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Annals of Library Science and Documentation1983,30(3-4),105-133

COMPUTER ASSISTED LIBRARY ANDINFORMATION MANAGEMENT

Library, Electronics Commission (IPAG),has been making use of the computer for en-hancing its information handling activities.Initially an HP-2000 minicomputer was usedto develop a small data base on experimentalbasis. Experience gained from this work ini-tiated development of a much more compre-hensive system on the CYBER 170/730 Com-puter System. Present version of the Systemcame into operation in April 1981. The articledescribes the steps followed in designing thesystem, features of dIfferent Library Sub-systems compu.terised (with sample outputsas illustrations), data elements and their struc-turing in the data base, CUlIi/JU tcr hardware/software details and feedback studies. It ni.»identifies the further uicnli involved.

1 INTRODTJCTIOK

National Informatics Centre (KIC), Electro-nics Commission, New Delhi, has been involvedin assisting various ministries/departments ofGovernment of India and associated semi-government and autonomous organisations, inthe development of computerised informationsystems. To achieve this, NIC has establisheda large computing facility along with necessarymanpower for maintenance, software develop-ment, data preparation, etc. The departmentallibrary of Electronics Commission, whichcaters to scientific, technical and techno-eco-nomic information requirements of the staff,has been making use of the computer for lib-rary and information management.

The paper, beginning with a brief sketchof earlier work, reports the features of a Com-

Vol 30 No 3-4 Sept-Dee 1983

T S RAJ ASHEKARElectronics Commission (IPAG)Pushpa BhavanNew oaun 0062

puter Assisted Library and Information Manage-ment System (CALThJS) developed on CYBER170/730 system at NIC.

2 EARLIEr "'ORK

During 1977-80 an experimental bibliographicdata base was developed on an HP-21 tvIX mini-computer using Il\IAGE 2000 data base manage-ment software [2] . The data base wa dcsiglledmainly to facilitate information retri. usingdescriptors (subject terms), UD.C. CL., Num-bers and for producing classified lists. The re-trieval system was tested with a small groupof users. Queries were accepted through 'SearchRequest' forms and converted to search expre-'l<.m(&1 by the library staff. These search ex-pressions were then used to perform retrieval.Search was limited to a maximum of 6 des-criptors, with provision for providing thresholdvalues (minimum number of descriptors that areto be present in the retrieved document) for re-trivel. During this period, software programswere also developed to produce KWIC/KWOCtype indices for an input text. These programswere used to test the feasibility of using KWIC/KWOC type indices as a means for quicklyproducing current awareness bulletins forarticles appearing in recent periodicals, newbooks added to the library, etc.

Although the results of these experimentswere encouraging, they also indicated the needfor a much more comprehensive system which -

integrates and inter-relates differentlibrary subsystems so as to avoid dupli-

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RAJASHEKAR

cation of data shared by them and toproduce several outputs using a singleinput (a bibliographic.record),

provides an easy method for data input,modification, retrieval and reportsgeneration,

gives scope for the end user himself tointeract with the data base 10 an userfriendly environment, and

makes it possible to produce exception(ad-hoc) reports without the need forspecial programming.

3 DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRESENTSYSTEM

Experience gained on the minicomputer systemformed the basis for developing the presen tversion of the system. Development of thissystem was initiated with the installation ofCDC CYBER 170f720~ computer system duringthe middle of 1980 (upgraded to 170/730 inMay 1983). CYBER 170/'730 is a general pur-pose main frame computing system with power-ful time-sharing and networking capabilitiesalong with interactive terminal facilities. Afeasibility/requirements study was made inAugust, 1980 to identify the features requiredin the computer based library system to bedesigned. Due to advantages mentioned else-where in this article, (section 10) data baseapproach was adopted for implementing thesystem. System development started in Sep-tember 1980 and the prototype system wasready in December, 1980. After testing theprototype model with actual (live) data, pre-sent version of the system was installed inApril,198l.

The system was developed wiin the follow-ing specific objectives:

i) to provide users rapid access to biblio-graphic information in an interactive,online mode;

ii) to provide an easy to use language sothat the non-computer personnel canuse it;

106

iii) to bring out information services likecurren t awareness services, selectivedissemination of information (SDI),etc.;

iv) to facilitate compilation of biblio-graphies, digests, abstract bulletins,etc., on a specific topic;

v) to facilitate preparation of van oustypes of indices; and

to perform rou tine library opera-tions such as circulation control,cataloguing, serials control, etc.

vi)

Subsystems like book acquisition, journalreceipt and claim were not included in the firstphase of system development.

4 FEATURES OF THE SYSTEM

The system has been designed around the lib-rary activities. As of now, <here are about 7000document references in the data base. The docu-ment types are books, collected works, multi-volume publications, standards, reports, jour-nals, journal articles and techno-economic newsitems appearing in daily news papers. No abs-tracts are stored. Data elements considered forthe various document types is described insection 7.

All operations like data loading, retrieval,reports generation and modification are per-formed online using video/hard copy terminalsconnected to CYBER system. Retrieval anddata modification is done in an interactivemode. The data base can also be searchedthrough computers (like HP-I000, LSI/2, etc.)connected to CYBER system by telephone or-VHF lines and operating within NICNET (NICcomputer network).

Features of different library subsystemsthat have been computerised lare described below.,

·11 Online Data Base Search (InformationHe trieoal].

Access to the data base is provided in an online,interactive fashion. After log-10 through alocal/remote terminal, retrieval subsystem can

Ann Lib Sci Doc

COMPUTER ASSISTED LIBRARY AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

be initiated very quickly by any valid user ofthe library. Search is conducted using a simple,easy to use command language with no re-quirement on the part of the' user to know thedata base structure or programming. Systemprovides appropriate diagnostics whenever aninvalid command is entered by the user. Re-trieval can be performed through 13 accesspoints like author, keyword (subject term).u.n.c. number, publisher, etc. Queries can berefined stepwise using Boolean operators AND,OR and NOT. Search can be conducted forbooks. journals, journal articles or for all ofthem. As the search subsystem is linked tocirculation subsystem, document availabilitystatus can also be found out.

If an exact match for author or keyworddoes not occur, the system automatically dis-plays a list of alphabetically related headingsfrom which the user can choose correct head-ings(s). System also supports substring searchfor keywords using which appropriate key-words for a query can be found out. Retrievaloutputs can be either displayed on the termi-nal or printed out on the line printer.

Various commands available to the userwithin the search subsystem are given inAppendix-L. Library users have been proviicdwith a user primer which explains proeed •..resto retrieve information. \ typical query sessionis illustrated in Appendix-3.

42 Current Awareness Sennces

AIthough new document references added tothe data base are available immediately for on-line retrieval, there is a need to bring out cur-rent awareness lists to notify all users informa-tion about the new documents. The three CASproducts brought out are:

1. List of new books added (approx.monthly),

2. Selected articles from journals (approx.monthly),

3. Current new 'Jpdate (new items)(weekly).

Sample pages from a current awareness list isgiven in Appendix-4. Entries in these lists are


arranged by subject class numbers with suitablealphabetical indices. There is provision forcumulating these lists periodi.cally.

43 Cataloguing

Two products related to cataloguing are pro-duced using new document information storedinto the data base. These are:

1. Author/Title Catalogue (Appendix-5)2. Book cards (Appendix-6)

In the author/title catalogue. full entry is givenunder each heading with title entry for referencedocuments. The printed catalogue has replacedthe manually prepared 5" x 3" card cataloguefor new books added to the library. The printedcatalogue is cv.nulated once in six months. Thecatalogue is in double column format with theauthor/title entries arranged in a single alpha-betical sequence. TIle book cards are kept inbook pockets and used for issue/return pur-poses.

44 Current Serials Control

Presently only informational (catalovue ) andholdings data for current journals received inthe library are stored in the data base.lt does notinclude subscription, receipt and claim aspects.Besides using the catalogue and holdings data foronline retrieval, following reports are generatedfor the curren t journals:

1. Main list (alphabetical) giving com-plete description of each journal(Appendix- 7),

2. u.n.c. Index,

3. Permuted keyword index.

4. Journal type index,

5. KWIC title index.

Reports at Sr. Nos. 2-5 list only the journaltitles under the respective index headings,with complete details of the journal being avail-able under each title in the first report. Inpermuted keyword index, journal title is postedunder each keyword (thesaurus controlledterm}, with remaining keywords provided justbelow the title. Each journal has been assignedone or more type for e.g., .popular. statistical

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RAJASHEKAR

data, abstracting, indexing, etc. This is used toproduce journal type index.

Journal data is usually updated annually,with modifications being incorporated as andwhen noticed.

45 Circulation Control

Issue/return transactions of documents, col-lected at the circulation counter, become inputto updation of the circulation subsystem.Functions performed in this subsystem are asfollows:

1. Maintenance of current borrower's in-formation,

2. Issue/returns updation, and

3. Reminders generation for overduebooks and journals (Appendix-8).

As soon as a return has been made for a docu-ment, the issue and return data is removedfrom the circulation subsystem in the database and transferred to an external file. Thisdata, accumulated over a period of time, willbe used to make document usage patternstudies. Besides the functions mentioned above,circulation subsystem has capabilities to informwhen a user is over-borrowing, assist in givingquickly no-due certificates to resigned staff,assist in stock verification, etc.

46 Preparation of Indices, Compilation ofBibliographies, Digests, etc.

KWIC and KWOC type indices can be pre-pared for any input text. A sample page fromKWIC index to journal titles is given inAppendix-g. Retrospective search on the database is performed to compile bibliographies onspecific topics.

5 ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND IMPLEMENT A-TION

Work on HP 21 MX rrumcornputer had indi-cated the need for a system which integratesdifferent library subsystems. It was realisedthat using conventional file managemen t soft-ware to design such a system will be very tedi-ous, complex and the resulting-:ystem quiterigid. Da ta base approach was considered suit-

108

able for designing the library system. CYBER170/720 system (now 170/730) supported aversatile, general purpose data base manage-ment software called IMF (Information Manage-ment Facility) with interfaces to applicationprograms in COBOL, FORTRAN, etc. It wasdecided to use L\IF as a tool for implementingthe library system. Steps followed in developingthe production system are briefly describedbelow (Fig. 1).

Step 1: Feasibility/Requirements Study

First step was to iden tify the features requiredin the system to be designed. Besides the ex-perience in handling user queries manually andusing the data base developed on HP 21 MXComputer, relevant literature on library auto-mation was also scanned to identify the requiredfeatures. The following factors were taken intoconsideration in system design:

a) objectives of the system,

b) library subsystems to be considered forautomation, in different phases,

c) scope of the system with respect tosubject, document types, level of opera-tion,

d) users of the system,

/?, nature of queries to be handled,

f) expected benefits from the system,

g) different operations to be performed,

h) requirements for searching the database,

i) mode of data input,

j) input record types and their descrip-tion, and

k) volume of data involved.

Step 2: Designing the systemSys tern design was made keeping in view thefeatures identified in the requirements study.Basic aim at this stage was (i) to identify datadements and their relationships, (ii) to trans-form these relations into structures required byIlvlF, so that information can be manipulatedeasily to meet differe"';t requirements. Specifi-cally, following steps were involved in this stage:

Ann Lib Sci Doc


FEASI81L1TV /REQUI RE MENTSSTUDY

I DE NT IFICATIONOFINFORMATIONCONTENT

MATCHINGDATA BASEMODEL WITHREQUIREMENTS

Y MODIFYDATA BASEMODEL

N

PROTOTYPESYSTEMIMPLEMENTATION

LOADINGACTUAL (LIVE)OATA

Y

SYSTEMINSTALLED FORPRODUCTIONRUNS

Fig.l - Library System: Broad Design Steps


a) Identification of information to bestored into the data base in terms ofelements. A close study of (i) queriesto be handled by the system, (ii) out-puts and reports to be produced, and(iii) inputs/outputs and operations per-formed in the existing system, revealedthe data elements. Such a study wasmade for each subsystem.

b) Grouping, naming and characterising ofdata elements. Grouping was madeaccording to relationships exhibited bythe data elements. Unique names(Codes) were assigned to data elementsfor brevity, identification and manipu-lation. Characteristics of data elementsin terms of data type (numerical/alpha-betic/alphanumeric), length, etc. wasspecified. This stage also involvedidentification of constraints within andamong groups that is to be observedwhile performing any operation ondata in the data base.

c) Diagramatic representation of data ele-men ts, their groups, relations betweengroups, and constraints are illustratedin Fig.3.

d) Matching of the diagramatic representa-tion with queries and functions identi-fied in the requirements study to makefurther modifications in the model.

Step 3 : Implementation

Resul ting data base model was converted to IMFschemes (conceptual, internal and external) anda prototype system was designed. Applicationprograms in COBOL were developed for dataloading and retrieval. Actual data was loadedinto the system and tested for a period of threemonths. Discrepancies and problems noted atthis stage formed basis for modifying the proto-type system. After incorporating modificationsin the data base structure, present version ofthe system was installed. Application programswere developed for data validation, loading, re-trieval and report generation for different sub-systems.

109

QOINPUT DATAI WORKSHEETS I

DATA ENTRYI KEY-TO-TAPE UNITS I

BOOKS

RAJASHEKAR

CORRECTED DATAVALIDATION CORRECTIONS

JOURNALS ARTICLES ISSUE I RETURNS

I 1 1 Ic:lLOADERPROGRAMS NEWS !APER ITEMS

IJ. I

( DATA BASE~

I

I

1II

REPORT REPORTGENERATION GENERATION BISETPROGRAMS PROGRAMS

1 I

1I

l 1 1 I 1II

• PRINTED CATALOGUE CURRENT SERI"ALS SELECTED ARTICLES I REMINDERS INFORMATIONBOOK CARDS REPORTS LIST I « OVERDUE RETRIEVALLIST OF ADDITIONS I BOOKS I I ONLINE I

N Ir

MAlPRODUCTS

iJKWIC I KWCC INDEXESOI"HERS COMPILATION OF SELECTIVE

BIBLIOG~PHI ES

•ICURRENT NEWS UPDATE IFig 2 - Library System WorkjllJw

BOOK RECORD

AUTHOR NAME

AUTHOR INDEXRECORD

AUTHOR DIRECTORYRECORD

KEYWORD INDEX KEYWORD DIRECTORY CROSS REFERENCEDIRECTORY

Fig 3 - Structuring of Information in the Database(only part of the database shown)

6 WORKFLOW WITHIN THE SYSTEM

Information about new documents added to thelibrary undergo several operations before it isstored in the data base and available for subse-quent manipulation. These operations fall intoa well defined sequence and are common forupdating information for all library subsysems.

It may be noted here that only data which isunique for a particular subsystem enters thedata base separately whereas data shared bymore than one subsystem, for ego catalogueinformation, is entered only once. Major stepsinvolved in data base updation is shown inFig. 2 and these are described briefly below.

110 Ann Lib Sci Doc

COMPUTER' ASSISTED LIBRARY AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

61 Data Capture and Analysis

Data specific to each subsystem is collected atthe location where corresponding manual opera-tions are being done in the library. Further, datais analysed to identify the data elements thatare to be stored into the data base. For example,in the cataloguing subsystem, a document isanalysed for its subject content in terms of classnumber (U.D.C.), Keywords (subject terms) andfor bibliographic details. This also includes con-trolling the vocabulary using thesauri such asINSPEC, NCC computing terms, ROOT the-saurus (BSI), etc.

62 Coding

Data input sheet specific to the subsystem isfilled-up. At this step special care is taken tostandardise the names and headings of pub-lishers, corporate authors, etc. using directory(look-up) lists generated from the data basetime to time. A code of instructions have beenprepared to assist persons involved in coding.

63 Conversion of Data to Machine ReadableForm

Data input sheets are submitted to the DataPreparation Unit along with information such asrecord format, length, special characters, fieldjustification etc. Key-punch operators transferdata onto magnetic tapes using key-to-tapemachines.

64 Data Validation

Hard copy listing of the data on tape is takenand proof read using data input sheets to detectkey punching/transcription errors. These correc-tions are made online using the editor availableon the computer system. Edited data file isvalidated using validation programs to identifyincompatibilities among different data ele-ments of a document, e.g., an author with-out author type (personal, editor, translator,etc.), a conference document without con-ference date etc. Any violations of predefineddata characteristics are also identified, e.g.,an invalid document type, accession nurn-

Vol 30 No 3-4 Sept·Dee 1983

ber being non-numeric, etc. Diagnostics gene-rated by validation program is used to correctall the errors in the input data. During valida-tion, error free records are reformatted intostructures defined in the data base schemes,and the reformatted records are written on totemporary working files.

65 Loading of Data

These working files are input to loader pro-grams which identify the input records andstore them at proper locations in the database. Data incompatible with predefined struc-tures/constraints in the data base are displayedfor proper action to be taken. Such incom-patibilities may arise, e.g., when attempt ismade to store a document with an accessionnumber already existing in the data base.

66 Retrieval/Report Generation.

Data once loaded becomes an integral part ofthe data base and is available to all relevantreport generation and retrieval programs. Mostof the reports circulated to library users aregenerated immediately after loading the data.Directory listings of publishers, corporateauthors, keywords, etc. which are required bythe library staff are produced after 3 or 4batches of data sheets have been stored in thedata base. Reports that require searching,matching, special formatting, etc. are pro-duced using application programs. Simple,ad-hoc reports are generated using the querylanguage (IMFQU), which forms part of DBMSsoftware.

67 Spelling/Format Error Corrections

Inspite of care taken at coding, validationand loading stages. many spelling and formaterrors get accumulated over a period of time.Most frequently these errors occur in title,keyword, author and publisher fields. Sucherrors are corrected using an application pro-gram which accepts, interactively ,correct valuesand modifies error fields. Errors in data fieldslike page numbers, date of publication, classnumber, etc. are corrected using the querylanguage. Interactive data modification 'isillustrated in Appendix-If).

111

7 DATA ELEMENTS DESCRIPTION

RAJASHEKAR

The study made to identify features of thesystem (Section 5) took into consideration dataelemen ts required to support different sub-systems. Documents like UNISIST ReferenceManual were used to select data elements.Exhaustivity being not the primary aim, dueconsideration was given to factors like discstorage' space availability, user requirements,operational and program requirements, andcoding and data entry constraints.

Table in Appendix-2 gives list of data ele-ments in the data base and their characteristics.

8 STRUCTURING OF INFORMATION INTHE DATA BASE

Although the data base consists of differentrecord types for documen ts and other subsys-tems, all information is integrated and is avail-able within a single file. Basically, bibliographicinformation pertaining to different documenttypes is organised into three record types:

1. Main Record;2. Index Record; and3. Directory Record.

The three records are inter-related using acces-sion number (or record serial number) and thedirectory reference number.

Figure 3 illustrates a part of the data basestructure showing the record types involvedfor books, authors and keywords and theirinter-relationships. Book record, which is themain record, is linked to Author directory viaAuthor index record. Book record is also linkedto keywords in similar fashion. Lines repre-sented by arrows indicate the path (linkage)through which navigation is made from onerecord to another to obtain all related da ta.

9 COMPUTER HARDWARE/SOFTWAREDETAILS

The system reported here has been implementedon CYBER-170/730 Computer installed atNational Informatics Centre (NIC). The com-puter system has 196K memory, several peri-pheral processors, tape units, disk units andvideo/hard copy terminals. Data preparation·

112

is done using key-to-tape and key-to-floppydiskette machines.

The data base has been designed using !MF,a general purpose DBMS available on the Cybersystem. Program routines for validation, stor-ing, retrieval, report generation and modifica-tion are in ANS 1974 COBOL. Programs andfiles related to each subsystem are embeddedwithin higher level procedures which can beused easily by persons without extensive know-ledge of inner features of programs or database. All operations on the data base are per-formed online using terminals connected tothe computer. The data base is resident ononline disc and a back-up copy is maintainedon tape for quick recovery.

10 REASONS FOR USING A DBMS

A data base can be defined as a collection ofstored data organised in such a way that alluser data requirements are satisfied by thedata base. A data base management system(DBMS) is a general purpose set of softwareroutines that aid and control each user's accessto and use of the data base for adding, modify-ing and retrieving data, which also includesfacilities giving data independence, integrityand security [3] . File management systems,the forerunner of the current data base techno-logy I are systems whir:h own their own files andcontain their own internal difinition of thefile information. There is no sharing or wayto use the files by multiple users, or by userswho have different "views" of the data. Someof the major advantages of using a DBMS overfile management software are given below [1,4] :

a) DBMS decreases developmental andimplementation time since' routines fortransforming user description of datainto suitable file structures, and per-forming operations like accessing, stor-ing,-modifying etc. are inbuilt in DBMSsoftware.

b) DBMS offer facility to define differentviews of the same data, making itpossible to provide user groups theirown view of data in data base. Forexample, in a library data base, acqui-

Ann Lib Sci Doc


c)

sitions section may have view of acqui-stions related data only and not circu-lation related data in the data base.

Relations existing between differentsubsystems can be more convenientlyreflected in the computerised systemimplemented using a DBMS than usingconventional file management routines.

Query language is generally part of aDBMS which can be used by non-computer personnel to interact withthe data base for ad-hoc query reportsgeneration, perform data updation andmodification, etc.

d)

e) DBMS offer greater level of data inde-pendancy. Data description is indepen-dent of programs, thus any changemade in data description does notnecessitate large scale changes inapplication programs.

DBMS offer better security measuresfor data. User groups can be prede-fined to have only certain operationalpermission on the data base like read,'write, modify etc. Also, the user can belimited to only subsets of the data basethrough the view defined for them.

Creation and maintenance of physicalfiles containing data is taken care of bythe DBMS. User need not be concernedabout how his data is physically stored,how it is fetched etc. by the DBMS.Due to this there is an increased pro-grammer productivity.

f)

g)

11 FEEDBACK AND USAGE PATTERNSTUDIES

2. Document usage: Issue/returns data fromthe circulation subsystem is being used to studythe documen t usage pattern among the usersof the library.

3. Information services usage: Various out-puts generated from the data base and circulatedto the users form basis for eliciting feedbackregarding the output format, arrangement, etc.

4. Library staff experience: Experience of-the library staff with the computerisedsystemat different stages like input preparation; 're-"ports generation, retrieval, terminal usage, etc.provide feedback regarding any drawbacks/inconveniences in the system.

Modifications that are to be made in thesystem, as a result of these usage studies, arebeing collected together for incorporating intothe system in the next revision. However, minormodifications like changing print formats, vali-dation criteria, etc. are made immediately.

12 FURTHER WORK

In subsequent phases of system development,following subsystems will be incoporated intothe data base:

1. Book acquisition,

2. Journal subscription, receipt andclaims,

3. Enhancing of current awareness ser-vices to SDI,

4. Administration and planning which in-cludes monitoring, performance evalua-tion, budgeting, etc.

13 CONCLUSIONS

Although many libraries in India are makingLibrary and data base usage IS being studied, use of computers, they have mostly limitedfrom the following points: themselves to developing isolated applications.

Major reasons for this have been non-availabi-lity of computer resources and suitable soft-ware. However, with rapid developments beingmade in microelectronics, data base and relatedtechnologies, more and more powerful com-puting systems, at prices much lower than pre-sent day figures, will be 'available in the market

1. Retrieval subsystem usage: A copy of thecommands used by enquirers while conductingonline search is automatically maintained. Be-sides the verbal comments received from users,a close study of the commands used can revealthe problems in this subsystem.

Vol 30 No 3-4 Sept-Dee 1983 113

RAJASHEKAR

in near future. These developments will pro-vide excellent opportunities for libraries inIndia to automate their operations. But, in-order to obtain full benefits of automation,libraries should utilise such opportunities fordeveloping integrated library systems. Workreported in this paper is an attempt in thisdirection.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I thank Dr. N. Seshagiri, Executive Director,National Informatics Centre for providing me anexcellent opportunity to do the work reportedhere and prepare the paper. I also thank Dr. N.Vijayaditya, Mr. M. Moni, Mr. S.N. Karkhanisand my colleagues in the library for their guid-ance and encouragement.

REFERENCES

[1] Flores, Ivan. Data base architecture. Van NostrandReinhold, 1981 (Chapters 1-3).

[2] Karkhanis, S.N. and others. A descriptive accountof bibliographic data base on HP /21 MX Com-puter System at IPAG, Electronics Commission.(DST-Seminar on Application of Computers toBibliographical Processing: Some Developmentsin India, Bangalore 10-13 July, 1978).

[3] Open University. Computer-based informationsystems. Block 1. A Information systems. B.Why data base? Open university, Milton Keynes,1980.

[4] Scott, Michael. A data base for small computers?Production Engng, 1980, 27, 50-54.

[5] UNISIST/ICSU-AB: Reference manual for ma-chine readable bibliographic descriptions, Compoby M.D. Martin, UNESCO, Paris, 1974.

[6] Vijayaditya, N. Available information packagesand software for handling library and informationproblems with the aid of computers, SISCOMNewsletter, 1981, 1(6),3-6.

APPENDIX-!

RETRIEVAL SYSTEM: COMMANDS

SEARCH COMMANDS

Sl.

No.COMMAND FUNCTION EXAMPLE

1 AT,X AUrnOR AT, MARTINIJ(With or without initials)

2 KW,X KEYWORD KW, TV STUDIOS• (Specific subject)

3 BS, X BROAD SUBJECT BS, PROGRAMMING

4 CA,X CORPORATE AUrnOR CA, IEEE[Institution as author)

5 CS,X CONFERENCE SPONSOR CS,IFIP(Institution sponsoring a Conference)

6 RS,X REPORT SPONSOR RS, ACM(Institution sponsoring Project)

7 UD,X U.D.C. CLASS NO. UD,621.397

8 IP, X IPAG CLASS NO. IP,40

114 Ann Lib Sci Doc


9 PU,X PUBLISHER PU, PERGAMON

10 CP,X CONFERENCE PLACE CP, SHEFFIELD(Place where conference was held)

11 SN,X STANDARD NO. SN,ISA-S2 1973

12 RN,X REPORT NO. RN, 70E-491-01A

13 AC,X ACCESSION NO. AC, N00380

14 -, X=B SELECT ONL Y BOOKS KW, DATA BASES=B

15 -, X=J SELECT ONLY JOURNALS KW, ELECTRONICS=J

16 -,X=A SELECT ONLY ARTICLES KW, FIBRE OPTICS=A

CONTROL COMMAN OS

Sl.No.

COMMAND FUNCTION EXAMPLE

HELP EXPLAIN ALL HELP

2 STOP orBYE orEND

TERMINATE BISET STOP

3 PRINT DISPLAY DOCUMENT DETAILS(In steps of 6 documents)

PRINT

4 LPRINT SEND OUTPUT TO LINE PRINTER LPRINT

5 AND,X BOOLEAN INTERSECTION AND, AT, WILSON

6 NOT,X BOOLEN NEGATION NOT, KW, FORTRAN

7 OR,X BOOLEAN UNION(Inclusive)

OR, KW, SIMULATION

8 ISS, X ISSUE STATUS OF A BOOK ISS, NOOOOI

9 MASK, KW, X MASKING MASK, KW, INFORM

NOTE: 1. 'X'is the value assigned by the user (See examples above)2. MASK can be used only with KW command.

Vol 30 No 3-4 Sept-Dee 1983 115

RAJASHEKAR

APPENDIX-2

DATA ELEMENTS DESCRIPTION

------------------~----------------------------------------S1. DATA ELEMENT DATA ENTRY DOCUMENT TYPE REMARKSNo. TYPE FORM B C MS R A J~-------------------------------.------------------------------------

1 Accession Number N Natural XXXXX2 Record Serial Number N Natural XX3 Collection Code A Coded X X X X X X4 Document Type A Coded XX X XX X X5 UOC Class Number AN Natural XXXXX X6 Title AN Natural XXXXX X

7 Notes AN Natural XXXXXXX Includes edition statementVol. No. etc.

8 Publisher AN Natural XX X X X X Publisher Directory

9 Publication date N Natural XX X XX XX10 Document Level A Coded X XXXXX11 Personal author AN Natural X XX Author Directory

12 Collaborator AN Natural XXXXXX CollaboratorCollaborator type XXX XXX Directory

13 Corporate author AN Natural XXXXX Institution Directory

Conference14 - Country AN Natural X15 - Place AN Natural X16 - Date A Natural X17 Conference Sponsor AN Natural X Institution Directory

18 J oumal Sponsor AN Natural X Institution Directory

19 Keyword (Descriptor) AN Natural XXXXX XX Keyword Directory

20 Broad Subject AN Natural XXXXX X X Top Term in hierarchy

21 Broad U.D.C. Number AN Natural XX X XX X Part of UDC Class No.

22 Local Class Number AN Natural X XXXX X23 Standard Number AN Natural X24 Report Number AN Natural X

Journal

25 Status (History) AN Coded X26 Place of Publication AN Natural X27 Country of Publication AN Natural X28 Starting Year of Publication N Natural X

Holdings

29 Volume Number N Natural X

116 Ann Lib Sci Doc


SI. DA TA ELEMENTNo.

DATATYPE

ENTRYFORM

DOCUMENT TYPEBCMSRAj

REMARKS

------------------------------------------------------------------------

30 Issue Number N Natural X31 Publication Date N Natural X32 Frequency N Natural X33 ISSN A.t~ Natural X34 Alternate Keyword AN

35 Stop word AN Natural

36 ISBN AN Natural XXXXXBorrower's Directory

37 Name AN Natural

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Vol 30 No 3-4 Sept-Dee 1983 117

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Vol 30 No 3-4 Sept-Dee 1983 121

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TCA SRINIVASA RAGHAVANOPTIC FIBRES : ILLUSION OR REVOLUTION ?EASTERN ECONCNISTVOL.75,NO.ll;800912;P.634 - 635

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P JEPPESENDOHESTIC TELEVISION - BY SATELLITE,CABLE AND/OR OPTICAL FIBRE ?ESA BULLETINVOL.,NO.23;8008;P.58 - 64

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122 Ann Lib Sci Doc


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APPENDIX-4 (PAGE-I)•••••••••••••••••••

83061~••••••llBRM'Y

ELECTRONICS COMMIS~ION(IoAG)••••••• **•••• *••*••• *•••••••LIST nF ADDITIONS*••••••••••••• *•• NO. 6/83

*.**.***CONTENTS••••• *••

••••••••••••••• *••••• *••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• *.*** •••••• **STntT1NG

SUB J ECT FNTRY N0•••••••••••••• *••••••••••••••••••• *** ••••••••••• *•••••• *••••**.*.**.

BUSINESS MANAGEMENT •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 12COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN ••••••••• e •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 14COMPUTER NETWORKS •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 19

COMPUTERS:ACCOUNTING ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 18

COMPUTERS:DATA PROCESSING.................................... 13COMPUTERS:TElECOMMUNICATIONS................................. 11DATA BASES:OBMS •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 27

GENERAL DOCUMENTS............................................ 1INPUTaOUTPUT DEVICES......................................... 24

INTEGPATED CIRCUITS:MICROElECTRONICS......................... 3LINGU1STICS:lITERATURE....................................... 32MICROPROCESSORS •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 20OFFICE MANAGEMENT............................................ 11PROGRAMMING •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 25SECURITY OF COMPUTER SySTEMS.................................16TELECOMMUNICATIONS........................................... q

VIOEOTEX:VIEWDATA •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 10WORD PRaCf~S!NG •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 15

THE BOOKS IN THIS LIST WILL q~ DN orSPlAY TILL 30/06ff3

Vol 30 No 3-4 Sept-Dee 1983 125

RAJASHEKAR

•••••••••••••••••••630626 LIST Of ADDITIONS

o GENERAL DOCUMENTS

1 SRINIVASAN K,EOTIDINGS INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS DIRECTORY.TIDINGS PUBLICATION/82/.058"1982"/W00073.

2 INDIA INFN ~ND BROADCA$TING(MIN ~~)INDI",g1982.INDIA INF & BROADlMIN OF)/8212/583.058"1962"/W00074.

621.38.049.77 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS:M!CPOElECTRONICS

3 TIDESWElL MWHO'S AFRAID OF THE MICROCHIP.BRITISH INST OF MANAGEMENT/8I/56.621.38.049.77/110050.

4 UK INDU~TRY(DEPT OF)MJCROELECTRONICS,THE NEW TECHNOLOGY.UK INDUST~Y(OEPT OF)/78/24.621.38.049.771II0051.

UK INDUSTRY(DEPT O~)M!CROELECT~ONICS-THE OPTIONS.UK INDUSTPYCOEPT OF)/79/16.621.38.04Q.77(420)/II0052.

6 UK INOUSTRY(DEPT OF)BIBLIOGRAPHY ON MICROELECT~ONICS APPLICATIONS.UK INOUSTRY(OEPT OF)/~20831/.621.38.049.77:0161110053.

7 EINSPRUCH NG,EOVLSI ElFCTRONICS:MfCROSTRUCTURE SC1ENCE-VOL 3.5 VOlS.ACADEMIC pr/82/453.621.38.049.77/110096.

8 flNSPRUCH NG,EOVl$t ElECT~ONJCS:M!CROSTRUCTURE SCJENCF-VDl 4.5 vru s,ACADEMIC PR/82/377.621.38.049.771:10099.

621.39 TELECOMMUNICATIONS

9 NATIONAL COMPUTING CENTRE lTDHANDBOOK OF nATA COMMUNICATIONS.NCC/82/497.621.39/N02352.

126 Ann Lib Sci Doc

COMPUTER ASSISTED LmRARY AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

APPENDIX-I)••••••••••

830628••••••ELECTRONICS COMMISSION LIBRARY•••••••••• *•••••••••••••••••••

•UTHOR CATALOGUE PAGE 1•••••••••••••••• .***••••

ABBOTT JON-LINE PROGRAMMING-A MANAGEMENT GUIDEN C C , 1981 , 64 P681.32906:681.32.022 110100

ALLEN WSSANDHllTH£ THEORETICAL PHONETIC AND HISTORICAL

BASES OF WORD-JUNCTION IN SANSKRITHOUTON,1972,114 p809.12-462.2 N02309

BAHRI US,EDTOPICS IN HINDI LINGUDSTICSVOL I,BAHRI PUAlICATIONS,1981,122 P809.143.2 N02310

B;EAHES JCOMPARA.TI V'E GRAMMAR Of THE MODERN ARYAN U,NGUAGES OF INDIAMUNSHIR.M MANOHARl.l,1871,316 ,809.14-~ N02304

BIBLIOGRAPHY ON MICROELECTRONICS •••UK INDUSTRYCDE'T Of),UKBIBLIOGRAPHY ON MICROELECTRONICS APPLICATIONSUK INDUSTRYCDEPT OF),19820831,.621.38.049.77:016 110053

CALDWELL RCOM PARATI V'E GRA MMAR Of THE DRAVIOIlAN OFt SOUTH-INDIAN FAMILY O~ LANGUAGES3RD R£V EO,ORtENTAl BOOKS REPRtNT COPP,lql~,640 P809.4&-5 N02305

CERI S,EDMETHODOLOGY AND TOOLS FOR DATA BASE DESIGNHORTH HOl~AND,1983,Z55 P681.32.0608 N023'O

Vol 30 No 3-4 Sept-Dee 1983 127

RAJASHEKAR

BOOK CARDS INFGRMATION ••••••••••••• __ ••..•••.•••. _ •••• IIIiIP8B•••. '••.••.••• __ ••. II(~_ .••

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10051

tJK INDtISTRY( DE PT OF)MICROElECTRnNIC~ THE NEW TECHNOLOGY621.38.049.77

ELECTRONICS COMMTS!lON lIRR~~Y

10052

UK INDUSTRY(DEPT OF)MICROElfCT~ONIC~-THF OPTIONS621.38.049.77(420)

ELFCTRnNICS CO~Ml~~T~N LIB~A~Y

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Vol 30 No 3-4 Sept-Dee 1983 129

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Anr. Lib Sci Doc


APPENDIX-IO(PAGE-l)

INTERACTIVE DATA HODIFICATION

/gl!t.llIodproc./rnodp ro c ,

LIB R A R Y D A TAB A S E

(===== Program Initiation

============= ======= =======

DATA l'10DIFICAT ION/REPLACEHENT ROUTINE

**** C AUT ION ****

1. ENSURE THAT A LATEST COpy OF THE DATA BASEIS TAKEN ON TAPE BEFORE RU!,;NING THIS PROGRAHAS ANY A~NORHAL TERHINATION DURING EXECUTION\HLL CAUSE IRRECOVERABLE DMlAGE TO THEDATA HAS£.

2. PL. DO NOT TERl.'1INATE THIS PROGRMJ ABNOJ:{HALLY.

BACK-UP COPY AVAILABLE ON TAPE ?(YES/NO)? yes

YOU CAN HODIFY/REPLACE FOLLOWING ITEHS1 PUBLISHER.2 KEYWORD.3 PERSONAL AUTHOR.4 CORPOl{ATE AUTHOR.(ENTER 0 FOR EXIT)

PL.ENTER OPTION(U.l.2.3 OR 4) <===== Option Selection? 2

» ROUTINE : KEYWORD «YOU CAN

o TERHINATE EDITING THIS DATA ITEN.1 HODIFY THIS DATA ITEH.2 REPLACE THIS DATA ITEH.

PL.ENTER HOD/REP OPTION(U.l.2)? 1

» ROUTINE : KEYWORD /HODIFY« <===== Keyword Hodification

PL. ENTER KEY\..JORD CODE(FMT:NNNNN)? 01800

VALUE FOR THE CODE W DATA BASE ACOUSTIC HOLOGROPHY

ENTER CORRECT NMIE OF KEYWORD? accoustic holography

Vol 30 No 3-4 Sept-Dee 1983 131

RAJASHEKAR

KEYHOlill CODE = 0180UKEYlVURD NAl'lE = ACOUSTIC HOLOGRAPHY

IS IT OK ?(LNIER YES/NO)? yes

KCY\WRD 1l0DIFIED

» lWUTINE : KEY\WRD «YOU CAN

o TERNlNATE EDITING THIS DATA ITEH.1 = HODIFY THIS DATA ITEN.2 REPLACE THIS DATA ITEN.

PL.ENTER NOD/REP OPTION(0,1,2)? 2

» ROUTINE : KEYWORD /REPLACE« <===== Keyword Replacement

ENTER KEYIWRD CODE FOR ERROR RECORD(Ft-1T:NNNNN)? 02322

VALUE FOR THE CODE IN DATA BASE : AGIUCULTURAL PRODUCT

ENTER KEYIWRD CODE OF CORRECT RECORD(FflT: rmNNN)? 01224

VALUE FOR THE CODE IN DATA BASE : AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS

« CHECK FOR ERROR/CORRECT VALUES »IS IT OK ? (ENTER YES/NO)? YESKEYHORD tU~PLACEOVER

» ROUTINE : KEYIWRD «YOU CAN

U TERHINATE EDITING THIS DATA ITEH.1 NODIFY THIS DATA ITEH.2 REPLACE THIS DATA ITEH.

PL.ENTER MOD/REP OPTION(0,1,2)? 0

YOU CAN MOUIFY/REPLACE FULLo\HPiG HEI'IS1 PllliLISliER.2 KEY\W iill.3 PLRSOPiAL AUTHOR.4 CORPORATE AU rues.(ENTER 0 FOR EXIT)

PL.ENTER OPTIUN(O,1,2,3 01{ 4)? 1

132 Ann Lih Sci Doc


» lWUTlNE : PUllLISHE1{«YOU CAN

o TERMINATE EDITING THIS DATA ITEH.1 HODIFY THIS DATA' ITEH.2 R~PLACE THIS DATA ITEM.

PL.ENTER MOD/REP OPTION(0~1.2)? 1

» ROUTINE : PUBLISHER /NODIFY«

PL.ENTER PUBLISHER CODE(FHT:NNNNN)? 0042VALUE FOR THE CODE IN DATA BASE : BUTTERWARTHSENTER CORRECT NAt-lEOF PUBLISHER? butterworths

PUBLISHER CODE 0042PUBLISHER NMlE BUTTERWORTHS

IS IT OK ?(ENTER YES/NO)? yes

PCBLISHER MODIFIED

» ROUTINE : PUBLISHER «YOU CAN

o = TERMINATE EDITING THIS DATA ITEM.1 = MODIFY THIS DATA ITEM.2 = REPLACE THIS DATA ITEH.

PL.ENTER HOD/REP OPTION(0.1.2)? 0

YOU CAN MODIFY/REPLACE FOLLOWING ITEMS1 PUBLISHER.2 - KEYWORD.3 = PERSONAL AUTHOR.4 - CORPORATE AUTHOR.(ENTER 0 FOR EXIT)

PL.ENTER OPTION(O.1~l,3 OR 4)? '0* END OF JOB *PL.CONFIRH MODIFICATIONS USING IMFQU/BISET.REVERT. MODIFICATION PROG. TERNINATED.

==== • ====NOTE: 1. Lines in lower case letters are entered

by the user. Lines in upper case aresystem messages.

2. Lines with" <===== " in right columnare remarks.

Vol 30 No 3·4 Sept·Dee 1983

<===== Publisher Modification

<=~=== Program termination

133