REPORTING SOURCES FOR LITERATURE REVIEW

Parenthetical Citations – APA format

Quoting,

Why use quotations, paraphrases, summaries, and syntheses?

Firstly, do you want

to be accused of PLAGIARISINGsomeone else’s work?

Why use quotations, paraphrases, summaries, and syntheses?

Secondly, you would surely want to show the readers

a) The range, extent and nature of academic sources that support your arguments

b) The good abilities you have in selecting appropriate sources for you to develop your research.

Why use quotations, paraphrases, summaries, and syntheses?

So, you use them to…….• provide support for claims or add credibility to your

writing

• refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing

• give examples of several points of view on a subject

Why use quotations, paraphrases, summaries, and syntheses?

• call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with

• highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by citing the original

• distant yourself from the original by citing it in order to cue readers that the words are not your own

• expand the breadth or depth of your writing

Keys to Parenthetical Citations

Readability

• Keep citations brief by giving only relevant information to support your arguments.

• Do not repeat unnecessary information

What are the similarities in quoting, paraphrasing, summarizing, and synthesizing?

They are the 4 possible ways of incorporating other writers'

work into your own writing and attributing the original

authors.

How do they differ??

These 4 citing techniques differ according to the closeness of your writing to the source materials. That means…

The differences …When you quote, the quote must be identical to the

original, using a narrow segment of the source.

When you paraphrase, it involves putting a passage from a source into your own words in a slightly condensed and shorter version.

The differences …

When you summarize, the main idea(s) are put into your own words. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original sentences and take a broader overview of the source material.

When you synthesize, one similar idea/similar ideas from two or more different sources are combined.

In-text citation 1

QUOTING

In-text citation 1 : Quotations

o You repeat/copy the exact words from your sources.

o You quote if the language is distinctive OR the idea is difficult to be paraphrased or summarized accurately.

o You need to use quotation marks – “_____________”.

WARNING! Do not overuse. Use accurately and sparingly.

The general differences are…

When you quote, your words must be identical to the original source, using a narrow segment of the source. They must match the source document word for word.

When you paraphrase, your own words are used to deliver the information obtained from the source materials but the meaning matches exactly that of the original writer’s.

In-text citation 1 : Quotations

How many types of quotations are there in the APA format ?Answer : 2 types

• In-text quotation or short quotation. (for less than 40 words, incorporated into the text and enclosed by double quotation marks (“))• Block quotation or long quotation.

(for 40 or more words , no quotation marks but with indention)

QUOTING

Short quotations

Short quotations

Examples:Notice how a pair of quotation marks are used.

• According to Zaleha Esa (1998), “The typical Malaysian student has been trained to expect high grades regardless of the quality of the work” (p. 199).

• One academic belief is that, “The typical Malaysian student has been trained to expect high grades regardless of the quality of the work” (Zaleha Esa, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.

(The letter `p’ refers to page number; `p’ for one page, `pp’ for multiple pages)

Short quotationsExamples:

• What will it mean if Zaleha Esa (1998) is right when she stated “the typical Malaysian student has been trained to expect high grades regardless of the quality of the work” (p. 199)?

• This has been seen many times in the context of Malaysian tertiary education. According to Zaleha Esa (1998), “The typical Malaysian student has been trained to expect high grades regardless of the quality of the work” (p. 199). This is a very valid point and one which has also been discussed by…

Short quotations

NOTES:

1) Your punctuation marks (such as full-stops, commas, semicolons, question marks, and exclamation points) should appear after the parenthetical citation.

What will it mean if Zaleha Esa (1998) is right when she stated “the typical Malaysian student has been trained to expect high grades regardless of the quality of the work” (p. 199)?

Short quotations

NOTES:

2) Question marks and exclamation points that are part of the text should appear

within the quotation marks.

Furthermore Mohaida Mohin (2003) asked, “Does the average Malaysian student need to be trained in the art of public speaking?” (p. 199).

Short quotations

NOTES:

3) If you use the author’s name in the text, don’t put it in the parenthetical citation.

According to Smith (2003), “There are a considerable number of students in universities who do not have good study skills” (p. 19).

A short quotation

An example of an in- text quotation: Source: Gardner, H.(1999). The disciplined mind: what all students should understand. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Original material: While we possess all of the intelligences, perhaps no two persons – not even identical twins – exhibit them in the same combination of strengths.

In-text quotation: Gardner (1999) explained, “While we possess all of the intelligences, perhaps no two persons – not even identical twins – exhibit them in the same combination of strengths”(p.72).

QUOTING

Long

quotations

A long quotationAn example of a block quotation: Source: An article written by

Clarence Chua and Niluksi Koswanage, published in the Focus section of the Sunday Star dated February 10, 2002, on page 21.

Original material: By bringing in foreign migrant workers, the cost of providing housing, health-care services and education has to be taken into consideration. This is the social cost for ensuring that the country’s economic growth is constantly moving upwards. However, with the number of illegal squatter areas mushrooming around the country, employers and the Government have not really understood the fact that foreign workers, too, need basic services and infrastructure. Without these necessities, foreign workers are seen as public liabilities as they build squatter colonies, over-crowd hospitals and send their children to the same schools as locals.

A long quotation

The block quotation:Chua and Koswanage (2002) stated: By bringing in foreign migrant workers, the cost of providing

housing, health-care services and education has to be taken into consideration. This is the social cost for ensuring that the country’s economic growth is constantly moving upwards. However, with the number of illegal squatter areas mushrooming around the country, employers and the Government have not really understood the fact that foreign workers, too, need basic services and infrastructure. Without these necessities, foreign workers are seen as public liabilities as they build squatter colonies, over-crowd hospitals and send their children to the same schools as locals (pp.21-22).

Long quotations

NOTES:Quotations that are longer than 40 words

• must be placed in a free-standing block of double-spaced typewritten lines.

• Must be without the quotation marks

• Must be in a “block” (indent the left margin but not the right)

In-text citation 1 : Quotations – a reminder

Be sure to introduce and interpret your quotation. For example:

Putnam (1993) explained the nature of social capital production when he wrote,

Stocks of social capital, such as trust, norms, and networks, tend to be self-reinforcing and cumulative. Virtuous circles result in ‘social equilibrium’ with high levels of cooperation, trust, reciprocity, civic engagements, and collective well-being. These traits define the civic

community. Conversely, the absence of these traits in the uncivil community is also self-reinforcing. Defection, distrust, shirking, exploitation, isolation, disorder, and stagnation intensify one another in a suffocating miasma of vicious circles (p. 177).Whilst Putnam’s view has its merits, there are certain shortcomings in his assessment of the situation…

MORE EXAMPLES OF QUOTING AND PARAPHRASINGSource: Morley-Warner, T. (2001). Academic Writing (2nd ed), Linfield,

NSW, CREA Publications.

Original:

To write successfully at university you need a sense of what the final product should look and sound like, so if possible, read model assignments or if

these are not available, study the way in which journal articles have been written in your specific area. These articles may be lengthy and some may

be based on research rather than a discussion of issues, but from them you will get a sense of how academic writing 'sounds', that is, its tone, and

also how respected writers in your field assemble information. You will also gain a sense of the complexity of being an apprentice writer in an

academic culture, or rather cultures, where expectations may vary from discipline to discipline, even subject to subject and where you can build a

repertoire of critical thinking and writing skills that enable you to enter the academic debates, even to challenge.

The highlighted segment is used for the following sample quotation and paraphrasing .

EXAMPLE 1- SHORT QUOTATION

Morley-Warner (2001, p. 6) acknowledged the challenges of writing at university. She described the novice student writer as “an apprentice writer in an academic culture, or rather cultures, where expectations may vary from discipline to discipline, even subject to subject”.

EXAMPLE 2- LONG QUOTATION

Morley-Warner (2001) discussed how university students can learn to acquire and convey the appropriate academic tone in their assignments. She suggests that students should focus on how journal articles in their subject are written and structured. She describes another benefit of this process:

You will also gain a sense of the complexity of being an apprentice writer in an academic culture, or rather cultures, where expectations may vary

from discipline to discipline, even subject to subject and where you can build a repertoire of critical thinking and writing skills that enable you to enter the

academic debates, even to challenge. (Morley-Warner 2001, p. 6)

Some other expressions of introducing quotations

• In the final part of the Theses, Marx wrote: "Philosophers have hitherto only interpreted the world in various ways; the point .......“• Sachs concluded: "The idea of development

stands today like a ruin in the intellectual landscape…" (Sachs, 1992a: 156). • As Smith argued: "In the past, the purpose of

education was to ......" (Smith , 2000:150).• As Carnoy (2004: 215) stated: "there are many

good reasons to be sceptical".