22 000 tonnes of wheat grain and flour were bought from the US,through US government funding given in August, and again in September, the USgovernment granted Angola US$4 million to buy food supplies. Later, USAIDannounced a US donation of some US$100 million's worth of food aid,medicines, seeds and agricultural tools, dernining assistance, bridges and civiceducation of quartered troops. The US approved humanitarian assistance worthUS$150 million for Angola in the next two years. The European Union began thesecond phase of iAs food distribution programme initiated in May, scheduled todistribute over 10 000 tonnes of food aid by the end of 1995. Meanwhile, 1 515tonnes of seed for planting in the 1995 - 1996 season arrived in Angola.Unita'sofficial in charge of Social Affairs, Lizete Pena, accused UN agencies and NGOsof discriminating against civilians in Unita-held areas, claiming that,since thewithdrawal of Unita's leadership to Bailundo, humanitarian assistance hadpractically ceased. WFP's Deputy Director rejected Pena's statements. InDecember, Moxico's governor denouriced that Unita had interrupted thecirculation of columns carrying humanitarian assistance. UN sourcesinformedthat, in Kwanza Sul, Unita confiscated radios, vehicle, food and warehouse keysof US NGO Save The Children Fund. By late December, humanitarian operationshad been reduced in north*Continued on next pageZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 27 NO. 4

The PeContinued from previous page em Angola due to military instability prevailingon the roads. Health and Education: In Sepymber, health sources complained thatthe Psychiatric Hospital had been lacking electricity for four months, and inOctober the Ministry of Health owed three months' salary to some 60 Russiandoctors working in Angolan hospitals. A few days later, the country's largest fieldhospital was inaugurated in Kuito (Bie) at an estimated cost of US$2 million, andin November, the new buildings of the Military Hospital, costing US$8 million,were opened.Also in November, Unicef statistics showed that more than 100 Angolan childrendied every day of cholera or diarrhoeic diseases. In order to reduce the figure, acampaign to disinfect water was opened in Luanda. In December, UNICEF'sannual reports indicated that Angola is still one of the countries where childrenare less likely to attain adulthood. On that same month, sources from the WorldHealth Organisation (WHO) denied rumours that the Ebola Virus had appeared inBenguela province. The US government gave the UN US$500 000 for theextended vaccination programme in Angola, while Italian NGO MOUSVhandedover two medical centres with equipment costing US$250 thousand to theHuambo provincial government. Meanwhile, UNICEF made availableUS$300thousand for a drinking water supply network in Caculo (Hula).The Social Support Fund (FAS), installed in Benguela province in early 1995,had, by November, approved 25 projects valued at US$400 000 in the province. A

portuguese NGO, the Institute for Development Studies - with European Unionfinancing - was giving professional training to some 300 Angolan youths in thatsame province. In September, various Portuguese institutions signed a protocolwith Angolan authorities to train destitute Angolan youths. In November, aworkshop was opened on the problems of Luanda's war veterans and handicappedpopulation.Crime, corruption and the law Several cases of fraud, theft and assassinations -mostly linked to thefts were reported. Unita's Isaias Samakuva expressed hisconcern at robberies taking place throughout Angola, that he attributed touncontrolled military groups.eace pIn October, a UNAVEM-Ill source informed that an estimated 700 000 weaponsremained in civilian hands in Luanda alone. Ten days later, the BBC reported theAngolan government's programme to collect those weapons, at a cost of US$15million. Several measures were taken to better control crime and corruption. Alaw creating the High Authority Against Corruption - independent organ attachedto the National Assembly - was approved, while the Permanent Commission ofthe Council of Ministers created a body to fight crime. In mid-October, the newcommanders of the Police General Command were installed, and, by earlyDecember, police sources informed that additional measuros were taken to assuresecurity for the population during the Christmas holidays.FOREIGN RELATIONSIn late October, MPLA Secretary-General, Lopo do Nascimento, expressed hisconviction that the party would be admitted to the Socialist International at itsmeeting scheduled for Brussels in 1996. South Africa: In mid-October, Savimbivisited South Africa for the second time since May, to reaffirm his commitment topeace and to ask President Mandela to withdraw Executive Outcomes companyfrom Angola. In late October, the South Africa Vice-Minister of Tourism and theEnvironment visited Angola to identify areas and ways of cooperation in tourism.Other African countries: In midSeptember, the Congolese President, PascoalLissouba, visited Angola to discuss the general economic and socialsituation,Cabinda and the peace process. In late September, he visited Togo, and in earlyOctober, returning from Paris, he travelled to Morocco to inform King Hassan 1Ion the outcome of his last meeting with President Dos Santos in Brussels.Savimbi also visited Cote d'ivoire, Zimbabwe and Zambia and, in late November,he travelled to Cote d'lvoire and Congo, where he again met President Lissouba.Portugal and the Lusophone countries: n September, President DosSantostravelled to Lisbon for talks with Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, to whom hepledged his political support. In October, speaking on Portuguese television,Jonas Savimbi expressed his satisfaction at the departure of outgoing PrimeMinister Cavaco Silva, together with the hoperocessthatthe incoming head of government would be more impartial when dealing withAngola, But by the 12th, sources close to Unita leaked to the press their surpriseat the choice of Jose Lamego for the, post of State Secretary for Cooperation,since - they argued - "his links with the MPLA government are well-known."

In mid-October, a delegation of Portuguese businessmen from Portugal'sBraganca region arrived in Luanda to 'familiarise themselves withthe Angolanmarket. In October, the possibility of Portuguese President, Mario Soares, visitingAngola before the expiry of