Christina A. / 1213013008 Ivena M. A. / 1213013010 Paulin K. G. / 1213013018

• Families

• Peer Relations, Play, and Television

• The Self, Gender, and Moral

Development

What influences it?

Families

• Parenting styles

• Adapting parenting to developmental changes in the

child

• Cultural, ethnic, and social class variations in family

• Siblings relationship and birth order

• The changing family in a changing society

• Depressed parents

Parenting Styles

Three parenting styles by Diana Baumrind:

1. Authoritarian

Is a restrictive style in which parents exhort the child to follow

instruction and to respect their work and effort. This style has a firm

limit and controls on the child

2. Authoritative

This style encourages children to be independent but parents still place

limit and controls on the children’s actions

3. Permissive

Neglectful parents are uninvolved in the child’s life.

Indulgent parents are highly involved with their children but place

few demands or control on them.

Adapting Parenting to Developmental

Changes in the Child

Parents need to adapt their behavior to their

children based on their children’s developmental

maturity.

As the child grow older, parents increasingly to

reasoning, moral exhortation and giving or withholding

special privileges, give less physical affection.

Cultural, Ethnic, and Social Class

Variations in Family

Different culture, different ethnic, different

social class

Different values, different parenting behaviors

Siblings Relationship and Birth Order

Actions Parents Siblings

Interaction More Less

Following dictates More Less

Behave punitively and

negatively

Less More

Understand the child’s

problem

Less More

Birth order effects suggest that birth order might

be a strong predictor of behavior. However, we

must remember that there are so many other

complex influences on a child’s behavior.

The Changing Family in a Changing

Society

• Working Mothers

Maternal employment is a part of modern life.

Many working mothers are feeling guilty about being

away from their children. Working parents’ guilt can be

reduced if they begin paying closer attention to how

their children are doing.

• Effects of divorce on children

Two main models to explain how explain how divorce

affects children’s development:

Multiple factor

model of

divorce

• Family structure model

Any differences in children from different family structures

are due to the family structure variations, such as the father’s

being absent in one set of the families.

• Multiple factor model of divorce

Takes into account the complexity of the divorce context and

examines a number of influences on the child’s development.

Such as: age and developmental changes; conflict; sex of the

child and custody arrangements; income and economic

stress.

Most children initially experience considerable

stress when their parents divorce, and they are

at risk for developing problem behaviors.

Depressed Parents

Research shows that depression in parents is

associated with problem of adjustment and

disorders, especially depression, in their

children.

Peer Relations, Play,

and Television

Peer Relations

• Peer group function

to provide a source of

information and comparison

about the world outside the

family

• Two kinds relations

Poor peer relations and

Harmonious peer relations

• The Distinct but

Coordinated Worlds of

Parent-Child and Peer

Relations

The Distinct but Coordinated Worlds of Parent-Child and Peer

Relations

1. bullies ⇒ their parent

rejected, were

authoritian

permissiviness toward

aggresion discord

2. whipping boys ⇒ their

parent were anxious

and over protective. Peer Relations

Play

Play’s Functions

• Freud and Erikson

Play help child master

anxieties and conflicts.

• Piaget

Play advance children's

cognitive development.

• Vigotsky

Belives that play advance

children's cognitive

development.

• Daniel Berlyne

Describes play as being

exciting and pleasurable.

Play

• Unoccupied play

• Solitary play

• Onlooker play

• Parallel play

• Associative play

• Cooperative play

Parten's Classic

Study of Play

Unoccupied play

the child is not playing but occupies herself with

watching anything that happend to be of

momentary interest.

Solitary play

The children are

play alone and

independently of

others.

Onlooker play

Occurs when the child watches other children

play.

Parallel play

Occurs when the child plays separately from

others but with the tpys like those the others are

using.

Associative play

when the child is interested in the people playing

but not in coordinating their activities with those

people, or when there is no organized activity at

all. There is a substantial amount of interaction

involved, but the activities are not in sync.

Cooperative play

involves social interaction in a group with a

sense of group identity and organized activity

Play

Types of Play

• Sensorimotor /

Practice Play

• Pretense / Symbolic

Play

• Social Play

• Constructive Play

• Games

Television

• Television's roles

• Effect of television

on children

• Aggression and

Prosocial Behavior

Strategies for Enriching the Quality of Children's Play

1. Time = give 30- to 50- minute at least several times a week.

2. Space = at least 25 to 30 square feet

3. Experience = field trip

4. Play Materials

Amount of television watching by children

The Self, Gender, and

Moral Development

The Self

Initiative vs. Guilt

As preschool, children

encounter a widening social

world, they are challenge more

& need to develop more

purposeful behavior to cope

with these challenges. Children

are asked to assume more

responsibility. Uncomfortable

guilt feelings may arise, though,

if the children irresponsible &

are made to feel too anxious.

The Self

Self-Understanding

is the child’s cognitive

representation of self,

the substance & content

of the child’s self-

conception.

Gender

Gender refers to the social

dimension of being male or

female.

Gender identity is the sense of

being male or female, which most

of children acquire by the time

they are 3 years old.

Gender role is a set of

expectation that prescribe how

males and females should think,

act, and feel.

Gender

Biological Influences

Sigmund FreudHuman behavior and history are

directly influenced by sexual drives.

Erik EriksonBecause of genital structure, males

are more intrusive and aggressive,

females more inclusive and passive.

Gender

Social Influences

Identification theoryThe preschool child develops a sexual

attraction to the opposite-sex parent.

By approximately 5 or 6 years of age

the child renounces this attraction

because of anxious feelings. Then, the

child identifies with the same-sex

parent, unconsciously adopting the

same-sex parent’s characteristics.

Social learning theory of

genderChildren’s gender development

occurs through observation and

imitation of gender behavior, and

through the rewards &punishments

children experience for gender

appropriate and inappropriate

behavior.

Gender

Gender

• Parental Influences

Mother are more consistently

given responsibility for nurture

& physical care.

Father are more likely to

engage in playful interaction &

be given responsibility for

ensuring that boys & girls

conform to existing cultural

form.

Gender

• Peer Influences

Boys teach one another need

masculine behavior and do that

strictly.

Girls mainly congregate with

one another.

Gender

• School & Teacher

Influences

• Girls’ learning problems are

not identified as often as boys’

are.

• Boys are given the lion’s share

of attention in school.

• Girls start school testing higher

in every academic subject than

boys, yet graduate from high

school scoring lower on the SAT

exam.

Gender

• Boys are most often at the top

of their classes, but they are also

are most often at the bottom.

•Pressure to achieve is more

likely to be heaped on boys than

on girls.

Gender

• Television was portraying

females as less competent than

males.

•In the print media

Females are shown more often

in beauty products, cleaning

products, and home appliances

advertisements.

Males are shown more often in

car, liquor, and travel

advertisements.

• Media Influences

Gender

Cognitive Influences

• Cognitive Developmental

Theory

Children’s gender typing

occurs after they have

developed a concept of

gender. Once they

consistently conceive of

themselves as male or

female, children often

organize their world on the

basis of gender.

Gender

• Gender Schema Theory

states that an individual‘s

attention & behavior are

guided by an internal

motivation to conform to

gender-based sociocultural

standards and stereotypes.

Gender

• The Role of Language in

Gender Development

The language that children

hear most of the time is

sexist.

Moral Development

Concerns rules and

conventions about

what people should

do in their

interactions with

other people.

Behave

Reason or

Think

Feel

Moral Development

• Piaget’s View of How

children’s moral

Reasoning Develops

Heteronomous morality

The first stage of moral

development in Piaget’s

theory, occurring

approximately 4 to 7 years

of age. Justice and rules

are conceived of as

unchangeable properties

of the world, removed

from the control of people.

Moral Development

Autonomous morality

The second stage of moral

development in Piaget’s

theory, displayed by older

children (about 1o years of

age and older]. The child

becomes aware that rules

and laws are created by

people and that, in

judging an action, one

should consider the actor’s

intentions as well

consequences.

Moral Development

Immanent justice the concept

that if the rule is broken,

punishment will be meted

out immediately.

Moral

Behavior

Social Learning

Theory

Processes of Reinforcement

Imitation

Punishment

Situation

Moral Development

• Moral Feelings

• Superego as the

main structure of

personality.

• Child’s superego

develop when the

child resolves the

Oedipus Complex

conflict.

Moral Development

• Self-punitiveness of

guilt

• Empathy

• The cognitive

component