HARDWARE

HARDWARE• Metal products used in construction, such

as: bolts, nails, screws (as in rough hardware); and fittings, such as, catches, hinges, locks, etc. (finish hardware); and tools. They are classified as:

– ROUGH HARDWARE – Hardware meant to be concealed, such as bolts, nails, screws, spikes, and other metal fittings.

– FINISH HARDWARE – also called Architectural Hardware, Builders’ Finish Hardware, Finish Builders’ Hardware. Hardware, such as hinges, locks, catches, etc., that has a finished appearance as well as a function esp. that used with doors, window, and cabinets; may be considered part of the decorative treatment of a room or building.

TYPES OF ROUGH HARDWARE Common Wire Nail or Common Nail – a

cut or wire low-carbon steel nail, having a slender plain shank and a medium diamond point; used in work where finish is unimportant, as in framing.

Finishing Nail – a slender nail made from finer wire than the common nail; has a brad-type head which permits it to be set below the surface of the wood, leaving only a small hole which can be puttied easily; used in finishing work.

Brad Nail – a small finishing nail, usually of the same thickness throughout, with a head that is almost flush with the sides or a head that projects slightly to one side.

Box Nail – similar to a common nail but thinner; has a long shank which may be smooth or barbed.

Casing Nail – a slender nail with a small, slightly flared head used for finishing work.

6. Ring-shank Nail – a nail having a number of ring-like grooves around the shank to increase its holding power.

7. Clinch or Clench Nail – any nail designed for clinching, after driving. Clinching is securing a nail, staple, screw or bolt, by hammering the protruding point so that it is bent over.

8. Roofing Nail – a short nail having a barbed or ring shank and a comparatively large flat head; may be galvanized or bright[1]; often provided with a neoprene, lead, or plastic washer; used to secure roofing felt or shingles to a roof-deck or roof boards.

•[1] Bright – a metal finish using a dip to give a bright surface to brasses; often amixture of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and water.

9. Metal Lath Nail – a nail designed for securing a metal lath. A metal lath is a base for plaster fabricated: (a) by slitting metal and then stretching it to form a diamond-shaped mesh or (b) by punching and forming sheet metal. Usually classified as rib lath, diamond-mesh lath, sheet lath, or wire lath.

10. Electrician’s Staple Nail – a u-shaped piece of metal or heavy wire, with pointed ends, driven into a surface to secure a sheet material, hold a hasp, etc.

11. Concrete nail – a hardened steel nail having a flat countersunk head and a diamond point; used for nailing to concrete or masonry.

12. Masonry nail – a hardened steel nail with a knurled or fluted shank; esp. used for fastening to masonry.

TYPES OF NAIL CONSTRUCTION

• Face-nailing – nailing in which the nails are driven perpendicular to the face of the material.

• Blind-nailing – also called concealed or secret nailing. Nailing in such a way that the nail heads are not visible on the face of the work. In finished roofing, the use of nails that are not exposed to the weather.

• Toe-nailing – also called skew or tusk nailing. Nailing obliquely to the surfaces being joined.

1. Wood screw – a helically threaded metal fastener having a pointed end; forms its own mating thread when driven into wood or other resilient material.

2. Metal screw – fastened by screwing into metal.

3. Lag screw, lag bolt, coach screw – a bolt having a square head and a thin, coarse-pitched thread.

4. Screw anchors – an anchor (similar to an expansion bolt) having a metal shell with a screw along its central axis; when the shell is placed in a hole and the screw is driven in, the shell expands, tightly securing the anchor in the hole. Locally called a tux screw with a plastic shell.

5. Tekscrew – a screw used to fasten metal roofing sheets to the purlins.

Screws – are externally threaded fasteners.

• Bolts – A metallic pin or rod having a head on one end and an external thread on the other for screwing up a nut[1]; used for holding members or parts of members together.

[1] Nut – a short metal block having a central hole which is threaded to receive a bolt, screw, or other threaded part.

• Machine bolt – a threaded bolt having a straight shank and a conventional head such as a square, hexagonal, button, or countersunk type.

• Stove bolt – • Carriage bolt – a threaded bolt having a

circular head, an oval or flat bearing surface, and a means (such as a square shoulder under the head) of preventing rotation of the bolt.

• Toggle bolt – a bolt having a nut with pivoted flanged wings that close against a spring when it is pushed through a hole, and open after emerging from the hole; used to fasten objects to a hollow wall or to a wall which is accessible only from one side.

• Expansion Bolts – same as expansion shields. An anchoring device having an expandable socket that swells as a bolt is tightened into it; used in masonry walls for attaching timber, etc.

TYPES OF FINISH HARDWARE• DOOR HARDWARE

– Functions of Door Hardware• Hanging the door: hinges, pivots, and

combination pivots and closers.• Operating the door: handles, latches, push

plates, and pull bars.• Closing the door: door closers and

combination pivots and closers.• Locking the door: locksets, dead bolts, flush

bolts, electric locks, and other special devices.• Sealing the door: weather stripping, sound

seals, smoke seals.• Protecting the door: kick plates, corner

protection, and similar materials.

Hinges – are movable joints used to attach, support, and turn a door (or cover) about a pivot; consist of two plates joined together by a pin which support the door and connect it to its frame, enabling it to swing open or closed.

The types of door hinges are: • Butt hinge – referred to as butts

because they are usually attached to the butt edge of a door. Hinges consist of two leaves with an odd number of knuckles on one leaf and an even number of knuckles on the other. The knuckles are attached with a pin. The pin and knuckles form the barrel of the hinge, which is finished with a tip. There are four basic types:

The Four Basic Types of Hinges are:

Full Mortise Hinge – is the most common type and has both leaves fully mortised into the frame and edge of the door.Half-Surface Hinge – has one leaf mounted on the face of the door and the other leaf mortised into the frame.Half-Mortise Hinge – leaves are surface-applied to the frame and mortised into the edge of the door.Full-Surface Hinge – is applied to the face of both the door and frame.

The various types of hinges are used when either the door or frame cannot be mortised. For example, a half-mortise hinge may be bolted or welded to a heavy steel frame.

1. Other types of butt hinges are:1. Fast pin hinge – a hinge in which the pin is

fastened permanently in place.2. Loose pin hinge – a hinge having a

removable pin which permits its two parts to be separated.

3. Loose joint hinge – a hinge having two knuckles; one of which has a vertical pin that fits into a corresponding hole in the other by lifting the door up off the vertical pin. The door may be removed by unscrewing the hinge.

2. Olive-knuckle hinge – a paumelle hinge with knuckles forming an oval shape.

3. Invisible hinge – a hinge so constructed that no parts are exposed when the door is closed. A famous brand name is SOSS.

4. Spring hinge – a hinge containing one or more springs, when a door is opened, the hinge returns to its closed position automatically; may act in one direction only, or in both directions (as on a swinging door). There are two types:1. Spring butt hinge2. Spring pivot hinge

Latches and Locksets – are devices to hold a door in the closed position and lock it. A latchset only holds the door in place with no provision for locking. It has a beveled latch extending from the face of the door edge and automatically engages the strike mounted in the frame when the door is closed. A lockset has a special mechanism that allows the door to be locked with a key or thumbturn.

There are four types of latches and locks:1. Mortise lock or latch – is installed in a rectangular area cut out

of the door. 1. more secure than a bored lock;2. wider variety of locking options;3. allows the use of a dead bolt[1] and a latch bolt[2], both of which can

be retracted with a single operation; and4. with a variety of knob and lever handle designs.

2. Preassembled lock and latch – also called unit lock. Is a complete unit slid into a notch made in the edge of the door and requires very little adjustment. They are often found in older buildings.

3. Bored lock and latch – also called cylindrical lock. Is installed by boring holes through the face of the door and from the edge of the door to the other bored opening.

1. relatively easy to install;2. less expensive than mortise locks;3. offer fewer operating functions than do mortise locks.

4. Interconnected lock – have a cylindrical lock and a dead bolt. The two locks are interconnected so that a single action of turning a knob or lever handle on the inside releases both bolts.

• Other local classifications of door locks are:• Entrance lockset – an intricately designed lockset; operated

inside with a key and a thumbturn or a universal button which when pushed stays put and locks the door.

• Bedroom lockset – same as the entrance lockset but simpler in design.

• Toilet lockset – a simply designed lockset which is locked from the inside by pushing, without a key, a universal button. To release, the cylindrical knob is turned from the inside only.

[1] Dead bolt – a type of door lock; the bolt which is square in cross section, is operated by the door key or a turn piece.

[2] Latch bolt – a spring bolt, one edge of which is beveled; when the door or window to which it is attached is closed, the bolt is forced inward; when in the fully closed position, the bolt springs back into a fixed notch or cavity.

• Other important terminology in relation to locks and latches are:

• Knob – a handle, more or less spherical, usually for operating a lock.

• Knob rose – a round disk or plate fastened to the face of a door around the hole in the door through which the doorknob spindle passes.

• Escutcheon – a protective plate surrounding the keyhole of a door, a light switch, etc.; also called a scutcheon.

• Strike, strike plate, striking plate – a metal plate or box which is set in a doorjamb and is either pierced or recessed to receive the bolt or latch of a lock, fixed on a door.

• Lip strike – the projection from the side of a strike plate which the bolt of a lock strikes first, when a door is closed; projects out from the side of the strike plate to protect the frame.

• Closers – are devices that automatically return the door to its closed position after it is opened. They also control the distance a door can be opened and thereby protect the door and surrounding construction from damage. Closers can be surface mounted on the door or head frame or concealed in the frame or door.

• Pivots – provide an alternative way to hang doors where the visual appearance of hinges is objectionable or where a frameless door design may make it impossible to use hinges. Pivots may be center hung or offset and are mounted in the floor and head of the door.

• Panic Hardware – This type of operating hardware is used where required by the building code for safe egress during a panic situation. Push bars extending across the width of the door operate vertical rods that disengage latches at the top and bottom. The vertical rods can be surface mounted or concealed.

• Push plates and pull bars – are used to operate a door that does not require automatic latching. They are also used on doors to commercial kitchens.

• Door stops and bumpers – are small metal fabrications with rubber bumpers attached and are used to keep a door from damaging adjacent construction.

• Astragals – are vertical members used between double doors to seal the opening, act as a door stop, or provide extra security when the doors are closed.

Bolts and Fasteners

• Door bolt or barrel bolt[1] – a manually operated sliding rod or bar attached to a door for locking it; a spring is not part of the locking mechanism.

• Chain door fastener – a device attached to a door and its jamb which limits the door opening to the length of the chain.

• Chain bolt – at the top of a door, a spring bolt which is actuated by a chain attached to it.

• Foot bolt – a bolt which is fixed at the bottom of a door and can be operated by foot; usually when the door is unbolted, the bolt is held up by a spring.

• Flush bolts – are used on the inactive leaf of a pair of doors to lock the door in place. They may be surface mounted or mortised into the edge of the door.

[1] Barrel bolt or tower bolt – a door bolt which moves into a cylindrical casing; not driven by a key.

• Automatic Door Bottoms – are devices that are mortised or surface applied to the bottom of the door to provide a sound or light seal. When the door is open the seal is up; as the door is closed a plunger strikes the jamb and forces the seal down.

• Weather stripping – is used along the edge and bottom of doors to provide a tight seal against water and air infiltration. Different types of neoprene, felt, metal, vinyl, and other materials are used.

• Thresholds – are used where floor materials change at a door line, where weather stripping is required, where a hard surface is required for an automatic door bottom, or where minor changes in floor level occur.

Furniture Hinges 1. Butt hinges

1. Standard brass butt – for general usage.

2. Back flap hinge – with wide plates for table leaves and rabbeted full flaps.

3. Strap hinge – for narrow sections.4. Lift-off butt (same as loose joint

hinge for doors) – for cabinet doors which have to be removed from time to time without disturbing setting.

5. Loose pin hinge or ball-tipped hinge – where it is necessary to throw door clear of carcass frame with the whole or the hinge knuckle protruding.

6. Stopped hinge – opens through 90 deg. only for box lids, etc.

7. Piano hinge, continuous hinge – a hinge having the same length as the moving part to which it is applied.

8. Clock case hinge – one plate is wider to allow for a projecting door.

2. Concealed hinges-

3. Pivot hinges –

4. T-hinge, Tee hinge – a surface-mounted door hinge in the shape of a letter T, of which one leaf, the strap, is fastened to the door, and the other (short and wide) is fixed to the door post.

5. Glass door hinges -

Concealed hinges

Pivot hinge

Glass door hinge

Cabinet Catches• Friction catch – any catch which,

when it engages a strike, is held in the engaged position by friction.

• Magnetic pressure catch - • Bullet or ball catch – a fastener which

holds a door in place by means of a projecting spring-actuated steel ball which is depressed when the door is closed.

Cabinet Knobs

• Screw-in knob

• Bolt-on knob

• Flush knob

• Flush ring

• Pull

Lid Stays

Drawer runners• E-single extension –

withdrawal distance designed to be less than installation length.

• V-full extension – incorporates a pull-out distance as great as, or greater than the installation length.

• T-telescopic extension – are full extending systems.

Locks

• Rim locks

• Mortise locks

• In-laid flap locks

• Lever locks

• Glass door locks

rim mortise In-laid lever Glass door

Shelf supports

• Pin-mounted

• Plug-in

• Screw-in

• Screw-mounted

• Glass shelf supports

Pin-mounted Plug-in Screw-in Screw-mounted Glass shelf