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Smart City Solu-on and Implementa-on AUST Summer Course
Chapter 2 : Sustainable City
Professor Isam SHAHROUR Isam.shahrour@univ-‐lille1.fr
Sustainable City: A city that contributes to sustainable development
Interna-onal concern and priority since about 40 years
Q1 : What is Sustainability ? Q2: Sustainability indicators ? Q3 : City challenges regarding sustainability ?
3 Ques-ons
Sustainable development is the “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future genera-ons to meet their own needs.
“Sustainable development” Report “Our Common Future” (1987) of the World Commission on Environment and Development
Two key concepts: • The concept of 'needs', in parNcular the essenNal needs of the world's poor, to which priority should be given.
Sustainable development
• The idea of limitaNons imposed by the state of technology and social organizaNon on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs
Sustainable development -meline
1976 : United Na-ons Conference on Human SeSelment
Organized within the mandate of the United NaNons General Assembly for the promoNon of ecological and social sustainability of ciNes.
Provides a definiNon of suitable habitat and proposes recommendaNons to enable it to all the popula-on
Sustainable development -meline
DefiniNon of “Sustainable Development" as that meets the needs of the present generaNon without compromising the needs of future generaNons.
1987 : World Commission on Environment and development Our Common Future (Brundtland Report)
2500 recommendaNons on health, housing, air polluNon, seas, forests, mountains, deserNficaNon, water resources, sanitaNon, agriculture and wastes
Agenda 21
Today, Agenda 21 is the reference document in sustainable territorial development.
h[p://www.un.org/esa/dsd/dsd_sd21st/21_pdf/SD21_Study1_Rio_Principles.pdf
Sustainable development -meline 1992 : Earth Summit – Rio de Janeiro
Principle 1: Human beings are at the center of concerns for sustainable development.
Principle 4 In order to achieve sustainable development, environmental protecNon consNtutes an integral part of the development process
Agenda 21
1996 – Habitat Agenda Istanbul 20 years a^er Habitat 1
Sustainable development -meline
Statement The situaNon of housing and human se[lement conNnue to deteriorate. CiNes and villages are centers of civilizaNon: drivers of economic, social cultural and spiritual development We must preserve their diversity
1996 – Habitat Agenda Istanbul Priority to :
• excessive concentraNons; • situaNon of the homeless; • increased poverty; • unemployment; • social exclusion; • family instability; • insufficient resources • infrastructure and basic services;
• gaps in the planning; • increased insecurity and
violence; • environmental degradaNon
and • increased vulnerability to
disasters.
Sustainable development -meline 2002 : World Summit on Sustainable development (Summit of Johannesburg)
10 years a^er Rio Summit (Agenda 21)
• The objecNves of the Rio conference were confirmed. • A[enNon to social and economic development (Rio
conference focused on environment)
Sustainable development -meline
2005 : Koyoto protocol
InternaNonal treaty for the reducNon of greenhouse emission
ObjecNve : ReducNon by at least 5% of the greenhouse emission (compared to 1990 level) during the period 2008 – 2012.
h[p://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.html
2012 : Rio+20 :
Two objec-ves • Green economy in the context of sustainable development • Poverty eradicaNon
• Significant differences between members on these objecNves. • Absence of several leaders: Barack Obama, Angela Merkel and David Cameron
Document "The Future We Want" reiterates the commitments of previous summits: • Launching a process to establish sustainable
development goals. • CreaNon of a ”Forum” for monitoring sustainable
development • Reinforcement of the United NaNons Environment
Program (UNEP)
Process
2007 – 2009 Large concentraNon : social, economic and poliNcal actors (34 commi[ees)
August 2009 : Grenelle 1 Law (process of implementaNon of the Grenelle) July 2010: Grenelle 2 Law (NaNonal engagement for the environment).
• Building and urban planning; • Transport; • Energy and climate; • Biodiversity • Environmental, health; • Governance
6 sec-ons
A sustainable city :
A city designed, built, and managed in a manner where ciNzens meet their own needs without endangering the well-‐being of the natural world or the living condiNons of other people, now or in the future”
Sustainable development 1. Environment : -‐ Preserva-on of natural resources: Water, Energy, ConstrucNon material, Other materials Pollu-on reduc-on: Air, Water, Soils
Waste treatment & recycling Solid waste, Water sewage, demoliNon materials, industrial wastes,…
1. Environment : -‐ Land protec-on
Agriculture area, Green space, Drainage space (water infiltraNon,..) Ques-on : Intense city ? -‐ Natural disaster
-‐ ProtecNon, Emergency, Resilience
Sustainable City
• Social exclusion, minority, social mixity • Children, women, • Social aid • Services expenses modulaNon (housing, transport, educaNon, health,..)
• Old people services
2. Social • Poverty • Housing • Health, EducaNon
• Governance parNcipaNon
Sustainable City
3. Economy • Economic development (Jobs, income increase….)
• Cost saving • Economic transiNon : from old industry to modern economy
• Research and innovaNon • Digital integraNon • A[racNveness & compeNNveness
Q1 : What is Sustainability ? Q2: Sustainability indicators ? Q3 : City challenges regarding sustainability ?
3 Ques-ons
Indicators are needed for: • ObservaNon, • Analysis, Understanding • Planning, Control
“We can not control what we do not measure”
Indicator : some thing that indicates the state or level of something (Oxford Dictionary)
Indicators of sustainable development are crucial for: • CreaNng a “concrete definiNon” of sustainability.
• ElaboraNon of strategy with goals to be achieved and means to be mobilized.
• Tracking progress towards goal. • In case of a gap between goal and realizaNon, readjusNng the strategy.
Indicators of sustainable development
Agenda 21 (1992) recommended: • The construcNon of indicators for sustainable
development, which will be used in decision-‐making at all levels
• The harmonizaNon of global efforts
1995: The United Na-ons Commission on Sustainable Development proposed a set of indicators for SD.
It includes a group of 134 indicators (Blue Book) 1995 -‐ 1996: Development of a methodology for each indicator
1996 -‐ 1999: 22 voluntary countries tested these indicators
Results: • Group of indicators not adapted for pracNcal use • Reduce the number of indicators from 134 to 58 • ClassificaNon of the indicators into themes and
subthemes
New set of indicators established in 2001 (2nd Edi-on of the Blue Book)
2005: revision of the indicators for: • IntegraNng new ideas about the role of indicators in
the SD • Integrate new feedbacks • Harmonize SD indicators with other UN strategies
October 2007: New edi-on of SD indicators
3rd Edi-on of SD indicators • 50 key indicators in a set of 96 indicators • Taking into account the specificiNes of countries
Key indicators: • Cover the SD issues in the majority of countries • Give greater informaNon • Can be determined by the majority of countries
Q1 : What is Sustainability ? Q2: Sustainability indicators ? Q3 : City challenges regarding sustainability ?
3 Ques-ons
Major city challenges regarding sustainability ?
Complexity of the organizaNon and competencies Infrastructure Funding
Exemple : Local gouvernement in France
• Municipality : 36 700 (in 1884) • FederaNon of ciNes (intercommunalités) • Department : 101 (in 1871) • Region : 22 (in 1982) 2016 : ReducNon to 11
Intercommunalités (Federa-on of Ci-es)
• Communautés Urbaines (> 250 000 ) (in 1966) (nombre 15)
• Communautés d’aggloméraNons (>15 000 ) • Communauté de communes
Responsibili-es & Competency Domain City
(Federa-on of ci-es)
Department Region State
Urban planning X X X X
Environment X X X X
Large urban facili-es
X X X X
Roads Urban Departmental Na-onal
Housing Social aid Subven-on, social housing
Funding Na-onal policy
Major city challenges regarding sustainability ?
Complexity of the organiza-on and competencies Infrastructure Funding
• Water (drinking and sewage) • Energy (gas, electricity, heaNng) • TelecommunicaNons
Urban Networks: the arteries of the city
Urban infrastructures description
Electrical Grid in France
Line high tension : 593 000 km Line low tension : 664 000 km Transformer : 726 000
Water network in France • Pipes : 906 000 km • 50 % : installed before 1972 • Yearly replacement : 0,6%
Urban Networks characteris-cs: • Buried (invisible, ...) • Mixed (old and new, some more than 150 years old)
• Huge investment and operaNng costs • high interdependency
Urban infrastructures description
Statement • Mainly old ciNes • Constructed in the 15th -‐ 20th • Largely expanded la[er • Related to the industrial and economic
development • Large construcNon programs aver the 2nd
world war (Europe)
Infrastructures in developed countries
Inadequate for todays requirement • Rapid city expansion • Unsustainable urbanizaNon • Mixed : old (more than 150 years), new … • Lack of maintenance • Lack of investment • Increase quality demand • Responsibility (??)
Infrastructures in developed countries
Challenges : -‐ Need for huge investment (crisis context) -‐ Lack of major innovaNons in urban
infrastructures -‐ Socio-‐economic model (role of the private
sector, taxes, social model,....) -‐ Cultural change, -‐ Governance (responsibility,….)
Infrastructures in developed countries
Statement • Huge expansion of urban areas • Slums • Lack of buildings & infrastructures • Poor quality construcNon • Poor basic infrastructure (drinking water,
sanitaNon, energy, roads)
Infrastructures in low income countries
• Urban planning • Lack of funding • Lack of qualificaNon(technology, management,…) • CorrupNon
Challenges : -‐ Need for huge investment (crisis context) -‐ Lack of major innovaNons in urban
infrastructures -‐ Socio-‐economic model (role of the private
sector, taxes, social model,....) -‐ Cultural change, -‐ Governance (responsibility,….)
Infrastructures in low income countries
Challenges : • Huge need for Infrastructures • Huge urban expansion • Need for qualificaNons (building capacity) • Governance : transparency, corrupNon, • Huge investment
Infrastructures in low income countries
Major city challenges regarding sustainability ?
Complexity of the organiza-on and competencies Infrastructure Funding
Pubic funding : State, Region, City
Finance for sustainable development
Private sector: Green industry
Users: charges for roads, tunnels, city access, parking, waste treatment,..
Public – private partnership
Taxes : Greenhouse gas taxes,..
Innova-on : reducNon of the cost, new market,..
Conclusion
The Concept of sustainable development (SD) is well established. However, it should be adapted to the local context.
It has a major role in the protecNon of the environment and the life quality in the present and in the future.
Due to the high urbanizaNon, the city has a major role in the implementaNon of SD.
Conclusion
Implementa-on of SD requires : -‐ high poliNcal resoluNon -‐ parNcipaNon of all the stakeholders (administraNon,
private sector, ciNzens,…) -‐ Cultural change -‐ Establishment of regulaNons -‐ Funding