CARBON CREDIT

What is GLOBAL WARMING?What is GLOBAL WARMING?

Global warming is a significant increase in the Earth's climatic temperature over a relatively short period of time as a result of the activities of humans.

In specific terms, an increase of 1oC or more in 100 or 200 years would be considered global warming.

Global average temperature increase during 21st century ranges from 1.4 to 4 degree C.

SOURCE-IPCC REPOT 2007

The average sea level rose by 10 to 20 cm during the 20th century, and an additional increase of 18 to 59 cm is expected by the year 2100.

Most of Land Portion of many country will be occupied by sea water .

The average temperature of the earth's surface has risen by 0.74 degrees C since the late 1800s.

It is expected to increase by another 1.8° C to 4° C by the year 2100

INDIA, INDONESIA, CHINA, JAPAN, AMERICA, AUSTRALIA these country will be suffered by Great Catastrophe like Cyclone, Hurricane, Famine .

Paris, 2nd Feb 2007

cont…………

around 20 crores people are going to migrate because of sudden change of climate.

Greenhouse gases (GHG) keep our planet warm.

GHGs exist naturally in the atmosphere.

Heating GHGs by trapping energy that has originally come from the Sun is called the greenhouse effect.

Without the greenhouse gases the surface of the Earth would be as cold as the surface of the Moon (-18°C).

GHGs

GHGs GWP SOURCE

1 C02 1 Burning of fossil fuels & biomass, deforestation ,cement industry

2 CH4 21 Wetland ,livestock ,paddy fields,

3 N2O 310 Ocean , lightening, N-fertilizers.

4 CFC 140-1170

5 PFC 6500-9200

6 SF6 23900

7 water vapour

Cont..

CFC'S14%

RELATIVE RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION CONTRIBUTION GHGGHG

METHANE 18%

CARBON DIOXIDE 49%

OTHER 13%

NITROUS OXIDES

6%

Rice field

Wetland

Manure lagoons

Enteric fermentation

CATTLE63%

GOAT 4%

SHEEP 2%

Contribution of Methane by different Ruminant Contribution of Methane by different Ruminant LivestockLivestock

BUFFALO 31%

EFFECT OF GLOBAL WARMINGEFFECT OF GLOBAL WARMING

Rise in the Global Sea LevelRise in the Global Sea Level Melting of ice on the Mountains, Arctic, Antarctic areas & expansion Of Water there is a rise in global sea level

sea level will raised above 50 cm in next few yrs.

Salt-water intrusion from rising sea levels will reduce the quality and quantity of freshwater supplies.

Rise in temp of sea sea ecosystem will affected.

Extreme weather Increase in evaporation catastrophic storms Dynamic change in local climates Change in monsoon pattern

Retreat of glaciers cause flooding initially & then drying.

Changes in the boundaries between Grassland, Forest & Shrub Land

increased water scarcity increased drought & high rainfall threat to the biodiversity shift in forest types altered species composition Time of plant flowering & bird arrival will affected. dates of breeding Erosion & weathering of mountain change in bird habitat.

Agri. Production will decrease. Transportation route will change Slowdown of insurance industry Migration Hunger Increase in prices

some 25 per cent of mammals and 12 per cent of birds -- may become extinct over the next few decades as warmer conditions alter the forests, wetlands, and rangelands they depend on, and human development blocks them from migrating elsewhere.

Species extinction as polar bear.

Incidences of Out break (MALARIA,DENGUE, YELLOW FEVER) has already increased

1. India is one of the hot spot of global warming. is projected to experience a warming of 2-6 degree C by

2100.2. Glaciers of the Himalaya will melt flooding initially then draught.3. Rise in mean sea level coastal area will submerged

migration of people.4. Rapidly changing & increasingly unpredictable pattern of

monsoon & rainfall.5. Decline in crop yield up to 30% by 2080.(ipcc report Aug

2008)

coal to liquid involves crushing & heating coal to produce gas.

capture carbon emission from coal & gas fired plants & pump them underground.

CONT..

fuel that if processed in fuel cell, generates electricity & water as by-product.

capture it from landfeild, coal mines, livestock.

Cont..

combine carbon & hydrogen elements in natural gas molecules to make synthetic LPG as liq diesel.

next generation reactors.

use super heated steam from deep underground to drive turbines to generates electricity.

Cont…

it is oldest form of energy known to man.it uses wood & manure.

cont

Hybrid vehicle run by fuel cell

Improvement in animal productivityImprovement in animal productivity

Control grazing

DiseaseDisease Control & Herd HealthControl & Herd Health deworming & vaccination

Feeding of IonophoreFeeding of Ionophore

cont

PROBIOTICSPROBIOTICS

DEFAUNATIONDEFAUNATION

USE OF CONDENSED TANNINSUSE OF CONDENSED TANNINS

TYPE OF DIETTYPE OF DIET high conc. Diet is goodhigh conc. Diet is good

Strategic SupplementationStrategic Supplementation molasses, urea decrease CH4 production by 40%

Animal waste and dung are fermented to CO2 & CH4

CO2 & CH4 used as cocking gas lighting & to keep houses warm.

Carbon credits are tradable credits earned for investing in projects aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

One carbon credit is equivalent to one tonne of carbon dioxide reduced.

May 1992: UN FCCC establishes framework for containing global warming.

Dec 1997: Following intense negotiations in Kyoto (Japan), a protocol is agreed upon by over 100 countries.

Feb 2005: 141 countries, including EU, Japan, Canada, and Russia sign the Kyoto Protocol and it gets ratified w.e.f. 16-Feb-05– The US remains a key non-signatory

Cont….

The Kyoto Protocol sets legally binding targets for reducing green house gases (GHGs)

– Developed countries have a target to reduce GHG emissions by 5.2% below 1990 levels, by year 2012

– EU members committed to reduce their average emissions by 8 %

– India, China, and Brazil are classified as emerging countries and hence exempted from this protocol

Cont…

It covers 181 countries globally but only 60% in terms of emissions as the USA, the only developed country to have signed but not ratified.

It commits developed country (called Annex 1 countries) to return their emissions of greenhouse gases to an average of approximately 5.2% below 1990 levels over the period 2008-12.

The developing countries (non-Annex I countries) have been exempted from quantified commitments under the Protocol.

The CDM, defined in Article 12 of the Protocol, allows a country with an emission-reduction or emission-limitation commitment under the Kyoto Protocol (Annex B Party) to implement an emission-reduction project in developing countries.

Such projects can earn saleable certified emission reduction (CER) credits, also called as CARBON CREDIT each equivalent to one tonne of CO2, which can be counted towards meeting Kyoto targets.

These CERs can be traded and sold, and used by industrialized countries to a meet a part of their emission reduction targets under the Kyoto Protocol.

The CDM has a two-fold purpose: (a) to assist developing country Parties in achieving sustainable

development, thereby contributing to the ultimate objective of the Convention.

(b) to assist developed country Parties in achieving compliance with part of their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments under Article 3.

Following aspects should be considered while designing CDM project activity:

1. Social well being.2. Economic well being.3. Environmental well being. 4. Technological well being.

A CDM project activity might involve, for example, a rural electrification project using solar panels or the installation of more energy-efficient boilers.

The projects must qualify through a rigorous and public registration and issuance process. Approval is given by the Designated National Authorities.

The mechanism is overseen by the CDM Executive Board, answerable ultimately to the countries that have ratified the Kyoto Protocol.

the project-based Kyoto mechanisms are, on the one hand, that they potentially reduce industrialized countries’ costs of meeting the Kyoto Protocol targets, whereas, on the other hand, they are to support the host countries objectives regarding sustainable development.

Cont….

The Central Government constituted the National Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Authority for the purpose of protecting and improving the quality of environment in terms of the Kyoto Protocol.

It receives projects for evaluation and approval as per the guidelines and general criteria laid down in the relevant rules and modalities pertaining to CDM in addition to the guidelines issued by the CDM Executive Board and Conference of Parties serving as Meeting of Parties to the UNFCC.

http://unfccc.int/essential_background/feeling_the_heat/items/2917.php