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TSUNAMIS IN THE OCEANS AND MEDITERRANEAN

Middle East Technical University, Civil Engineering Department Ocean Engineering Research Center

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TSU: harbor

NAMI: wave

( )

The word tsunami was regitered in all languages after Great Meiji Tsunami 1883.

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WHAT IS TSUNAMI?

A tsunami is a series of ocean waves of extremely long wave length and long period generated in a body of water by an impulsive disturbance that displaces the water.

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CAUSES OF TSUNAMI

Impulses are:

Submarine Earthquakes

Undersea Landslides

Volcanoes

Impacts of objects from outer space

(such as meteorites, asteroids, and

comets)

Thanks Dr. Wattana (Thailand)

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Vertical motion of the plates

IAEA

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Thanks Dr. Wattana (Thailand)

Vertical motion of the plates

IAEA

TSUNAMI AMPLIFICATION

Thanks Dr. Wattana (Thailand) 8

IAEA

9

IAEA

Generation

Split

Propagation

Transformation

Reflection

Amplification

Tsunami model NAMI DANCE Developed from TUNAMI N2

Deadliest Tsunamis in History

2004 9.0 Indian Ocean

1630-1410 b.c. Crete-Santorini, Ancient Greece

1755 8.5 Portugal, Morocco, Ireland, and the United Kingdom

1908 Messina, Italy

1782 7.0 South China Sea, Taiwan

1883 Krakatau, Indonesia

1707 8.4 Tokaido-Nankaido, Japan

1896 7.6 Sanriku, Japan

1868 8.5 Northern Chile

2011 8.9 Great East Japan Tsunami

1792 6.4 Kyushu Island, Japan 1Source: National Geophysical Data Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Read more: Tsunami Factfile Infoplease.com http://www.infoplease.com/spot/tsunami.html#tsunami#ixzz29zaNUS4U

Fatalities1 Year Magnitude Principal areas

Fatalities1 Year Magnitude Principal areas

830,000 1556 8.0 Shansi, China 255,000+ 1976 8.0 Tangshan, China

230,000+ 2004 9.1 off west coast of northern Sumatra

230,000 1138 n.a. Aleppo, Syria 222,570 2010 7.0 Haiti 200,000 1920 8.6 Gansu, China 200,000 1927 7.9 near Xining, China 200,000 856 n.a. Damghan, Iran 150,000 893 n.a. Ardabil, Iran 143,000 1923 7.9 Kwanto, Japan Source: National Earthquake Information Center, U.S. Geological Survey. Data compiled from several sources.

Read more: Tsunami Factfile Infoplease.com http://www.infoplease.com/spot/tsunami.html#tsunami#ixzz29zc1Wizm

Deadliest Earthquakes in History

List of Recent Tsunamis Sep. 5, 2012 --Costa Rica: Aug. 27, 2012 -- El Salvador: Apr. 11, 2012 -- Sumatra: Jul. 6, 2011 -- Kermadec: Mar. 11, 2011 -- Honshu, Japan: Dec. 21, 2010 -- Bonin Islands, Japan: Oct. 25, 2010 -- Mentawai, Indonesia: Apr. 6, 2010 -- Sumatra: Feb. 27, 2010 -- Chile Jan. 12, 2010 -- Haiti Jan. 3, 2010 -- Solomon Islands:

Oct. 7, 2009 -- Vanuatu and Santa Cruz Islands: Sep. 29, 2009 -- Samoa: Aug. 10, 2009 -- Andaman Islands: Jul. 15, 2009 -- New Zealand: Nov. 14, 2007 -- Northern Chile:

Sep. 12, 2007 -- Sumatra: Aug. 15, 2007 -- Peru: Apr. 1, 2007 -- Solomon Islands:

Jan. 13, 2007 -- Kuril Islands, Russia: Nov. 15, 2006 -- Kuril Islands, Russia: Jul. 17, 2006 -- South Java: Mar. 28, 2005 -- Indonesia: Dec. 26, 2004 -- Indonesia (Sumatra): Sep. 25, 2003 -- Hokkaido: Jun. 23, 2001 -- Peru: Jan. 13, 2001 -- El Salvador: Nov. 26, 1999 -- Vanuatu: Jul. 17, 1998 -- Papua New Guinea: Jun. 10, 1996 -- Andreanov: Jul. 12, 1993 -- Okushiri, Japan:

http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/database_devel.html

SUMATRA

NORTHERN SUMATRA (INDONESIA, INDIAN OCEAN) EARTHQUAKE (Mw~9. 0) of DECEMBER 26, 2004 :

Source Rupture Processes , Slip Distribution Modeling and Tsunami Generation

Preliminary Rupture Model Contributed by

Tuncay Taymaz, O nur Tan and Seda Yolsal

Department of Geophysics

http://www.geop.itu.edu.tr/~taymaz/sumatra

Kenji Satake

EPICENTER

3.298 LU, 95.779 BT

ACEH

SUMATERA UTARA

Acknowledgements UNESCO IOC

Middle East Technical University, METU, Ankara

YILDIZ Technical University, YTU, Istanbul

TMMOB-Chambers of Geological and Civil Engineers

Yuksel Insaat A.

Mavi Jeans

Lafarge

Acknowledgements

Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries

Republic of Indonesia

Prof. Ir. Widi Agoes Pratikto

Dr. Ir. Subandono Dipsosaptono

Dr. Gegar Sapta Prasetya

Dr. Ir. Rahman Hidayat

Acknowledgements

Dr. Eng. Dinar Catur Istiyanto

Ir. Widjo Kongko, M.Eng

and

Russian Colleagues and Team

American Colleagues and Team

Japanese Colleagues and Team

GREAT EAST JAPAN TSUNAMI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Chamber of Civil Engineers Turkey

Yuksel Project International Co., Turkey

Dolsar Ltd., Turkey

Kiska Com. , Turkey

Cesas Ltd., Turkey

METU and Bogazici University KOERI, Turkey

Tohoku University , Japan

NSF Rapid Grant, USA

TUBITAK (Turkey)-RFBR (Russia) Joint Research Grant (MORAT)

HCMR, Greece

Dr. Masahiro Yamamoto and Dr. Laura Kong 39

GENERAL EVALUATION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE

Narrow long bays

Along rivers

Coastal Forestation

Marine Vessels

Tsunami Breakwaters

Tsunami Walls along the Coastlines

Wooden Structures

Concrete Structures

Bridges

Scouring

Berthing Places

Erick

Mas

Dr. Anawat

Suprassi Nikos

Kaligeris

Prof. Dr. Ahmet

Yalciner

MEGA TSUNAMIS IN JAPAN

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869 JOGAN TSUNAMI

1611 KEICHO TSUNAMI

1896 MEIJI TSUNAMI

1933 SHOWA TSUNAMI

1960 SHIZUKAWA TSUNAMI

(CHILE EARTHQUAKE)

From field guide, 3rd International Tsunami Field Symposium, April, 2010, Tohoku University, Sendai

Trip leaders: Nobuo Shuto, Fumihiko Imamura

Distribution of Maximum Tsunami Amplitude in Pacific Ocean

Intial Wave

TSUNAMI RUNUP DISTRIBUTION

Ref: Coastal Engineering Committe Japan

Field Investigations after Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami May 30 June 3, 2011

SENDAI

Sendai airport

Yuriage

Arahama

Sendai port

SENDAI a i

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SENDA PORT

SENDA AIR PORT

ARAHAMA-SENDAI

Morioka Taro

Miyako

Yamada

Otsuchi

Kamaishi

Ofunato

Ichinoseki

Rikuzentakata

Kesennuma

Kitakami

TARO

1896

1933

MIYAKO

KAMAISHI

OFUNATO

RIKUZENTAKATA

Before, 2010 Before, 2010

Before 2010 After Tsunami

The only pine tree in Rikuzentakata

RIKUZENTAKATA

KESENNUMA

Assyrians, Chaldeans, Hebrews, Hittites, Akkadians, Etruscans, Minoans, Mycenaeans, Egyptians, Mesopotamians, Babylonians, Sumerians, Nubians, Persians , Phonecians, Vencians, Genoans, Arabs, Greeks, Romans, Ottomans

Civilizations Plato, Socrates, Hammurabi, Aristotle , Alexander, C easar, Cleopatra, Augustus

Philosofers Pharaohs, Emperors, Kings, Queens and Sultans

Governors

W ar and Peace, Olive, Grape, Date, Sun, Beach, Breeze Culture, archaeology, art, music, theater, language, philosophy, politics, democracy, l ife and more

MEDITERRANEAN SEA

E-W 3900 km S-N 1600 km max

4 000 000 km 2 Depth max. 4400 m

Map from IOC UNESCO

NOAH FLOOD

Noah Flood (approximately 7000-5000 years

before present)

CONNECTION BETWEEN AEGEAN AND

BLACK SEAS THROUGH STRAITS

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Santorini

The Santorini /(Thera) Eruption and Tsunami Minoan Age in Aegean Sea

One of the main centers of explosive eruptions is

located on Thera (Santorini), and the eruption of

the Thera volcano in late Minoan time (1600

1300 B.C.) is considered to have been the most

significant Aegean explosive volcanism during

the late Holocene.

Map of Aegean Sea and adjacent region showing areas and sites mentioned in text. Felsic volcanic products of Minoan eruption are found on Aegean Sea coasts and in eastern Mediterranean deep-sea cores. Tsunamigenic sediment layers were discovered in Didim and Fethye (western Turkey) and Gouves (Crete) (Minoura et. al., 2000)

23.5 24 24.5 25 25.5 26 26.5 27 27.5 28 28.5 29

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37.5

-50010020030050070010001400180022502750325037504250

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4250

EARTHQUAKES FOR OVER 4000 YEARS INSTRUMENTAL SEISMICITY FOR OVER 100 YEARS MANY IMPORTANT CITIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST WERE DESTROYED BY EARTHQUAKES

EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMIS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION

134 tsunami in Easterm Mediterranean

365 Tsunami

is the strongest known tsunami

in Eastern Mediterranaean

Altinok TRANSFER Project.

Altinok Y. and Ersoy Journal of Natural Hazards 21, 185-199, (2000)

Cita M.B., Rimoldi Eastern Mediterranean Deep- -7 pp. 293-304, (1997)

Guidoboni, E., Comastri, A., and TrainaInstituto Nazionale di , Rome (1994).

Tinti S. and Maramai Azur, France: A Step Annali di Geofisica, Vol. 39, pp. 1253-1299. (1996)

Annali di Geofisica, Vol. 13, pp. 369-386, (1960)

AmbraseysAnnali di Geofisica, Vol. 32, pp. 113-130, (1962)

Papadopoulos G. A. and Chalkis317.

Tinti S., Maramai, A. and GrazianiNo. 3, pp. 439-465.(2004).

Papadopoulos G.A. and Fokaefs --170, (2005)

The locations of the tsunami triggered events in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea classified according to the estimated earthquake magnitudes

Probable Sources :

Sea floor deformations with fault breaks related to earthquakes

Submarine or Subaerial Landslides

Sea floor subsidence by pull apart mechanism of strike slip faults

Caldera Collapse, Volcanic eruptions,

Explosions or cosmic collision

which disturb the overlying water column and cause instability in water body

UNESCO-RELEMR Workshop on Seismicity and Earthquake Engineering in the Extended Mediterranean

Ankara Plaza Hotel, 21-24 June 2010

Dalaman

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DALAMAN

Dalaman Imamura, Minoura, Takahashi, Papadopoulos, Kuran Yalciner

1303?

1473

1740 ?

Dalaman

Imamura, Minoura, Takahashi,

Paapdopoulos, Kuran, Yalciner

Dalaman Mediterranean Meulaboh Indian Ocean

July 21, 365 event by NAMI DANCE;

10min

30min

60min

90min

Figure 6.12: Propagation of the landslide generated tsunami wave in 10, 30, 60 and 90 minutes