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Amorphous oxide semiconductors, Photovoltaics, Advanced materials for CMOS, Novel devices, Thin films,

Crystal structure, Quasicrystals, Spin glasses, High-temperature superconductivity.

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and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of solid state materials.

Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director

1. Structure of the Proton Drip Line Nucleus 17F R. Bhattacharya, P. Banerjee, K. Krishan 1

2. The Effect of Electromagnetic Field on Spectral Statistics of Quantum Optical Model H. Sabri 9

3. Adding New Chemical Dopants to Wafer Chips for Attaining Better PerformancesSaeid Zoghi 15

4. Modeling Quantum Cellular Automata Cell Using Time Dependent Schrodinger Wave Equation With Hermite Polynomial.E.N. Ganesh 22

5. Synthesis and Characterization of Ibuprofen-CuO NanoparticlesE. Ramachandran, D. Alice Rajabai, E. Kandasamy alias Kumar 35

6. Mechanical Studies and Thermal Kinetics of Paracetamol CrystalsS. Ramukutty, E. Ramachandran 43

7. Spectral and Magnetic Moment Studies of Mixed Ligand Complexes of Hydroxamic Acids With Potassium Hexathiocyanato Chromium (III) Tetra HydrateAjay Agarwal, Virendra Mishra, Babita Agarwal, Rahul Pathak 48

Contents

IJSSM (2016) 1-8 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Solid State and Materials

Vol. 2: Issue 1

www.journalspub.com

Structure of the Proton Drip Line Nucleus 17

F

R. Bhattacharya1*, P. Banerjee

2, K. Krishan

2

1University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India

2Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, 1/AF Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata, India

Abstract

The odd a proton drip line nucleus 17

F has been studied in a semi-microscopic model which

couples proton quasi particle motion to the vibrational motion of the neighbouring even-even 18

Ne core. The experimentally observed low lying excitation spectrum, electric quadru pole

moment, magnetic dipole moment, B(E1) and B(E2) values have been fairly well reproduced.

The calculated rms radius of the first excited state is well reproduced and is found to be

larger than that of the ground state which agrees with the experimental observation.

PACS number(s): 21.60 Ev, 27.20 +j

Keywords: excitation spectrum, proton, semi-microscopic

INTRODUCTION

With the advent of radioactive ion beam

facilities, new experimental data

concerning exotic nuclei are becoming

available. Some of the exotic nuclei show

halo structures which has generated a lot

of interest, in recent times, among various

theoretical and experimental groups.

Experimental investigations have shown

the enhancement of sub-barrier fusion

cross-section in reactions involving exotic

nuclei,[1,2]

which is thought to be related to

the sizes and structure of such nuclei. Thus

the understanding of the structure of such

nuclei is of utmost importance to the study

of various phenomena involving these

nuclei. It is well known that the very low

binding energy of the last unpaired

nucleon is responsible for the large matter

radii of one-nucleon halo nuclei. A number

of one-neutron halo nuclei have been

identified and studied in recent times. In a

similar way, one-proton halo nuclei ought

to exist except for the fact that the proton

wave function, unlike the neutron wave

function, is squeezed due to the Coulomb

barrier. The nucleus 17

F may be a good

candidate for a proton halo nucleus since

the binding energy of the last proton is

only 0.60 MeV. Experimental studies[3–5]

have revealed that the spin-parity of the

ground state of 17

F is 5/2+

and has

spectroscopic strength equal to 0.93. The

first excited state is known to be ½+, with a

dominant 2s1/2 single particle (s.p.)

configuration having binding energy equal

to 0.1 MeV. However, the root mean

square (rms) radius of the ground state is

3.78 fm whereas that of the first excited

state, at 500 keV excitation, is observed to

be 5.33 fm.[6]

Considering the ground state

and the first excited state to be pure single

particle configurations of 1d5/2 and 2s1/2,

respectively, the rms radii of the last

proton, using Harmonic Oscillator wave

functions, turn out to be the same, which is

contrary to the experimental findings. This

indicates that coupling of the odd proton

motion and that of the core may modify

the wave function of 17

F sufficiently to

affect the rms radius of the ground state

and that of the first excited state. The

neighbouring even-even cores for this

nucleus are 16

O and 18

Ne.[6]

The first, 16

O,

IJSSM (2016) 9-14 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 9


Vol. 2: Issue 1

www.journalspub.com

The Effect of Electromagnetic Field on Spectral Statistics of

Quantum Optical Model

H. Sabri*

Department of Physics, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

Abstract

In this paper, we have considered the spectral statistics of two-level atoms which interacting

with a single mode of a quantized electromagnetic field in the nearest neighbor spacing

distribution framework. The Berry- Robnik distribution and Maximum Likelihood estimation

technique are used for analyses. An obvious relation between the strength of the fields and

the chaocity degrees of considered systems is reported. Also, our results show a transition

between regular and chaotic limits due to the variation of mean photon number in the 0-200

region.

Keywords: maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), quantized electromagnetic field, spectral

statistics, two-level atoms

INTRODUCTION

The microscopic many-body interaction of

particles in Fermi systems is rather

complicated. Several theoretical

approaches to the description of the

Hamiltonian which are based on the

statistical properties of its discrete levels

are applied for solutions of realistic

problems. For a quantitative measure for

the level of chaoticity in the numerous

body forces, the statistical distributions of

the spacing between the closest

neighboring levels were acquainted in

connection with the purported random

matrix theory (RMT). The fluctuation

properties of quantum frameworks with

fundamental established classical chaotic

behavior and time reversal symmetry

relate with the expectations of the gaussian

orthogonal ensemble (GOE) of random

matrix theory.

Despite what might be expected,

integrable frameworks lead to level

variances that are very much depicted by

the Poisson distribution, i.e., levels act as

though they were uncorrelated.[1-9]

The

information on customary and chaotic

nuclear movement accessible from

exploratory information is fairly restricted,

on the grounds that the examination of

energy levels requires the learning of

adequately huge unadulterated sequences,

i.e., sequential levels test all with the same

quantum numbers (J, π) in a given nucleus.

This implies, one needs to consolidate

diverse level plans to set up the

arrangements and perform a critical factual

study.

An interesting example for quantum chaos

field is the most basic quantum optical

model of a two level atom which

interacting with a single mode of a

quantized electromagnetic field.[10-21]

Such

systems under some special initial

conditions such as strong coupling

between the field and atom show

irregularity which is inconsistent with the

results of Graham et al[11]

and Ku.[12]

In

IJSSM (2016) 15–21 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 15


Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Adding New Chemical Dopants to Wafer Chips for Attaining

Better Performances

Saeid Zoghi* Department of Applied Chemistry, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran

Abstract

Real crystals vary to the ideal one in that they possess imperfections or defects.[1]

Some

defects, due to impurity dopant atoms, are absolutely necessary for the creating devices in the

crystal. Other crystalline defects may be useful if they present in moderate density. Most of

them however are undesirable, regardless of the density in which they may be found in the

crystal. Different forms of defects in single-crystal and their basic structures, mechanisms of

their formation are described by, S. Wolf and R. N. Tauber, in great detail.[2]

Unwanted

crystalline defects and impurities can be introduced during process of silicon crystal growth

or subsequent wafer fabrication processes. These defects and impurities, some are

undesirable because of both can degrade device characteristics and overall gain. Gettering is

the process whereby impurities concentrations are lessen in the device segment of the wafer

by system of localizing them in discrete, predefined sections of the wafer where they cannot

disturb device demonstration. The organization of metal contamination is one of the greatest

significant features and constraints of effective integrated circuit manufacture. Gettering has

extended as a significant part of the silicon fabrication procedure. Simply, gettering is a

stand-by course whereby metal contamination is reduced inoffensive in the event of a letdown

of method contamination management. This paper shields particular of the essential

principles that motivate this significant skill and confers about numerous methods to the

problematic, prominence the problems related with each of them.

Keywords: crystal manufacturing, impact of chemical dopants, silicon fabrication process

INTRODUCTION

All gettering techniques are based on the

fundamental physical principles of non-

equilibrium (relaxation) gettering and

equilibrium (segregation) gettering. In

relaxation gettering techniques, such as

gettering by silicon oxide precipitates

heterogeneous precipitation sites are

intentionally formed in the regions away

from the device surface. For example,

oxide-precipitate regions beneath denuded

zones (DZs) can be prepared during wafer

manufacturing. The relaxation gettering

process requires impurity super saturation,

which typically occurs during a cooling

from high temperatures.[1,2]

Any mobile and supersaturated impurity

will quickly precipitate (“relax”) in regions

of the silicon wafer with high

concentrations of precipitation sites (e.g.,

at silicon oxide precipitates in the bulk).

On the contrary, the device/surface region

is depleted of oxygen (and therefore is

called the denuded zone) by a prior out-

diffusion heat treatment. Hence the DZ

contains a low oxide-precipitate density

and thus few nucleation sites, resulting in

slow precipitation of supersaturated

impurities. This difference in precipitation

rates creates a dissolved-impurity

concentration gradient, which causes

diffusion of supersaturated impurities


International Journal of Solid State and Materials Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Modeling Quantum Cellular Automata Cell Using Time

Dependent Schrodinger Wave Equation With Hermite

Polynomial

E.N. Ganesh*

Electronics Communication Engineering, Department, Saveetha Engineering College, Chennai, India

Abstract

Quantum cellular automata (QCA) is an innovative skill in the nanometer scale and has been

measured as unique of the substitute to CMOS technology. QCA have a great potential in the

development of circuits with high space density and low heat dissipation and allow the

advancement of faster computers with lower power consumption. This paper discuss about

modeling of simple QCA wire using hermite polynomials by solving Schrodinger equation

thereby finding kink energy and tunneling energy of QCA Cell. The polarization value of the

output QCA cell (two cell QCA Wire) is derived by statistical method and expected

polarization of output QCA cell can be found theoretically. Simulations are performed for

device parameters with different temperature and it was found that coulombic interaction is

more for two cell QCA wire than four and three cell QCA wires due to shorter range.

Stability is more for shorter QCA wire than three and four cell QCA wires. The effect of

inter-dot distance and cell to cell distance of QCA cell on output QCA cell is analyzed and it

is concluded that equal distance of quantum dots within the cell and also between the two

QCA cells with equal distance in dots arrangement will give maximum polarization value.

Keywords: majority gate, majority voting scheme, statistical quantum treatment method,

quantum cellular automata

INTRODUCTION

Quantum Dot Cellular Automata

Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is

an emerging technology that offers a

revolutionary approach to computing at

nano-level.[1]

Quantum dots are

nanostructures created from standard semi

conductive materials.

These structures are modeled as quantum

wells. They exhibit energy effects even at

distances several hundred times larger than

the material system lattice constant.

A dot can be visualized as well, Once

electrons are trapped inside the dot, it

requires higher energy for electron to

escape. The fundamental unit of QCA is

QCA cell created with four quantum Dots

positioned at the vertices of a square.[2,3]

The electrons are quantum mechanical

particles; they are able to tunnel between

the dots in a cell.

The electrons in the cell that are placed

adjacent to each other will interact; as a

result the polarization of one cell will be

directly affected by the polarization of its

neighboring cells.

Figure 1 shows quantum cells with

electrons occupying opposite vertices.



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Synthesis and Characterization of Ibuprofen-CuO Nanoparticles

E. Ramachandran1*, D. Alice Rajabai

1, E. Kandasamy alias Kumar

2

1Department of Physics, Thiruvalluvar College, Papanasam, Tamilnadu, India

2Department of Gastroenterology, Government Medical College, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India

Abstract

RS-ibuprofen-CuO nanodrug crystals were prepared by microwave irradiation. The

nanoparticles were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction method. Morphology of the

nanoparticles was analyzed by Scanning electron microscopy. The Fourier transform

infrared spectrum (FTIR)s of the nanoparticles was compared with bulk ibuprofen. Optical

bandgap energy of ibuprofen-CuO nanoparticles was determined from UV–Vis spectrum.

Keywords: FTIR, ibuprofen, microwave irradiation, nanomedicine, SEM

INTRODUCTION

Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary

field that involves science and

engineering. Nanomaterials are used in

various sectors like biology, medicine,

agriculture, pharmacy, etc. Nanoparticles

(NPs) may be classified as organic and

inorganic NPs. Nanotechnology is opening

new therapeutic opportunities for agents

that cannot be used effectively as

conventional formulations due to poor

bioavailability or drug instability.[1]

Nanotechnology and personalized

medicine are two of the most rapidly

emerging areas of biomedical research, as

well as two of the most promising

technologies for improving health care and

health outcomes.[2]

Personalized medicine

is often summarized as targeting the right

medicine at the right dose to the right

patient.[3]

One of the most interesting

capabilities in nanomedicine is the

functionalization of NPs. Functionalization

involves altering properties of NP through

chemical or physical modifications that are

applied to achieve a desired effect.[4]

Metal NPs are of much importance due to

their high specific surface area and high

fraction of surface atoms[5]

and metal

oxide NPs have been expected to find

many applications.[6,7]

Hence, their

physicochemical characteristics were

studied by many researchers.[8,9]

Copper

and silver are the most interesting

elements for various biomedical

applications such as: anti-inflammatory,

anti-proliferative and bactericidal

effects.[10,11]

It also offers selection of

radioisotopes, suitable for nuclear imaging

and radiotherapy.[12]

Also combination of

conventional drugs such as: antibiotics,

anti-inflammatory and other drugs with

suitable metal NPs will improve the

efficacy of the drugs and may help for the

creation of templates for such

formulations.

NPs are prepared from methods such as

co-precipitation, microemulsion, thermal

decomposition, solvothermal,

sonochemical, microwave irradiation,

chemical vapour deposition, combustion,

carbon arc, laser pyrolysis and green

synthesis. Among these methods, the

microwave synthesis is a simple and an



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Mechanical Studies and Thermal Kinetics of Paracetamol

Crystals

S. Ramukutty, E. Ramachandran* Department of Physics, Thiruvalluvar College, Papanasam, India

Abstract

Single crystals of paracetamol were crystallized by slow solvent evaporation method.

Monoclinic form of the crystal was confirmed using single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.

Microhardness of the crystal was analyzed as a function of the applied load. Kinetic analysis

was made from the thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA) data

using Coats-Redfern (CR) relation. Thermodynamic parameters were also determined.

Arrhenius equation for paracetamol is k = 0.32 × 105 e–89703/RT

mol–1

s–1

.

Keywords: crystals, paracetamol, thermogravimetric

INTRODUCTION

Hardness of a material is a function of the

rigidity of crystal network which exists

between the molecules or atoms of the

material. It characterizes the resistance to

its penetration. It also characterizes the

intensity of the atomic bonds, structure and

crystallization. In pharmaceutical research,

thermal analysis is one of the most

frequently used techniques to establish the

thermal stability, shelf life period, purity

level and to determine the kinetic

parameters.

Paracetamol (p-hydroxyacetanilide) is a

well known commonly used pain relief

drug. It is used in many conditions such as

headache, muscle aches, arthritis,

backache, toothaches, cold and fever.

Enormous research articles were reported

in the characterization and crystallization

of paracetamol.[1–8]

Mechanical[9–11]

and

thermal studies of few drugs[12–14]

are

reported by the authors recently. Thus, in

this series the thermal kinetic and

mechanical analysis were carried out.

Presently paracetamol crystals were

crystallized by slow evaporation method.

The grown crystal was confirmed using

single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.

Hardness of the material was tested using

Vickers hardness measurement. Thermal

analysis was carried out to estimate the

thermal stability and decomposition.

Kinetic analysis was made using CR

relation.

CRYSTALLIZATION

Paracetamol was purchased from Glaxo

SmithKline Pharmaceuticals Ltd.

(Mumbai, India). 2.5% w/v of paracetamol

solution was prepared using

water/methanol (1:1 ratio).

The filtered solution was transferred to

crystal growth vessels, and the

crystallization was carried out by

controlled evaporation method in a

cryogenic constant temperature water bath,

initiating from a constant ambient

temperature (27 °C) and setting a

decreasing sequence of temperature.



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Spectral and Magnetic Moment Studies of Mixed Ligand

Complexes of Hydroxamic Acids With Potassium

Hexathiocyanato Chromium (III) Tetra Hydrate

Ajay Agarwal*, Virendra Mishra, Babita Agarwal, Rahul Pathak

B.S.A College of Engineering and Technology, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract

Some hydroxamic acids eg. [L1=3,4,5-trimethoxy benzohydroxamic acids (TMBHA), L2= N-

phenyl–3,4,5-trimethoxy benzohydroxamic acid (NPTMBHA), L3=3,4-dimethoxy

benzohydroxamic acid (DMBHA) and L4=N-phenyl-3,4-dimethoxy benzohydroxamic acid

(NPDMBHA) prepared and reacted with L’=Potassium hexathiocynato chromium (III) tetra

hydrate K3[Cr(SCN)6]4H2O. The mixed ligand complexes of hydroxamic acids characterized

with the help of repeated melting point identification, by I.R.studies, magnetic moment, molar

conductance and by elemental analysis(C, H and N).The geometry of complexes were found

to be octahedral .On the basis of these facts the structure of the metal complexes found to be

K2 [M(L’)4(L1)], K[M(L’)2(L2)2], K[M(L’)2(L3)2] and K[M(L’)2(L4)2].

Keywords: hydroxamic acids, mixed ligand complexes, potassium hexathiocynato chromium

(III),

INTRODUCTION

Hydroxamic acids were discovered in 1869

by Lossen.[1]

Most of the hydroxamic acids

have biological and biocidal activities[1-8]

In

recent years it has become evident that these

weak acids possesses other type of

biological activities[9]

,because the biological

activities of hydroxamic acids have been

mainly attributed to their complexing

properties towards transition metals,[10-13]

food additives, antibiotic, antagonist, tumor

inhibitors, antifungal agents,anticancer,

antifungal and antibacterial activity,

toxilogical, pharmacological importance and

their –NO releasing properties. Hydroxamic

acids have bivalent coordination mode i.e.,

through the oxygen of deprotonated

hydroxamic acids and through carbonyl

oxygen atom (O,O) resulting in the

formation of mononuclear complexes. The

introduction of secondary coordinating

group like thiocynate does not change the

coordination behavior of coordination (O,O)

as bridging bis-chealating ligand. Very

scanty work has been done with the Cr (III)

metal with hydroxamic acids. The

importance of chromium in mammalian

metabolism has been studied greatly. Diet

deficient in chromium develops a visible eye

lesion, which causes opacity, hence keeping

the above facts in mind, we thought it is

worthwhile to isolate some new complexes

of hydroxamic acids with Cr (III) and

thiocynate group as bridging chelating

ligand. Chromium compounds enhanced the

action of insulin; outstanding activity is

manifested by the chromium complexes

extracted from the brewer’s yeast and pork

kidney powder. These acts as a co-factor in

insulin and facilitating the metal –insulin

tissues interaction forming ternary

complexes.

1. .

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