Cell Reactions and Energy
ATP: energy molecule of the cell
bond holding the 3rd phosphate is a high energy bond and can be easily broken
H2O + ATP --> ADP + Pi + Energy
Endergonic Reactions (energy IN),
anabolic reaction (making molecules)
Cell Reactions and Energy
Exergonic Reactions (energy OUT),catabolic reactions (breaking molecules
apart)
An anabolic process
Photosynthesis
autotrophs produce their own food by photosynthesis;the process occurs in the chloroplast
Photosynthesis
glucose + oxygenLight + chlorophyll
overall reaction:
carbon dioxide + water
Photosynthesis
photosynthesis occurs in two steps:
1. Light Dependent Reactions:
Making high energy products
2. Light Independent Reactions (carbon fixation):
Using the high energy products to capture CO2
only take place in the presence of light
1. Light dependent reaction
solar energy is absorbed by chlorophyll in chloroplasts water molecules are split (oxygen is released into atmosphere, hydrogen takes part in light independent reactions)
occurs in the thylakoid disk membrane
FORMULA:
1. Light dependent reaction
H20 + ADP +Pi + NADP+
02 + ATP + NADPH
[high energy products]
hydrogen and carbon dioxide combine to form glucose molecules
2. Light independent reaction
occurs in the stroma
plants use some glucose for life processes(e.g. growth, reproduction)
most plants convert glucose to starch (for storage)
FORMULA:
2. Light independent reaction
CO2 + ATP + NADPH
C6H12O6 + ADP+Pi + NADP+
Photosynthesis
solar energy + CO2 + H2O C6H1206 + O2
overall reaction:
Cell Respiration
cell respiration is the release of energy from food (glucose)
all cells perform this catabolic process cell respiration occurs in two steps:
Step 1: Glycolysis
Step 2: Aerobic or Anaerobic respiration
occurs in the cytoplasm
1. Glycolysis
FORMULA:
glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+
2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH
this process does not produce very much energy
1. Glycolysis
most of the energy is still contained in the bonds of the 2 pyruvates
there are three possible reactions that break down pyruvate (step 2)
Step 2: getting rid of pyruvate
Cell Respiration
cells must replace NAD+ as it is needed in glycolysis and if the cell runs out, glycolysis stops
There are two options:
AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION
ANAEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION
occurs in the mitochondria
the process is aerobic (oxygen dependent)
2 pyruvate + O2 H2O + CO2 + 34
ATP
2a. Aerobic Cellular Respiration
2b. Anaerobic cellular respiration
Lactic Acid Fermentation:
occurs only in animal muscle cells that are deprived of oxygen
if oxygen is unavailable for aerobic respiration, the cell converts the pyruvate into lactic acid which causes muscle cramps
when oxygen is available, the lactic acid is converted back into pyruvate
2b. Anaerobic cellular respiration
Lactic Acid Fermentation:
no O2
some O2
FORMULA:
pyruvate + NADH
lactic acid + NAD+
2b. Anaerobic cellular respiration
Alcohol Fermentation: occurs in anaerobic yeast and bacteria,
as they do not have mitochondria
Formula:
2 pyruvate + 2 NADH
2 NAD+ + 2 ethanol + 2CO2
process is used to make alcoholic beverages
LACTIC ACID ALCOHOL FERMENTATION FERMENTATION
COMPARISON ANAEROBIC
Glycolysis 2 ATP Glycolysis 2 ATP
Product: lactic acid Product: ethanol + CO2Potential: 34 more ATP Potential: no more ATP
AEROBIC RESPIRATION ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
OVERALL COMPARISON
Glycolysis 2 ATP Glycolysis 2 ATP
Step 2: 34 ATP Step 2: 0 ATP36 ATP 2 ATP