10 year research on Particulate Matter in Europe for health impact assessment purposes

Federico KaragulianJoint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy

The Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, TPH (Switzerland), 29th May 2012

Particulate Matter (PM) has effects on HUMAN HEALTH and CLIMATE CHANGE Sampling PM represents a way to estimate POLLUTANT SOURCES

THE ASSUMPTION

which are the main pollutant sources?

DUST

O3

NO3

N2O5

HNO3

OH

HO2

NO2

SO2

NOPM

NO2NO

OH

PM, a sink for pollutant sources

and chemical transformation

Particulate Matter and pollutant sources

Estimation of pollutant sources from Particulate Matter (PM): source apportionment methodology

Top Downapproach

Bottom Upapproach

Pollution sourceCharacteristics

AmbientConcentrations

Estimated Source Contribution

EmissionCharacteristics

Estimated Ambient

Concentrations

Receptor Model (RM)

Source Model (Dispersion Modeling)

Survey on polluted study area in Europe between 2001 and 2010: site typology

Urban area are the most studied area because of major number of population exposure

Karagulian and Belis, IJEP, 2012

Basic Receptor model equation for source apportionment study

ij

P

p

kjikij efgx 1

INPUT DATA: Concentration of the jth species in the ith sample measured at the receptor site

OUTPUT DATA: Concentration of the jth species in the pth source

OUTPUT DATA: Contribution of the pth source to the ith sample

...mass balance

Comparison of time trend of RM studies between EUROPE and the WORLDWIDE number of studies

Global increase of RM studies

Karagulian and Belis, IJEP, 2012

Time trend of RM studiesin Europe between 2001 and 2010

39% (PMF) Positive Matrix Factorization23% (PCA) Principal Component Analysis13% (CMB) Chemical Mass Balance10% (FA, APCFA) Factor Analysis10% APEG model5% Miscellaneous

Strong increase in 2010

Karagulian and Belis, IJEP, 2012

Enter in force of theEuropean Air Quality Directive

Survey of MODEL TYPES used for RM studies between 2001 and 2010 in Europe

Karagulian and Belis, IJEP, 2012

PM10 mass concentration in urban areas in Europe (1995-2011)

PM10 in Europe for source estimation purposes

Belis and Karagulian, in preparation, 2012

Izana (ES) 1Las Palmas (ES) 2Madrid_(ES) 3Lisbon (PT) 4Madrid (ES) summer 5Huelva (ES) 6Los Barrios (ES) 7Belfast (UK) 8Algeciras (ES) 9Santander (ES) 10La Linea (ES) 11Glasgow (UK) 12Torrelavega (ES) 13Atazar (ES) 14Melilla (ES) 15Llodio (ES) 16Manchester (UK) 17Birmingham (UK) 18Alsasua (ES) 19Pamplona Iturrama (ES) 20Bastarreche (ES) 21Elche (ES) 22London (UK) 23

San Vicente del Raspeig (ES) 24Zaragoza (ES) 25Thurrock (UK) 26Tarragona (ES) 27Barcelona (ES) 28Ruhr area (D) 29Munster (D) 30Genoa (IT) 31Sondrio (IT) winter 32Capannori (IT) 33Augsburg (D) winter 34Modena (IT) summer 35Erfurt (D) 36Civitavecchia (IT) summer 37Copenhagen (DK) 38Milan (IT) winter 39Berlin (D) 40Koflach (A) 41Graz Don Bosco (A) 42Milano (IT) 43Hartberg (A) 44Vienna_(A) 45Milan (IT) summer 46Lecce (IT) 47Lycksele (SE) winter 48Po plain (IT) winter 49Krakow (PL) winter 50Zakopane(PL) winter 51Athens (GR) 52Izmir (TR) 53Erdemli (TR) 54

PM2.5 mass concentration in urban areas in Europe (1995-2011)

Belis and Karagulian, in preparation, 2012

Lisbon (PT) 1Coimbra (PT) 2

Huelva (ES) 3Los Barrios (ES) 4Belfast (UK) 5Oviedo_(ES) 6Algeciras (ES) 7Santander (ES) 8La Linea (ES) 9Glasgow (UK) 10Manchester (UK) 11Birmingham (UK) 12Albacete (ES) 13Pamplona Iturrama (ES) 14Santa Ana (ES) 15Harwell (UK) 16London (UK) 17Barcelona (ES) 18Paris (F) 19Antwerp (BE) summer 20Amsterdam (NL) 21Marseille (F) summer 22Schiedam (NL) 23Basel (CH) 24Zurich (CH) 25Genoa (IT) summer 26Sondrio (IT) winter 27Erfurt (D) 28Copenhagen (DK) winter 29Milan (IT) winter 30Milan (IT) summer 31Bari (IT) winter 32Po plain (IT) winter 33Belgrade (RS) 34Tessaloniki (GR) 35Athens (GR) 36Helsinki (FIN) 37Izmir (TR) 38

PM2.5 in Europe for source estimation purposes

Main pollutant sources from PM10 sampling in urban areas in Europe (1995-2011)

Sea SaltTraffic

Crustal

SIAIndustry, power plantsBiomass BurningOtherResidential

Pollutant Sources in Europe (PM10)

Belis and Karagulian, in preparation, 2012

SIA = Secondary particles

Madrid (ES) 1Lisbon (PT) 2Madrid (ES) 3sHuelva (ES) 4Los Barrios (ES) 5Belfast (UK) 6Algeciras (ES) 7Santander (ES) 8La Linea (ES) 9Glasgow (UK) 10Torrelavega (ES) 11Atazar (ES) 12Melilla (ES) 13Llodio (ES) 14Manchester (UK) 15Birmingham (UK) 16Alsasua (ES) 17Pamplona Iturrama (ES) 18Bastarreche (ES) 19Elche (ES) 20London (UK) 21

San Vicente del Raspeig (ES) 22Zaragoza (ES) 23Thurrock (UK) 24Tarragona (ES) 25Barcelona (ES) 26Ruhr area (D) 27Munster (D) 28Genoa (IT) 29Sondrio (IT) 30wCapannori (IT) 31Augsburg (D) 32wModena (IT) 33sErfurt (D) 34Civitavecchia (IT) 35sCopenhagen (DK) 36Milan (IT) 37wBerlin (D) 38Koflach (A) 39Graz Don Bosco (A) 40Milano (IT) 41Hartberg (A) 42Vienna A) 43Milan (IT) 44sLecce (IT) 45Lycksele (SE) 46wPo plain (IT) 47wKrakow (PL) 48wZakopane(PL) 49wAthens (GR) 50Izmir (TR) 51Erdemli (TR) 52

Main pollutant sources from PM2.5 sampling in urban areas in Europe (1995-2011)

Sea SaltTraffic

Crustal

SIAIndustry, power plantsBiomass BurningOtherResidential

Pollutant Sources in Europe (PM2.5)

Belis and Karagulian, in preparation, 2012

Lisbon (PT) 1Coimbra (PT) 2

Huelva (ES) 3Los Barrios (ES) 4Belfast (UK) 5Oviedo_(ES) 6Algeciras (ES) 7Santander (ES) 8La Linea (ES) 9Glasgow (UK) 10Manchester (UK) 11Birmingham (UK) 12Albacete (ES) 13Pamplona Iturrama (ES) 14Santa Ana (ES) 15Harwell (UK) 16London (UK) 17Barcelona (ES) 18Paris (F) 19Antwerp (BE) 20sAmsterdam (NL) 21Marseille (F) 22sSchiedam (NL) 23Basel (CH) 24Zurich (CH) 25Genoa (IT) 26sSondrio (IT) 27wErfurt (D) 28Copenhagen (DK) 29wMilan (IT) 30wMilan (IT) 31sBari (IT) 32wPo plain (IT) 33wBelgrade (RS) 34Tessaloniki (GR) 35Athens (GR) 36Helsinki (FIN) 37Izmir (TR) 38

Traffic Contribution

Worldwide source contributions I

USA, EU, South Asiafeedbacks

Karagulian, in preparation, 2012

Worldwide source contributions II

USA, EU, South Asiafeedbacks

Karagulian, in preparation, 2012

Sea Salt

Biomass Burning Karagulian, in preparation, 2012

Re-suspended SoilMineral Dust

Worldwide source contributions II

USA, EU, South Asiafeedbacks

Karagulian, in preparation, 2012

PM2.5

Long term effects

Short term effects

nanoparticles are transparent to alveolus and enter in the genomic system strong effect on blood coagulation (deep thrombosis)

PM1

All causes mortality within 5 day Cardiovascular mortality Respiratory mortality Hospital admissions within 1 day (Cardiac and Respiratory)

Cardiopulmonary mortality Lung cancer mortality Diabetes Reproductive effects (premature birth)

Alveolar issues

genomic system

Pulmonary oxidative stress: hearth rate changes in

function of PM exposure

PM and health effects

(O2 exchange)

PM10 Only short term effectsBronchial issues

Pulmonary issues

(O2 inlet)

Health Impact Assessment of air pollution

The Air Quality Health Impact Assessment assesses the potential impact on human health of exposure to a given air pollutant

Good example consists in estimating the Years of Life Lost attributed to ambient air pollution during one year of air quality monitoring

d(B)t)Y(B,t)X(B, Exposure risk indicator

Estimated Pollutant Concentration

Population number

Stationary Sources (Industry, power plants

Dust, Other

Mobile Sources (Fossil Fuel)

Biomass Burning

Black Carbon Source Apportionment

Karagulian et al., in preparation, 2012

Carbon particle size:~ 50-60 nm

(bad health impact)

Future achievements

Actions for Controlling pollutant sources for health effects purposes

Reduce NH3 from agricoultural activities (less fertilisers)

NOx from Traffic

SO2 from industrial sites

Reduce BC from primary sources (vehicles,biomass burning) VOCs: Benzene, Benzo[a]pyrene, (diesel and gasoline exaust)

Reduce Road dust (not from traffic) Traffic emissions

Control PM at the background brings the best results for PM abatement

Portable Optical Particle Counters as cheap way to keep personal exposure to fine particulate under control

Respirable particles within therange 0.3-0.7µm (long term effects)

Portable nephelometersLight scattering technique

Applications: Personal exposure monitoring Ambient/work area monitoring

Epidemiology health studiesEnvironmental sampling

Karagulian et al,JEM, 2012

Monitoring personal exposure to PM

Sampled air in the cityof Varese Italy Validation with urban

“representative”monitoring stations

EDUCATING PEOPLE tobe aware of

of HEALTH RISKS from Particulate Matter

Educating people