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Page 1: Energy in a Cell All Cells Need Energy Cells need energy to do a variety of work: Making new molecules. Building membranes and organelles. Moving molecules

Energy in a Cell

Page 2: Energy in a Cell All Cells Need Energy Cells need energy to do a variety of work: Making new molecules. Building membranes and organelles. Moving molecules

All Cells Need Energy

Cells need energy to do a variety of work:Making new molecules.Building membranes and organelles.

Moving molecules in and out of the cell.

Movement.

Page 3: Energy in a Cell All Cells Need Energy Cells need energy to do a variety of work: Making new molecules. Building membranes and organelles. Moving molecules

Where Does A Cell Get Energy?

Food is broken down to a form the cell can use.

Extra energy is stored in an ATP molecule, a nucleotide.

Page 4: Energy in a Cell All Cells Need Energy Cells need energy to do a variety of work: Making new molecules. Building membranes and organelles. Moving molecules

What Is ATP?

ATP – adenosine triphosphate is a molecule made up of an adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups.

Adenine

Ribose

Page 5: Energy in a Cell All Cells Need Energy Cells need energy to do a variety of work: Making new molecules. Building membranes and organelles. Moving molecules

How Does ATP Work? Energy is stored in the bond

between the second and third phosphate group.

When the bond is broken, energy is released and ADP is formed.

Adenine

Ribose

Page 6: Energy in a Cell All Cells Need Energy Cells need energy to do a variety of work: Making new molecules. Building membranes and organelles. Moving molecules

ATP – Energy Currency

• Within a cell, formation of ATP from ADP and phosphate occurs over and over, storing energy each time.

• As the cell uses energy, ATP breaks down repeatedly to release energy and form ADP and phosphate.

Page 7: Energy in a Cell All Cells Need Energy Cells need energy to do a variety of work: Making new molecules. Building membranes and organelles. Moving molecules

Making Energy

Cells make energy in two ways:Photosynthesis – takes place in the chloroplasts.

Respiration – takes place in the mitochondria.

Page 8: Energy in a Cell All Cells Need Energy Cells need energy to do a variety of work: Making new molecules. Building membranes and organelles. Moving molecules

Photosynthesis

Autotrophs make their own food by trapping light energy and converting it to chemical energy (carbohydrates).

Page 9: Energy in a Cell All Cells Need Energy Cells need energy to do a variety of work: Making new molecules. Building membranes and organelles. Moving molecules

Photosynthesis

Using light from the sun, plants combine water and carbon dioxide to make sugar . General Equation:

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy C6H12O6 + 6O2

Reactants Products

Page 10: Energy in a Cell All Cells Need Energy Cells need energy to do a variety of work: Making new molecules. Building membranes and organelles. Moving molecules

Photosynthesis

2 ReactionsLight ReactionsCalvin Cycle

Page 11: Energy in a Cell All Cells Need Energy Cells need energy to do a variety of work: Making new molecules. Building membranes and organelles. Moving molecules

Photosynthesis Light Reactions – Light

energy is converted to chemical energy to split hydrogen from water.Takes place in the grana of the chloroplasts (the coin-like stacks of sacs).

Byproducts are oxygen, NADPH, and ATP.

Page 12: Energy in a Cell All Cells Need Energy Cells need energy to do a variety of work: Making new molecules. Building membranes and organelles. Moving molecules

Photosynthesis Calvin Cycle – ATP and NADPH

from the light reactions are used along with CO2 to form a simple sugar (glucose).Takes place in the stroma of the chloroplasts (the liquid filling).

Byproducts are C6H12O6 (glucose), ADP, and NADP+ (which return to the light reactions).

Page 13: Energy in a Cell All Cells Need Energy Cells need energy to do a variety of work: Making new molecules. Building membranes and organelles. Moving molecules

Sunlight

NADP+

ADP NADPH

CO2

H2O

O2

CHLOROPLAST

ATP

Page 14: Energy in a Cell All Cells Need Energy Cells need energy to do a variety of work: Making new molecules. Building membranes and organelles. Moving molecules

Chemosynthesis Some autotrophs can convert

inorganic substances to energy. Most are adapted to live in

conditions where there is no oxygen.Marshes.Lake sediments.Digestive tracts of mammals.Deep in the ocean.

Page 15: Energy in a Cell All Cells Need Energy Cells need energy to do a variety of work: Making new molecules. Building membranes and organelles. Moving molecules
Page 16: Energy in a Cell All Cells Need Energy Cells need energy to do a variety of work: Making new molecules. Building membranes and organelles. Moving molecules

Respiration

The process of breaking down food molecules to release energy.

Occurs in the mitochondria. Two types:

Aerobic – requires oxygen.Anaerobic – requires an absence of oxygen.

Page 17: Energy in a Cell All Cells Need Energy Cells need energy to do a variety of work: Making new molecules. Building membranes and organelles. Moving molecules

Respiration Two types of anaerobic respiration:

Fermentation – occurs when bacteria break down plants (vegetables and fruit) and release alcohol or vinegar.

Lactic Acid Fermentation – occurs in muscles – a buildup of lactic acid causes soreness.

Page 18: Energy in a Cell All Cells Need Energy Cells need energy to do a variety of work: Making new molecules. Building membranes and organelles. Moving molecules

Respiration

StepsGlycolysisCitric Acid CycleElectron Transport Chain

Page 19: Energy in a Cell All Cells Need Energy Cells need energy to do a variety of work: Making new molecules. Building membranes and organelles. Moving molecules

Respiration

Glycolysis – glucose is split to form pyruvate.Takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell.

ATP is a byproduct.

Page 20: Energy in a Cell All Cells Need Energy Cells need energy to do a variety of work: Making new molecules. Building membranes and organelles. Moving molecules

Respiration Citric Acid Cycle – pyruvate is used

to build citric acid (a carbon compound), which is broken down to release ATP.Takes place in the cristae (the folded membrane in the mitochondrion).

CO2 is released, and NADH carries hydrogen ions to the electron transport chain.

Page 21: Energy in a Cell All Cells Need Energy Cells need energy to do a variety of work: Making new molecules. Building membranes and organelles. Moving molecules

Respiration

Electron Transport Chain – hydrogen ions are stripped of their energy, and large amounts of ATP are formed.Takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.

The used ions are combined with oxygen to form H2O.

Page 22: Energy in a Cell All Cells Need Energy Cells need energy to do a variety of work: Making new molecules. Building membranes and organelles. Moving molecules

MITOCHONDRION

CO2

H2O

O2 ATP

NADH

HeatElectron

TransportSystem

ATP

NAD+

Pyruvate

GlucoseATP

Page 23: Energy in a Cell All Cells Need Energy Cells need energy to do a variety of work: Making new molecules. Building membranes and organelles. Moving molecules

Sunlight

Photo-System

I

Photo-system

II

NADP+

ADPNADPHATP

CalvinCO2

H2O

O2

ATP

ATP

NAD+ NADH

ElectronTransportSystem

Cycle

CitricAcid

Heat

CHLOROPLAST MITOCHONDRIONATP

Glycolysis

Glucose Pyruvate

Cycle

Page 24: Energy in a Cell All Cells Need Energy Cells need energy to do a variety of work: Making new molecules. Building membranes and organelles. Moving molecules

Sunlight

Photo-System

I

Photo-system

II

NADP+

ADPNADPHATP

CycleCalvin CO2

H2O

O2

ATP

ATP

NAD+ NADH

ElectronTransportSystem

Cycle

CitricAcid

Heat

CHLOROPLAST MITOCHONDRION

Glucose

ATP

Pyruvate

Glycolysis


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