GEOsouthasia

Chapter 22Chapter 22IndiaIndia

Section 1Section 1

IndiaIndia

Capital: New DehliCapital: New Dehli

Population: 1,095,351,995 Population: 1,095,351,995

Natural Resources: coal, iron ore, Natural Resources: coal, iron ore, manganesemanganese

Environmental Issues: deforestation; soil Environmental Issues: deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing erosion; overgrazing

IndiaIndia

Takes up about 75% of the land area Takes up about 75% of the land area of South Asiaof South Asia

Is 1/3 the Size of the United StatesIs 1/3 the Size of the United States

MountainsMountains

Form the Northern Border of IndiaForm the Northern Border of India Karakoram Range and the HimalayasKarakoram Range and the Himalayas The HimalayasThe Himalayas

• Made up of several rangesMade up of several ranges• More than 1500 miles long More than 1500 miles long • World’s tallest MountainsWorld’s tallest Mountains

Average more than 5 miles in heightAverage more than 5 miles in height

Vindhya RangeVindhya Range

Divides the country North and SouthDivides the country North and South

Eastern and Western GhatsEastern and Western Ghats

Along the Eastern and Western coast Along the Eastern and Western coast of Indiaof India

Plains and PlateausPlains and Plateaus

Ganges Ganges PlainPlain• Located between the Himalayas in the Located between the Himalayas in the

north and the Vindhya Range in the north and the Vindhya Range in the southsouth

• Has the most fertile soil in IndiaHas the most fertile soil in India• The Ganges River runs through the The Ganges River runs through the

Ganges PlainGanges Plain

Deccan PlateauDeccan Plateau

Triangle-shaped landmass that Triangle-shaped landmass that makes up 2/3makes up 2/3rdrd of southern India of southern India

Forest are found in the regionForest are found in the region The is some fertile farmlandThe is some fertile farmland It is rich in mineral depositsIt is rich in mineral deposits

ClimateClimate

Warm and hot most of the yearWarm and hot most of the year• Because the Himalayas block cold Because the Himalayas block cold

northern airnorthern air MonsoonsMonsoons

• Causes India to have three seasonsCauses India to have three seasons• Cool - November-FebruaryCool - November-February• Hot – AprilHot – April

Dry air from the northDry air from the north

• Rainy – May – OctoberRainy – May – October Winds reverse direction and bring moist air Winds reverse direction and bring moist air

from the Indian Oceanfrom the Indian Ocean

EconomyEconomy

Agriculture and industry are Agriculture and industry are important to Indiaimportant to India

India’s government would like to India’s government would like to increase production and improve increase production and improve India’s standard of livingIndia’s standard of living

FarmingFarming

Subsistence farming is the main type Subsistence farming is the main type of farming in Indiaof farming in India

The cow is sacred The cow is sacred

Most farmers work only small plots Most farmers work only small plots of groundof ground

India’s the world’s second largest India’s the world’s second largest producer of riceproducer of rice

Also produce tea, sugarcane, Also produce tea, sugarcane, wheat, barley, cotton, and jutewheat, barley, cotton, and jute

The PeopleThe People

4000 years ago – first Indian 4000 years ago – first Indian civilization developed in present day civilization developed in present day PakistanPakistan

1500 B.C. Aryans invaded India1500 B.C. Aryans invaded India Brought the religion of Hinduism to Brought the religion of Hinduism to

IndiaIndia Set up the Caste SystemSet up the Caste System 74% live in rural villages74% live in rural villages Cities are overcrowdedCities are overcrowded

Caste SystemCaste System

A caste is a hereditary Hindu social A caste is a hereditary Hindu social class that determines each class that determines each individual’s occupation and status.individual’s occupation and status. The caste system is a social system The caste system is a social system that keeps the four castes that keeps the four castes segregated.segregated.

Reincarnation Reincarnation

People of India believe that all living People of India believe that all living things that have souls are part of one things that have souls are part of one spirit. When someone dies they are spirit. When someone dies they are reborn and returns to the earth. If reborn and returns to the earth. If you reach perfection then you go to you reach perfection then you go to a higher state of existence.a higher state of existence.

Cows are sacred.Cows are sacred.

Section 2Section 2

Muslim South AsiaMuslim South Asia

PakistanPakistan

Capital: IslamabadCapital: Islamabad

Population: 165,803,560 Population: 165,803,560

Natural Resources: land, extensive natural Natural Resources: land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum gas reserves, limited petroleum

Environmental Issues: water pollution from Environmental Issues: water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes raw sewage, industrial wastes

PakistanPakistan

About the size of TexasAbout the size of Texas Independent due to Muslim religion, Independent due to Muslim religion,

broke of from India which is Hindubroke of from India which is Hindu

Land and ClimateLand and Climate

Landscapes:Landscapes:• snow-topped mountainssnow-topped mountains• High plateausHigh plateaus• Fertile plainsFertile plains• Sandy desertsSandy deserts

Climates:Climates:• DesertDesert• SteppeSteppe• Mountains block cold air from the northMountains block cold air from the north

The EconomyThe Economy

Earn a living by farmingEarn a living by farming• Wheat, cotton, cornWheat, cotton, corn

Craft workers participate in cottage Craft workers participate in cottage industriesindustries• Metalware, pottery, and carpetsMetalware, pottery, and carpets

PeoplePeople

97% are Muslim97% are Muslim 72% of the population live in rural 72% of the population live in rural

villagesvillages Most people in the cities are factory Most people in the cities are factory

workers, shopkeepers, and craft workers, shopkeepers, and craft workersworkers

PakistanPakistan

Is an ally of the U.S. war on terrorIs an ally of the U.S. war on terror It is believed that Osama Bin Laden It is believed that Osama Bin Laden

has been or is living in Pakistanhas been or is living in Pakistan

BangladeshBangladesh Capital: DhakaCapital: Dhaka


Natural Resources: natural gas, arable Natural Resources: natural gas, arable land, timber, coalland, timber, coal

Environmental Issues: forced to live on Environmental Issues: forced to live on and cultivate flood-prone land; water-and cultivate flood-prone land; water-borne diseases prevalent in surface water; borne diseases prevalent in surface water; water pollution water pollution

The LandThe Land

Has two major rivers:Has two major rivers: Brahmaputra RiverBrahmaputra River Ganges RiverGanges River Delta: land formed by mud and sand Delta: land formed by mud and sand

at the mouth of a riverat the mouth of a river

ClimateClimate

Has a tropical and humid subtropical Has a tropical and humid subtropical climateclimate

Monsoons affect the countryMonsoons affect the country Cyclone cause flooding which kills Cyclone cause flooding which kills

many people and animals and ruins many people and animals and ruins their cropstheir crops


Depends on farmingDepends on farming Farmers raise rice, sugarcane, and Farmers raise rice, sugarcane, and

jutejute Teak is also harvested from the Teak is also harvested from the

tropical foreststropical forests


Population: 123 million peoplePopulation: 123 million people 86% live in rural areas86% live in rural areas They live in homes made of bamboo They live in homes made of bamboo

and thatchand thatch 87% are Muslim87% are Muslim

Section 3Section 3

The Himalayan CountriesThe Himalayan Countries

NepalNepal

Capital: KathmanduCapital: Kathmandu


Natural Resources: quartz, water, timber, Natural Resources: quartz, water, timber, hydropower hydropower

Environmental Issues: deforestation, Environmental Issues: deforestation, contaminated water contaminated water

NepalNepal

Abominable snowman- myth about a Abominable snowman- myth about a gigantic, apelike beast that roams gigantic, apelike beast that roams the mountainous wildernessthe mountainous wilderness

About the size of North CarolinaAbout the size of North Carolina The Himalayan mountains cover 80% The Himalayan mountains cover 80%

of Nepal’s land areaof Nepal’s land area

Nepal Nepal 8 of 10 largest 8 of 10 largest

mountains in the mountains in the world are located world are located here here

Mount Everest is Mount Everest is the tallest peak in the tallest peak in the world at 29,028 the world at 29,028 feetfeet

The LandThe Land

MountainsMountains Hills and valleys lie south of the mountainsHills and valleys lie south of the mountains

• Thick forests and bamboo grasses Thick forests and bamboo grasses Flat fertile river plain runs along the Flat fertile river plain runs along the

border with Indiaborder with India Various climatesVarious climates

• Mountainous areas long harsh winters and cool Mountainous areas long harsh winters and cool summerssummers

• Valley areas- cool climate, heavy summer rainsValley areas- cool climate, heavy summer rains• Plains- humid subtropical climatePlains- humid subtropical climate


Depends almost entirely on farmingDepends almost entirely on farming Farmers trade surplus crops for other Farmers trade surplus crops for other

itemsitems Carries on limited trade with the rest Carries on limited trade with the rest

of the world due to the lack of roads of the world due to the lack of roads and railroadsand railroads

The tourist industry is growing The tourist industry is growing because of climbers and hikers that because of climbers and hikers that enjoy the mountainsenjoy the mountains


Most people are related to peoples in Most people are related to peoples in Northern India or TibetNorthern India or Tibet

The Sherpa- are know for being great The Sherpa- are know for being great mountain guidesmountain guides

90% live in rural villages90% live in rural villages Follow a form of Hinduism and mixed Follow a form of Hinduism and mixed

Buddhist practicesBuddhist practices

BhutanBhutan

Capital: ThimphuCapital: Thimphu


Natural Resources: timber, hydropower, Natural Resources: timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbonate gypsum, calcium carbonate

Environmental Issues: soil erosion; limited Environmental Issues: soil erosion; limited access to potable wateraccess to potable water

BhutanBhutan

About the size of New Hampshire and About the size of New Hampshire and Vermont togetherVermont together

Land and EconomyLand and Economy• Himalayan mountainsHimalayan mountains• Foothills of the mountains the climate is mildFoothills of the mountains the climate is mild• To the south, subtropical plains and river To the south, subtropical plains and river

valleysvalleys• Most people are subsistence farmersMost people are subsistence farmers• Commercial farms and hydroelectric plants Commercial farms and hydroelectric plants

have been set up with the help of Indiahave been set up with the help of India


Most speak a Dzongkha dialectMost speak a Dzongkha dialect Not as isolated as they used to beNot as isolated as they used to be Very loyal to the Buddhist faithVery loyal to the Buddhist faith

• Dzongs- Buddhist centers of prayer and Dzongs- Buddhist centers of prayer and faithfaith

Section 4Section 4

Island CountriesIsland Countries

Sri LankaSri Lanka

Capital: ColomboCapital: Colombo


Natural Resources: limestone, graphite, Natural Resources: limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems mineral sands, gems

Environmental Issues: deforestation; soil Environmental Issues: deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife populations threatened by erosion; wildlife populations threatened by poaching and urbanizationpoaching and urbanization

Sri LankaSri Lanka LandLand Island that is shaped like a pear.Island that is shaped like a pear. Size of West VirginiaSize of West Virginia Contains lowlands and highlandsContains lowlands and highlands Known for white beaches and thick Known for white beaches and thick

forestsforests Rivers flow the down the mountains, Rivers flow the down the mountains,

providing irrigation for cropsproviding irrigation for crops

EconomyEconomy

FarmingFarming Lowland – rice is grownLowland – rice is grown Highland – tea, rubber, coconutsHighland – tea, rubber, coconuts

• One of the world’s leading producers of One of the world’s leading producers of tea and rubber.tea and rubber.

Natural ResourcesNatural Resources• GemstonesGemstones• Wood – ebony and satinwoodWood – ebony and satinwood


Two major ethnic groupsTwo major ethnic groups• Sinhalese 74% of the populationSinhalese 74% of the population• Tamils 18% of the populationTamils 18% of the population

Regardless of their ethnic group, Regardless of their ethnic group, they value their history and the artsthey value their history and the arts

MaldivesMaldives

Capital: MaleCapital: Male

Population: 359,008 Population: 359,008

Natural Resources: fishNatural Resources: fish

Environmental Issues: depletion of Environmental Issues: depletion of freshwater aquifers threatens water freshwater aquifers threatens water supplies; global warming and sea level rise supplies; global warming and sea level rise

MaldivesMaldives

Made up of 1,200 coral islandsMade up of 1,200 coral islands Only 200 have people living on themOnly 200 have people living on them Atolls- ring-shaped coral reef or low-Atolls- ring-shaped coral reef or low-

lying island surrounding a small baylying island surrounding a small bay Lagoons- pool of water surrounded Lagoons- pool of water surrounded

by reefs or sandbarsby reefs or sandbars

MaldivesMaldives

Climate is warm and humidClimate is warm and humid Monsoons bring plenty of rainMonsoons bring plenty of rain The people are skilled sailors The people are skilled sailors Fishing is their major economic Fishing is their major economic

activityactivity Tourists have been attracted to Tourists have been attracted to

sandy beaches and coral formationssandy beaches and coral formations

Education

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