NAME: LAU CHIN SHENGID: 0317899FNBE FEB2014

EFKAIRIABetter Cities Of The Future

INTRODUCTION

For our ENBE final project. We students were told that we are the mayor of a dying city (X-city) and we are instructed to purpose a new city plan to replace the dying city, by creating a sustainable living environment in the city. Students may chose one of the following type of city as their new city theme, which is Underground city, Underwater city, Floating on water city, City in the air(Sky scraper city) and on land next to a river or sea.

So for complete the task, we were done a lot of research on the internet and books regarding on the urban city planning and design and create a sustainable city environment.

A CITYcitynoun, often attributive \ˈsi-tē\: a place where people live that is larger or more important than a town; an area where many people live and work; the people in a city

A city is a relatively large and permanent human settlement.[Although there is no agreement on how a city is distinguished from a town within general English language meanings, many cities have a particular administrative, legal, or historical status based on local law.Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, and transportation. The concentration of development greatly facilitates interaction between people and businesses, benefiting both parties in the process. A big city or metropolis usually has associated suburbs and exurbs. Such cities are usually associated with metropolitan areas and urban areas, creating numerous business commuters traveling to urban centers for employment. Once a city expands far enough to reach another city, this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis.

BRIEF HISTORY

Towns and cities have a long history, although opinions vary on whether any particular ancient settlement can be considered a city. A city formed as central places of trade for the benefit of the members living in close proximity to others facilitates interaction of all kinds. These interactions generate both positive and negative externalities between others' actions. Benefits include reduced transport costs, exchange of ideas, sharing of natural resources, large local markets, and later in their development, amenities such as running water and sewage disposal. Possible costs would include higher rate of crime, higher mortality rates, higher cost of living, worse pollution, traffic and high commuting times. Cities grow when the benefits of proximity between people and firms are higher than the cost.

WHAT MAKES A CITY

1. protection of the environment2. maintenance of a diverse economy3. provision of accessibility through land use4. delivery of services for residents and businesses5. housing choices6. balanced city budget; and7. the involvement of citizens in planning and delivery.

WHAT MAKES A GOOD CITY1. the value of liveability as an overall theme, among others, in the

development of a community’s sustainability plan2. the overarching role of public engagement in the articulation of what is

meant by liveability3. an acceptance that liveability may differ significantly from community to

community4. a recognition that liveability extends to economic dynamism and career

opportunities as well as recreational, aesthetic, cross-generational and cultural activities

5. the ability to embed liveability concerns into the culture of the municipality rather than politically motivated short-term initiatives

6. the recognition that the provision of a diverse residential community with a full complement of services, means that a system approach to both the city region and the individual neighbourhood is required. This will ensure that individual neighbourhoods do not become liveability ghettos, but have a real and vibrant place within the whole city region context.

INVESTIGATION & DATA COLLECTIONANCIENT CITY

Tenochtitlan

Mexico-Tenochtitlan, commonly known as Tenochtitlan (Classical Nahuatl: Tenochtitlan [tenotʃˈtitɬan]) was an Aztec altepetl (city-state) located on an island in Lake Texcoco, in the Valley of Mexico. Founded in 1325, it became the capital of the expanding Mexica Empire in the 15th century,[1] until captured by the Spanish in 1521. At its peak, it was the largest city in the Pre-Columbian Americas. When paired with Mexico, the name is a reference to Mexica, also known as "Aztecs" although they referred to themselves as Mexica. It subsequently became a cabecera of theViceroyalty of New Spain. Today the ruins of Tenochtitlan are located in the central part of Mexico City.Traditionally, its name was thought to come from Nahuatl tetl [ˈtetɬ] ("rock") and nōchtli[ˈnoːtʃtɬi] ("prickly pear") and is often thought to mean "Among the prickly pears [growing among] rocks". However, one attestation in the late 16th-century manuscript known as "the Bancrot dialogues" suggest the second vowel was short, so that the true etymology remains uncertain.[2] Tenochtitlan was one of two Mexican altepetl(city-states) on the island, the other being Tlatelolco.

Name of the city; ancient city.

What was the significant information about the city?

What information that you will consider for your future city? (Or what did you learn from it?

Tenochtitlan • The city was connected to the mainland by causeways leading north, south, and west of the city. These causeways were interrupted by bridges that allowed canoes and other traffic to pass freely. The bridges could be pulled away, if necessary, to defend the city. The city was interlaced with a series of canals, so that all sections of the city could be visited either on foot or via canoe.

• Must have a customs for safety concern, before people who come from other place to the city, they must register or leave their personal information.

My refined research on cities – ancient city

Name of the city; ancient city.

What was the significant information about the city?

What information that you will consider for your future city? (Or what did you learn from it?

Tenochtitlan

(Different colour represent different area. Eg: green colour is residential, blue is industrial, purple is business. )

• The city was divided into four zones or campan, each campan was divided on 20 districts (calpullis, Nahuatl calpōlli), and eachcalpulli, or 'big house', was crossed by streets or tlaxilcalli. There were three main streets that crossed the city, each leading to one of the three causeways to the mainland of Tepeyac, Ixtapalpa, and Tlacopan.[6]

Bernal Díaz del Castillo reported that they were wide enough for ten horses.

• To have a good traffic and transport arrangement and infrastructure .(walkability, good traffic ”no jam at all”, and convenience ”can trave to other side of city within a few min ” )

• Good City planning, can divide the city into business area, residential area, industrial area and so on.

Name of the city; ancient city.

What was the significant information about the city?

What information that you will consider for your future city? (Or what did you learn from it?

Tenochtitlan • Surrounding the raised causeways were artificial floating gardens with canal waterways and gardens of plants, shrubs, and trees

• Green city planning, combine the city with the nature. Which enhance a better quality of life.

INVESTIGATION & DATA COLLECTIONPRESENT CITY

Maldives

Maldives, officially the Republic of the Maldives and also referred to as theMaldive Islands, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean-Arabian Sea area, consisting of a double chain of twenty-six atolls, oriented north-south, that lie between Minicoy Island(the southernmost part of Lakshadweep, India) and the Chagos Archipelago. The chains stand in the Laccadive Sea, about 700 kilometres (430 mi) south-west of Sri Lanka and 400 kilometres (250 mi) south-west of India.The Maldives has been an independent polity for the majority of its history, except for three periods in which it was ruled by outside forces. In the mid-16th century, for fifteen years, the Maldives was dominated by the Portuguese Empire. In the mid-17th century, the Dutch Empire (Malabar) dominated Maldives for four months. Finally, in the late 19th century, on the brink of war, the Maldives became a British protectorate from 1887 until 1965. The Dutch referred to the islands as the "Maldivische Eilanden" (pronounced [mɑlˈdivisə ˈɛiQlɑndə(n)]), while the British anglicised the local name for the islands first to the "Maldive Islands" and later to the "Maldives". The islands gained independence from theBritish Empire in 1965, and in 1968 became a republic ruled by a president and anauthoritarian government.

The Maldives archipelago is located on top of the Chagos-Maldives-Laccadive Ridge, a vast submarine mountain range in the Indian Ocean. Maldives also form a terrestrial ecoregion together with the Chagos and the Lakshadweep.[10] The Maldives atolls encompass a territory spread over roughly 90,000 square kilometres (35,000 sq mi), making the country one of the world's most geographically dispersed. Its population of 328,536 (2012) inhabits 192 of its 1,192 islands.[11] In 2006, Maldives' capital and largest city Malé, located at the southern edge of North Malé Atoll, had a population of 103,693.[12][13] Malé is one of the Maldives' administrative divisions and, traditionally, it was the "King's Island" where the ancient Maldives royal dynasties were enthroned.The Maldives is the smallest Asian country in both population and land area. With an average ground level elevation of 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) above sea level, it is the planet's lowest country.[14] It is also the country with the lowest natural highest point in the world, at 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in).[14] Forecasts predicting future inundation of the Maldives due torising sea levels are of great concern to its people.The Maldives has pledged to become a carbon-neutral country by 2019.[15]

Name of the city; ancient, present and future city.

What was the significant information about the city?

What information that you will consider for your future city? (Or what did you learn from it?

Maldives • Each atoll in the Maldives is made of a coral reef encircling a lagoon, with deep channels dividing the reef ring. A string of islands take their places among this atoll ring; each island has its own reef encircling the island lagoon. The reefs of the islands, alive with countless types of underwater creatures and vibrant corals, protect the islands from wind and wave action of the surrounding vast oceans. This unique structure of reefs and channels makes navigation almost impossible for the passer-by without sufficient information about these waters.

• Coral reef, it’s the connection between the city and the sea creatures. It provide the habitat for the aquatic animals and yet it can also protect the island from wind and wave action of the surrounding vast oceans.

INVESTIGATION & DATA COLLECTIONFUTURE CITY

NOAH’S ARK

NOAH’s Ark

Inspired by biblical character of Noah, Serbian designers Aleksandar Joksimovic and Jelena Nikolic have created Noah’s Ark, a sustainable floating city capable of preserving life on earth in the event of a massive natural disaster.

TheNoah’s Ark project features a series of terraced rings with deep underwater towers that act as ballasts to increase stability. The innovative project would support life on terraced fields, provide ample space for food growing, collect rainwater and generate its own power through natural energy sources such as solar, wind and wave energy, which are easily captured at sea.

In addition to providing protection from natural disasters, the Ark was designed as part of a network consisting of other Arks which are connected to floating underwater tunnels linking them to the mainland. As the settlements grow, the Arks can attach to one another, creating one enormous artificial mainland.

An external 64-metre tall wall protects the city from strong sea winds and tsunamis. In case of emergency, residents can retreat to bubbles inside the islands for protection. Underneath the island, giant turbines convert ocean currents to energy, while artificial coral coats the surfaces, encouraging the development of new ecosystems.Each Ark features energy generation capabilities and everything residents need for comfort, including residential buildings, offices, parks, recreational areas, forests and beaches. There is also farmland and a reserve for animals.

Following the same concept idea, the Lilypad, designed by Vincent Callebaut, is a model for a completely self-sufficient floating city which aims to provide shelter for future climate change refugees. Designed to look like a water lily, it is intended to be a zero emission city floating in the ocean.

Biomimicry or biomimetics – the imitation of the models, systems, and elements of nature for the purpose of solving complex human problems – inspired this innovative design. Applying different technologies, including solar, wind, tidal and biomass, the project would be able to produce its own energy and process CO2 in the atmosphere, absorbing it and transforming it into its own titanium dioxide skin.

Name of the city; ancient, present and future city.

What was the significant information about the city?

What information that you will consider for your future city? (Or what did you learn from it?

Noah’s Ark • Noah’s Ark is a self-sustainable city on the water.

• overcrowding on land: 72% of the earth’s surface is already covered by water, so extension of the urban city grid onto water is both logical and useful.

• As solar, wind and wave energies are easily captured at sea, and it is these natural energy sources that will power the development.

• Self- sustainable city• Using renewable energy

Name of the city; ancient, present and future city.

What was the significant information about the city?

What information that you will consider for your future city? (Or what did you learn from it?

Noah’s Ark • A large number of flexible cables connect the island to the ocean’s bottom, providing stability, and an external wall as tall as 64 meters protects the island from hard sea winds and tsunamis.

• When emergencies of grave severity arise, residents can retreat to bubbles inside the depths of the islands for protection.

• Using flexible materials for stability.

• Provide an emergency escape Pod for the citizens.

SOFHAITHE DOOMED CITY

In the year 2012, because of the global warming , ice berg melt, the sea level increased tremendously every year, and it become a great threat a city located in between Thailand and Malaysia, which called SOFHAI. SOFHAI is a city with 20,000 population which is a multiracial city which made up form Malay, India, Chinese and so on. The main economical income of the city is business, agriculture also is a major income.

Because of the raising of the sea level , it will eventually sink the city with 200m of seawater in the coming 10 years.

As the mayor of the city, I had to propose a new city plan to save the city. So, I am going to let the city float on the sea, to avoid the discrimination of the city’s demolition .

EKAIRIATHE NEW HOPE

Efkairia; meaning Bravery in Greek. The name of the city is also represented the attitude of the all SOFHAI’s citizen, which the attitude toward their miserable life.

The aim of the new city is to enhance a eco-friendly and pollution-free lifestyle, and yet to provide a protection, safer place to the citizen.

The new city is a floating city which using clean energy, in other word, is the energy that wont cause any pollution to the environment, such as solar energy, wind energy, and hydrolytic energy. Furthermore, those energies are renewable, which means it wont used up. So the citizen no need concern about the shortage of the energy.

Side view of the city

ZONING OF THE CITYRED: BUSINESS AREA GREEN: ALGRICULTURE PINK: EDUCATIONALLIGHT GREEN: PARK PURPLE: INDUSTRIAL AREA AREABLUE: GORVEMENT BUILDING YELLOW: BUSINESS AREA (SMALL) ICONIC BUILDING

Transportation

• Future Mrt (Metropolitan Rapid Transit), with the new technology. It become faster, safer, and pollution-free

• Using solar energy , which renewable and clean energy to operate it.(Saving a lot of fuel cost)

• Using advance AI System, everything is automatically, and bring us much more convinience.

MRT TRANSPORTATION ROUTES

Transportation

• Cycling is the most favourable way transport in the city.

• This provide a healthier lifestyle to the citizen

• It is also wont cause any pollution to the environment.

• With the advance of technology , the future bicycle is faster and can be auto cycling when u turn on the engine.(its using solar)

Perspective

Sustainable approaches to make Efkairia a better city

Using the concept of the solar panels combine with biological pigment , chlorophyll on the iconic building( leafs ) to maximise the absorption of the sun light to get the maximum amount of the solar energy• clean• Free• Renewable

Sustainable approaches to make Efkairia a better city

By using the wind turbine , we use the wind turbine on the wall to maximise the use of the space and yet to produce more energy to the city• Clean energy• Free• Renewable

Sustainable approaches to make Efkairia a better city

Using the new technology for the residential building. Build the houses vertically and build a small wind turbine at the empty space. Rooftop garden is built.• Green space • Renewable energy• Maximise the space

I believe that EKAIRIA will provide a good sustainability for the people and I future, this will be the key development of a city planing.

Efkairia is a city that way much more better than SOFHAI, it’s because Efkairia uses renewable energy that can be used for finite years. As the city was enhanced the walkability, the Carbon footprint was minimized.

Green spaces are provided, people enjoyed the nature inside the city.

Conclusion

REFERENCES

• http://www.fantasticmaps.com/2013/01/city-design-walkthrough/• http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-23799590• http://www.seer.ws/drawing-a-futuristic-city• http

://www.psdvault.com/photo-effect/design-an-awesome-urban-city-photo-montage-in-photoshop/

• http://www.mymodernmet.com/profiles/blogs/aleksandar-joksimovic-jelena-nikolic-noahs-ark

• http://www.trendhunter.com/trends/noahs-ark-by-aleksandar-joksimovic• http://www.tuvie.com/ark-project-futuristic-and-modern-noahs-ark-by-remistudio

/• http://

crcresearch.org/case-studies/case-studies-sustainable-infrastructure/land-use-planning/what-makes-a-city-liveable

• http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/city• Goodall, B. (1987) The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography. London: Pengui• Kuper, A. and Kuper, J., eds (1996)The Social Science Encyclopedia. 2nd edition.

London: Routledge.

COE,MICHAEL D. (2008). Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs. New York, New York: Thames & Hudson.

COHEN, SARA E. (March 1972). "How the Aztecs Appraised Montezuma". Society for History Education: The History Teacher 5 (3): 21–30.

Levinson, David (1947). Ethnic groups worldwide: a ready reference handbook. Oryx Publishers. ISBN 978-1-57356-019-1.

Maloney, Clarence. "Maldives People". International Institute for Asian Studies. Retrieved 22 June 2008.