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Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment: Congenital or acquired brain-based visual impairment with onset in childhood, unexplained by an ocular disorder, and associated with unique visual and behavioral characteristics. (PCVI Society). Presentation made to Illinois College of Optometry NORA and COVD students, faculty and residents.
Citation preview
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
COVD amp NORA ICO Presentation 2014
Pediatric
Cortical
Visual
Impairment
Society
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye Care Chicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
2
3
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms)
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor hand-eye Mobility rolls over
4
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
1 Define pediatric cortical visual impairment (PCVI)
Definition confusing misunderstood and imprecise Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment Delayed Visual Development
An Introduction
5
bullHistory of CVIbullBrain injury 19th century with Phineas P Gage
6
World War I wounded veterans with brain injury
Displayed perceived motion in the ldquoblind non-seeingrdquo visual field Ability to sense motion lights and colorsConscious or subconscious
Alesterlund L Maino D That the blind may see A review Blindsight and its implications for optometrists J Optom Vis Dev 199930(2)86-93Blindsight video httpwwwmainosmemoscom201103blindsighthtml
7
bullStatokinetic dissociation (in children)bullgreater reduction in sensitivity to stationary visual stimuli relative to similar targets in motion
bullRiddoch phenomenon (adults)bull Ability to sense movement even though blindbull ldquoSeerdquo moving objectshellipbut not stationary ones
bull BlindsightbullAbility to lsquosensersquo objects in the way
8
Statokinetic dissociation (in children)
Movement in the peripheral visual field may elicit a smile in the blind child with quadraplegia and profound intellectual disabilityChildren who are fed with a spoon may intermittently open their mouths to receive food when the spoon is moved in an arc from the peripheral visual fields but not when it approaches the mouth from straight ahead
9
bullStatokinetic dissociation (in children)
bullFor those children who understand language stating what is being seen as the child reacts to it may enhance both visual and language developmentbullSuch children may rock to and fro Whether this generates an image is difficult to knowbullRarely children with cerebral blindness who are mobile move slowly around obstacles This phenomenon has been called travel vision
10
bull1980rsquos adults with bilateral occipital cortex insult (cortical blindness)bullTerm applied to children bullCortical visual impairment used in the 1980rsquos onwardbull Definition of CVI includes injury lateral geniculate nucleusvisual cortex
11
Reduced visual acuity identifying feature
Many children damage to white matter surrounding the ventricals(perventricular leukomalacia PVL)Cerebral Visual Impairment now used (especially in Europe)
12
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
North America Cortical Visual Impairment
Elsewhere Cerebral Visual Impairment Cerebral visual impairment inclusive term
Ocular visual impairment Refractive state Optics Eye health
Cerebral visual impairment Neuro-pathway problems cortical problems oculomotor dysfunction vision information processing (dorsal and ventral streaming processing mechanisms)
For more in depth information please see Maino D Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Optom Vis Dev
201243(3)115-120 (available from httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINOmaino-cortical-visual-impairment)
13
The ventral stream (also known as the what pathway) travels to the temporal lobe and is involved with object identification The dorsal stream (or where pathway) terminates in the parietal lobe and process spatial locations
14
bullDelayed Visual Maturation (DVM)bullDVM type I Visually impaired infants improved visual abilities by the age of 6 months often without treatment bullDVM type II attention problems associated with neurologicallearning abnormalities Improvement takes longer bullDVM III children have nystagmus albinism Vision improves later can improve to low-normal levels bullDVM IV associated with retinal optic nerve macular anomalies
15
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment Society
Next PCVIS Conference June 27-28 2014 Oaha NE
Congenital or acquired brain-based visual
impairment with onset in childhood unexplained
by an ocular disorder and associated with
unique visual and behavioral characteristics
Founding Board Lindsay Hillier Alan Lantzy
Richard Skip Legge Dominick Maino Linda
Nobles Christine Roman Jacy VerMaas-Lee
16
Diagnosis and Therapeutic Intervention of Vision Function and
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Describe the diagnostic criteria utilizedhellip
17
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Diagnostic Approaches amp Strategies
1Case History2Visual Acuity3Refractive Error4Vision Function Assessment5Ocular Health6Special Tools
18
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of visionOculomotor ability
AccommodationBinocularity
19
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Eye health
Biomicroscopy TonometryDilated Fundus Evaluation
Special diagnostic toolsEOG (electrooculogram)ERG (electroretinogram)VERVEP (visually evoked response visual evoked potential)
20
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional Vision
Functionally induced disability that overlays pathologically induced disability
Uncorrected refractive error AmblyopiaConstant Strabismus Amblyopia
Oculomotor dysfunction Binocular vision dysfunction Accommodative dysfunction
Attention
21
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional vision
Vision information processing (VIP) Visual perceptual skills
lateralitydirectionalityvisual motor integrationnon-motor perceptual skillsauditory perceptualprocessing
22
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
HistoryAll the usual questions ANDGeneralMotorVisualAuditory DevelopmentDaily Living SkillsSkills needed for Learning
23
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity What is contrast sensitivityWhat is refractive error
24
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity
The ability to see a certain size object at a certain distance
25
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Tests of Visual Acuity
26
27
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision FunctionClarity of vision
What is contrast sensitivity
28
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Contrast sensitivity measures the ability to see details at low contrast levels Visual information at low contrast levels are particularly important
1 in communication since the faint shadows on our faces carry the visual information related to facial expressions
29
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
2 in orientation and mobility where we need to see such critical low-contrast forms as the curb faint shadows and stairs when walking down In traffic the demanding situations are at low contrast levels for example seeing in dusk rain fog snow fall and at night
30
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
3 in every day tasks where there are numerous visual tasks at low contrast like cutting an onion on a light colored surface pouring coffee into a dark mug checking the quality of ironing etc
31
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
4 in near vision tasks like reading and writing if the information is at low contrast as in poor quality copies or in a fancy barely readable invitation etc
from httpwwwlea-testfienvistestsinstructcontrastcsensiticsensitihtml
32
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast
LowContrast
33
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast Low Contrast
34
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye Care Chicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
2
3
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms)
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor hand-eye Mobility rolls over
4
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
1 Define pediatric cortical visual impairment (PCVI)
Definition confusing misunderstood and imprecise Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment Delayed Visual Development
An Introduction
5
bullHistory of CVIbullBrain injury 19th century with Phineas P Gage
6
World War I wounded veterans with brain injury
Displayed perceived motion in the ldquoblind non-seeingrdquo visual field Ability to sense motion lights and colorsConscious or subconscious
Alesterlund L Maino D That the blind may see A review Blindsight and its implications for optometrists J Optom Vis Dev 199930(2)86-93Blindsight video httpwwwmainosmemoscom201103blindsighthtml
7
bullStatokinetic dissociation (in children)bullgreater reduction in sensitivity to stationary visual stimuli relative to similar targets in motion
bullRiddoch phenomenon (adults)bull Ability to sense movement even though blindbull ldquoSeerdquo moving objectshellipbut not stationary ones
bull BlindsightbullAbility to lsquosensersquo objects in the way
8
Statokinetic dissociation (in children)
Movement in the peripheral visual field may elicit a smile in the blind child with quadraplegia and profound intellectual disabilityChildren who are fed with a spoon may intermittently open their mouths to receive food when the spoon is moved in an arc from the peripheral visual fields but not when it approaches the mouth from straight ahead
9
bullStatokinetic dissociation (in children)
bullFor those children who understand language stating what is being seen as the child reacts to it may enhance both visual and language developmentbullSuch children may rock to and fro Whether this generates an image is difficult to knowbullRarely children with cerebral blindness who are mobile move slowly around obstacles This phenomenon has been called travel vision
10
bull1980rsquos adults with bilateral occipital cortex insult (cortical blindness)bullTerm applied to children bullCortical visual impairment used in the 1980rsquos onwardbull Definition of CVI includes injury lateral geniculate nucleusvisual cortex
11
Reduced visual acuity identifying feature
Many children damage to white matter surrounding the ventricals(perventricular leukomalacia PVL)Cerebral Visual Impairment now used (especially in Europe)
12
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
North America Cortical Visual Impairment
Elsewhere Cerebral Visual Impairment Cerebral visual impairment inclusive term
Ocular visual impairment Refractive state Optics Eye health
Cerebral visual impairment Neuro-pathway problems cortical problems oculomotor dysfunction vision information processing (dorsal and ventral streaming processing mechanisms)
For more in depth information please see Maino D Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Optom Vis Dev
201243(3)115-120 (available from httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINOmaino-cortical-visual-impairment)
13
The ventral stream (also known as the what pathway) travels to the temporal lobe and is involved with object identification The dorsal stream (or where pathway) terminates in the parietal lobe and process spatial locations
14
bullDelayed Visual Maturation (DVM)bullDVM type I Visually impaired infants improved visual abilities by the age of 6 months often without treatment bullDVM type II attention problems associated with neurologicallearning abnormalities Improvement takes longer bullDVM III children have nystagmus albinism Vision improves later can improve to low-normal levels bullDVM IV associated with retinal optic nerve macular anomalies
15
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment Society
Next PCVIS Conference June 27-28 2014 Oaha NE
Congenital or acquired brain-based visual
impairment with onset in childhood unexplained
by an ocular disorder and associated with
unique visual and behavioral characteristics
Founding Board Lindsay Hillier Alan Lantzy
Richard Skip Legge Dominick Maino Linda
Nobles Christine Roman Jacy VerMaas-Lee
16
Diagnosis and Therapeutic Intervention of Vision Function and
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Describe the diagnostic criteria utilizedhellip
17
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Diagnostic Approaches amp Strategies
1Case History2Visual Acuity3Refractive Error4Vision Function Assessment5Ocular Health6Special Tools
18
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of visionOculomotor ability
AccommodationBinocularity
19
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Eye health
Biomicroscopy TonometryDilated Fundus Evaluation
Special diagnostic toolsEOG (electrooculogram)ERG (electroretinogram)VERVEP (visually evoked response visual evoked potential)
20
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional Vision
Functionally induced disability that overlays pathologically induced disability
Uncorrected refractive error AmblyopiaConstant Strabismus Amblyopia
Oculomotor dysfunction Binocular vision dysfunction Accommodative dysfunction
Attention
21
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional vision
Vision information processing (VIP) Visual perceptual skills
lateralitydirectionalityvisual motor integrationnon-motor perceptual skillsauditory perceptualprocessing
22
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
HistoryAll the usual questions ANDGeneralMotorVisualAuditory DevelopmentDaily Living SkillsSkills needed for Learning
23
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity What is contrast sensitivityWhat is refractive error
24
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity
The ability to see a certain size object at a certain distance
25
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Tests of Visual Acuity
26
27
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision FunctionClarity of vision
What is contrast sensitivity
28
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Contrast sensitivity measures the ability to see details at low contrast levels Visual information at low contrast levels are particularly important
1 in communication since the faint shadows on our faces carry the visual information related to facial expressions
29
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
2 in orientation and mobility where we need to see such critical low-contrast forms as the curb faint shadows and stairs when walking down In traffic the demanding situations are at low contrast levels for example seeing in dusk rain fog snow fall and at night
30
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
3 in every day tasks where there are numerous visual tasks at low contrast like cutting an onion on a light colored surface pouring coffee into a dark mug checking the quality of ironing etc
31
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
4 in near vision tasks like reading and writing if the information is at low contrast as in poor quality copies or in a fancy barely readable invitation etc
from httpwwwlea-testfienvistestsinstructcontrastcsensiticsensitihtml
32
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast
LowContrast
33
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast Low Contrast
34
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
3
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms)
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor hand-eye Mobility rolls over
4
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
1 Define pediatric cortical visual impairment (PCVI)
Definition confusing misunderstood and imprecise Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment Delayed Visual Development
An Introduction
5
bullHistory of CVIbullBrain injury 19th century with Phineas P Gage
6
World War I wounded veterans with brain injury
Displayed perceived motion in the ldquoblind non-seeingrdquo visual field Ability to sense motion lights and colorsConscious or subconscious
Alesterlund L Maino D That the blind may see A review Blindsight and its implications for optometrists J Optom Vis Dev 199930(2)86-93Blindsight video httpwwwmainosmemoscom201103blindsighthtml
7
bullStatokinetic dissociation (in children)bullgreater reduction in sensitivity to stationary visual stimuli relative to similar targets in motion
bullRiddoch phenomenon (adults)bull Ability to sense movement even though blindbull ldquoSeerdquo moving objectshellipbut not stationary ones
bull BlindsightbullAbility to lsquosensersquo objects in the way
8
Statokinetic dissociation (in children)
Movement in the peripheral visual field may elicit a smile in the blind child with quadraplegia and profound intellectual disabilityChildren who are fed with a spoon may intermittently open their mouths to receive food when the spoon is moved in an arc from the peripheral visual fields but not when it approaches the mouth from straight ahead
9
bullStatokinetic dissociation (in children)
bullFor those children who understand language stating what is being seen as the child reacts to it may enhance both visual and language developmentbullSuch children may rock to and fro Whether this generates an image is difficult to knowbullRarely children with cerebral blindness who are mobile move slowly around obstacles This phenomenon has been called travel vision
10
bull1980rsquos adults with bilateral occipital cortex insult (cortical blindness)bullTerm applied to children bullCortical visual impairment used in the 1980rsquos onwardbull Definition of CVI includes injury lateral geniculate nucleusvisual cortex
11
Reduced visual acuity identifying feature
Many children damage to white matter surrounding the ventricals(perventricular leukomalacia PVL)Cerebral Visual Impairment now used (especially in Europe)
12
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
North America Cortical Visual Impairment
Elsewhere Cerebral Visual Impairment Cerebral visual impairment inclusive term
Ocular visual impairment Refractive state Optics Eye health
Cerebral visual impairment Neuro-pathway problems cortical problems oculomotor dysfunction vision information processing (dorsal and ventral streaming processing mechanisms)
For more in depth information please see Maino D Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Optom Vis Dev
201243(3)115-120 (available from httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINOmaino-cortical-visual-impairment)
13
The ventral stream (also known as the what pathway) travels to the temporal lobe and is involved with object identification The dorsal stream (or where pathway) terminates in the parietal lobe and process spatial locations
14
bullDelayed Visual Maturation (DVM)bullDVM type I Visually impaired infants improved visual abilities by the age of 6 months often without treatment bullDVM type II attention problems associated with neurologicallearning abnormalities Improvement takes longer bullDVM III children have nystagmus albinism Vision improves later can improve to low-normal levels bullDVM IV associated with retinal optic nerve macular anomalies
15
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment Society
Next PCVIS Conference June 27-28 2014 Oaha NE
Congenital or acquired brain-based visual
impairment with onset in childhood unexplained
by an ocular disorder and associated with
unique visual and behavioral characteristics
Founding Board Lindsay Hillier Alan Lantzy
Richard Skip Legge Dominick Maino Linda
Nobles Christine Roman Jacy VerMaas-Lee
16
Diagnosis and Therapeutic Intervention of Vision Function and
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Describe the diagnostic criteria utilizedhellip
17
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Diagnostic Approaches amp Strategies
1Case History2Visual Acuity3Refractive Error4Vision Function Assessment5Ocular Health6Special Tools
18
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of visionOculomotor ability
AccommodationBinocularity
19
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Eye health
Biomicroscopy TonometryDilated Fundus Evaluation
Special diagnostic toolsEOG (electrooculogram)ERG (electroretinogram)VERVEP (visually evoked response visual evoked potential)
20
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional Vision
Functionally induced disability that overlays pathologically induced disability
Uncorrected refractive error AmblyopiaConstant Strabismus Amblyopia
Oculomotor dysfunction Binocular vision dysfunction Accommodative dysfunction
Attention
21
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional vision
Vision information processing (VIP) Visual perceptual skills
lateralitydirectionalityvisual motor integrationnon-motor perceptual skillsauditory perceptualprocessing
22
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
HistoryAll the usual questions ANDGeneralMotorVisualAuditory DevelopmentDaily Living SkillsSkills needed for Learning
23
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity What is contrast sensitivityWhat is refractive error
24
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity
The ability to see a certain size object at a certain distance
25
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Tests of Visual Acuity
26
27
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision FunctionClarity of vision
What is contrast sensitivity
28
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Contrast sensitivity measures the ability to see details at low contrast levels Visual information at low contrast levels are particularly important
1 in communication since the faint shadows on our faces carry the visual information related to facial expressions
29
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
2 in orientation and mobility where we need to see such critical low-contrast forms as the curb faint shadows and stairs when walking down In traffic the demanding situations are at low contrast levels for example seeing in dusk rain fog snow fall and at night
30
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
3 in every day tasks where there are numerous visual tasks at low contrast like cutting an onion on a light colored surface pouring coffee into a dark mug checking the quality of ironing etc
31
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
4 in near vision tasks like reading and writing if the information is at low contrast as in poor quality copies or in a fancy barely readable invitation etc
from httpwwwlea-testfienvistestsinstructcontrastcsensiticsensitihtml
32
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast
LowContrast
33
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast Low Contrast
34
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms)
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor hand-eye Mobility rolls over
4
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
1 Define pediatric cortical visual impairment (PCVI)
Definition confusing misunderstood and imprecise Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment Delayed Visual Development
An Introduction
5
bullHistory of CVIbullBrain injury 19th century with Phineas P Gage
6
World War I wounded veterans with brain injury
Displayed perceived motion in the ldquoblind non-seeingrdquo visual field Ability to sense motion lights and colorsConscious or subconscious
Alesterlund L Maino D That the blind may see A review Blindsight and its implications for optometrists J Optom Vis Dev 199930(2)86-93Blindsight video httpwwwmainosmemoscom201103blindsighthtml
7
bullStatokinetic dissociation (in children)bullgreater reduction in sensitivity to stationary visual stimuli relative to similar targets in motion
bullRiddoch phenomenon (adults)bull Ability to sense movement even though blindbull ldquoSeerdquo moving objectshellipbut not stationary ones
bull BlindsightbullAbility to lsquosensersquo objects in the way
8
Statokinetic dissociation (in children)
Movement in the peripheral visual field may elicit a smile in the blind child with quadraplegia and profound intellectual disabilityChildren who are fed with a spoon may intermittently open their mouths to receive food when the spoon is moved in an arc from the peripheral visual fields but not when it approaches the mouth from straight ahead
9
bullStatokinetic dissociation (in children)
bullFor those children who understand language stating what is being seen as the child reacts to it may enhance both visual and language developmentbullSuch children may rock to and fro Whether this generates an image is difficult to knowbullRarely children with cerebral blindness who are mobile move slowly around obstacles This phenomenon has been called travel vision
10
bull1980rsquos adults with bilateral occipital cortex insult (cortical blindness)bullTerm applied to children bullCortical visual impairment used in the 1980rsquos onwardbull Definition of CVI includes injury lateral geniculate nucleusvisual cortex
11
Reduced visual acuity identifying feature
Many children damage to white matter surrounding the ventricals(perventricular leukomalacia PVL)Cerebral Visual Impairment now used (especially in Europe)
12
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
North America Cortical Visual Impairment
Elsewhere Cerebral Visual Impairment Cerebral visual impairment inclusive term
Ocular visual impairment Refractive state Optics Eye health
Cerebral visual impairment Neuro-pathway problems cortical problems oculomotor dysfunction vision information processing (dorsal and ventral streaming processing mechanisms)
For more in depth information please see Maino D Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Optom Vis Dev
201243(3)115-120 (available from httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINOmaino-cortical-visual-impairment)
13
The ventral stream (also known as the what pathway) travels to the temporal lobe and is involved with object identification The dorsal stream (or where pathway) terminates in the parietal lobe and process spatial locations
14
bullDelayed Visual Maturation (DVM)bullDVM type I Visually impaired infants improved visual abilities by the age of 6 months often without treatment bullDVM type II attention problems associated with neurologicallearning abnormalities Improvement takes longer bullDVM III children have nystagmus albinism Vision improves later can improve to low-normal levels bullDVM IV associated with retinal optic nerve macular anomalies
15
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment Society
Next PCVIS Conference June 27-28 2014 Oaha NE
Congenital or acquired brain-based visual
impairment with onset in childhood unexplained
by an ocular disorder and associated with
unique visual and behavioral characteristics
Founding Board Lindsay Hillier Alan Lantzy
Richard Skip Legge Dominick Maino Linda
Nobles Christine Roman Jacy VerMaas-Lee
16
Diagnosis and Therapeutic Intervention of Vision Function and
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Describe the diagnostic criteria utilizedhellip
17
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Diagnostic Approaches amp Strategies
1Case History2Visual Acuity3Refractive Error4Vision Function Assessment5Ocular Health6Special Tools
18
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of visionOculomotor ability
AccommodationBinocularity
19
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Eye health
Biomicroscopy TonometryDilated Fundus Evaluation
Special diagnostic toolsEOG (electrooculogram)ERG (electroretinogram)VERVEP (visually evoked response visual evoked potential)
20
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional Vision
Functionally induced disability that overlays pathologically induced disability
Uncorrected refractive error AmblyopiaConstant Strabismus Amblyopia
Oculomotor dysfunction Binocular vision dysfunction Accommodative dysfunction
Attention
21
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional vision
Vision information processing (VIP) Visual perceptual skills
lateralitydirectionalityvisual motor integrationnon-motor perceptual skillsauditory perceptualprocessing
22
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
HistoryAll the usual questions ANDGeneralMotorVisualAuditory DevelopmentDaily Living SkillsSkills needed for Learning
23
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity What is contrast sensitivityWhat is refractive error
24
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity
The ability to see a certain size object at a certain distance
25
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Tests of Visual Acuity
26
27
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision FunctionClarity of vision
What is contrast sensitivity
28
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Contrast sensitivity measures the ability to see details at low contrast levels Visual information at low contrast levels are particularly important
1 in communication since the faint shadows on our faces carry the visual information related to facial expressions
29
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
2 in orientation and mobility where we need to see such critical low-contrast forms as the curb faint shadows and stairs when walking down In traffic the demanding situations are at low contrast levels for example seeing in dusk rain fog snow fall and at night
30
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
3 in every day tasks where there are numerous visual tasks at low contrast like cutting an onion on a light colored surface pouring coffee into a dark mug checking the quality of ironing etc
31
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
4 in near vision tasks like reading and writing if the information is at low contrast as in poor quality copies or in a fancy barely readable invitation etc
from httpwwwlea-testfienvistestsinstructcontrastcsensiticsensitihtml
32
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast
LowContrast
33
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast Low Contrast
34
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
1 Define pediatric cortical visual impairment (PCVI)
Definition confusing misunderstood and imprecise Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment Delayed Visual Development
An Introduction
5
bullHistory of CVIbullBrain injury 19th century with Phineas P Gage
6
World War I wounded veterans with brain injury
Displayed perceived motion in the ldquoblind non-seeingrdquo visual field Ability to sense motion lights and colorsConscious or subconscious
Alesterlund L Maino D That the blind may see A review Blindsight and its implications for optometrists J Optom Vis Dev 199930(2)86-93Blindsight video httpwwwmainosmemoscom201103blindsighthtml
7
bullStatokinetic dissociation (in children)bullgreater reduction in sensitivity to stationary visual stimuli relative to similar targets in motion
bullRiddoch phenomenon (adults)bull Ability to sense movement even though blindbull ldquoSeerdquo moving objectshellipbut not stationary ones
bull BlindsightbullAbility to lsquosensersquo objects in the way
8
Statokinetic dissociation (in children)
Movement in the peripheral visual field may elicit a smile in the blind child with quadraplegia and profound intellectual disabilityChildren who are fed with a spoon may intermittently open their mouths to receive food when the spoon is moved in an arc from the peripheral visual fields but not when it approaches the mouth from straight ahead
9
bullStatokinetic dissociation (in children)
bullFor those children who understand language stating what is being seen as the child reacts to it may enhance both visual and language developmentbullSuch children may rock to and fro Whether this generates an image is difficult to knowbullRarely children with cerebral blindness who are mobile move slowly around obstacles This phenomenon has been called travel vision
10
bull1980rsquos adults with bilateral occipital cortex insult (cortical blindness)bullTerm applied to children bullCortical visual impairment used in the 1980rsquos onwardbull Definition of CVI includes injury lateral geniculate nucleusvisual cortex
11
Reduced visual acuity identifying feature
Many children damage to white matter surrounding the ventricals(perventricular leukomalacia PVL)Cerebral Visual Impairment now used (especially in Europe)
12
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
North America Cortical Visual Impairment
Elsewhere Cerebral Visual Impairment Cerebral visual impairment inclusive term
Ocular visual impairment Refractive state Optics Eye health
Cerebral visual impairment Neuro-pathway problems cortical problems oculomotor dysfunction vision information processing (dorsal and ventral streaming processing mechanisms)
For more in depth information please see Maino D Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Optom Vis Dev
201243(3)115-120 (available from httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINOmaino-cortical-visual-impairment)
13
The ventral stream (also known as the what pathway) travels to the temporal lobe and is involved with object identification The dorsal stream (or where pathway) terminates in the parietal lobe and process spatial locations
14
bullDelayed Visual Maturation (DVM)bullDVM type I Visually impaired infants improved visual abilities by the age of 6 months often without treatment bullDVM type II attention problems associated with neurologicallearning abnormalities Improvement takes longer bullDVM III children have nystagmus albinism Vision improves later can improve to low-normal levels bullDVM IV associated with retinal optic nerve macular anomalies
15
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment Society
Next PCVIS Conference June 27-28 2014 Oaha NE
Congenital or acquired brain-based visual
impairment with onset in childhood unexplained
by an ocular disorder and associated with
unique visual and behavioral characteristics
Founding Board Lindsay Hillier Alan Lantzy
Richard Skip Legge Dominick Maino Linda
Nobles Christine Roman Jacy VerMaas-Lee
16
Diagnosis and Therapeutic Intervention of Vision Function and
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Describe the diagnostic criteria utilizedhellip
17
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Diagnostic Approaches amp Strategies
1Case History2Visual Acuity3Refractive Error4Vision Function Assessment5Ocular Health6Special Tools
18
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of visionOculomotor ability
AccommodationBinocularity
19
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Eye health
Biomicroscopy TonometryDilated Fundus Evaluation
Special diagnostic toolsEOG (electrooculogram)ERG (electroretinogram)VERVEP (visually evoked response visual evoked potential)
20
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional Vision
Functionally induced disability that overlays pathologically induced disability
Uncorrected refractive error AmblyopiaConstant Strabismus Amblyopia
Oculomotor dysfunction Binocular vision dysfunction Accommodative dysfunction
Attention
21
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional vision
Vision information processing (VIP) Visual perceptual skills
lateralitydirectionalityvisual motor integrationnon-motor perceptual skillsauditory perceptualprocessing
22
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
HistoryAll the usual questions ANDGeneralMotorVisualAuditory DevelopmentDaily Living SkillsSkills needed for Learning
23
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity What is contrast sensitivityWhat is refractive error
24
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity
The ability to see a certain size object at a certain distance
25
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Tests of Visual Acuity
26
27
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision FunctionClarity of vision
What is contrast sensitivity
28
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Contrast sensitivity measures the ability to see details at low contrast levels Visual information at low contrast levels are particularly important
1 in communication since the faint shadows on our faces carry the visual information related to facial expressions
29
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
2 in orientation and mobility where we need to see such critical low-contrast forms as the curb faint shadows and stairs when walking down In traffic the demanding situations are at low contrast levels for example seeing in dusk rain fog snow fall and at night
30
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
3 in every day tasks where there are numerous visual tasks at low contrast like cutting an onion on a light colored surface pouring coffee into a dark mug checking the quality of ironing etc
31
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
4 in near vision tasks like reading and writing if the information is at low contrast as in poor quality copies or in a fancy barely readable invitation etc
from httpwwwlea-testfienvistestsinstructcontrastcsensiticsensitihtml
32
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast
LowContrast
33
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast Low Contrast
34
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
bullHistory of CVIbullBrain injury 19th century with Phineas P Gage
6
World War I wounded veterans with brain injury
Displayed perceived motion in the ldquoblind non-seeingrdquo visual field Ability to sense motion lights and colorsConscious or subconscious
Alesterlund L Maino D That the blind may see A review Blindsight and its implications for optometrists J Optom Vis Dev 199930(2)86-93Blindsight video httpwwwmainosmemoscom201103blindsighthtml
7
bullStatokinetic dissociation (in children)bullgreater reduction in sensitivity to stationary visual stimuli relative to similar targets in motion
bullRiddoch phenomenon (adults)bull Ability to sense movement even though blindbull ldquoSeerdquo moving objectshellipbut not stationary ones
bull BlindsightbullAbility to lsquosensersquo objects in the way
8
Statokinetic dissociation (in children)
Movement in the peripheral visual field may elicit a smile in the blind child with quadraplegia and profound intellectual disabilityChildren who are fed with a spoon may intermittently open their mouths to receive food when the spoon is moved in an arc from the peripheral visual fields but not when it approaches the mouth from straight ahead
9
bullStatokinetic dissociation (in children)
bullFor those children who understand language stating what is being seen as the child reacts to it may enhance both visual and language developmentbullSuch children may rock to and fro Whether this generates an image is difficult to knowbullRarely children with cerebral blindness who are mobile move slowly around obstacles This phenomenon has been called travel vision
10
bull1980rsquos adults with bilateral occipital cortex insult (cortical blindness)bullTerm applied to children bullCortical visual impairment used in the 1980rsquos onwardbull Definition of CVI includes injury lateral geniculate nucleusvisual cortex
11
Reduced visual acuity identifying feature
Many children damage to white matter surrounding the ventricals(perventricular leukomalacia PVL)Cerebral Visual Impairment now used (especially in Europe)
12
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
North America Cortical Visual Impairment
Elsewhere Cerebral Visual Impairment Cerebral visual impairment inclusive term
Ocular visual impairment Refractive state Optics Eye health
Cerebral visual impairment Neuro-pathway problems cortical problems oculomotor dysfunction vision information processing (dorsal and ventral streaming processing mechanisms)
For more in depth information please see Maino D Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Optom Vis Dev
201243(3)115-120 (available from httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINOmaino-cortical-visual-impairment)
13
The ventral stream (also known as the what pathway) travels to the temporal lobe and is involved with object identification The dorsal stream (or where pathway) terminates in the parietal lobe and process spatial locations
14
bullDelayed Visual Maturation (DVM)bullDVM type I Visually impaired infants improved visual abilities by the age of 6 months often without treatment bullDVM type II attention problems associated with neurologicallearning abnormalities Improvement takes longer bullDVM III children have nystagmus albinism Vision improves later can improve to low-normal levels bullDVM IV associated with retinal optic nerve macular anomalies
15
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment Society
Next PCVIS Conference June 27-28 2014 Oaha NE
Congenital or acquired brain-based visual
impairment with onset in childhood unexplained
by an ocular disorder and associated with
unique visual and behavioral characteristics
Founding Board Lindsay Hillier Alan Lantzy
Richard Skip Legge Dominick Maino Linda
Nobles Christine Roman Jacy VerMaas-Lee
16
Diagnosis and Therapeutic Intervention of Vision Function and
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Describe the diagnostic criteria utilizedhellip
17
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Diagnostic Approaches amp Strategies
1Case History2Visual Acuity3Refractive Error4Vision Function Assessment5Ocular Health6Special Tools
18
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of visionOculomotor ability
AccommodationBinocularity
19
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Eye health
Biomicroscopy TonometryDilated Fundus Evaluation
Special diagnostic toolsEOG (electrooculogram)ERG (electroretinogram)VERVEP (visually evoked response visual evoked potential)
20
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional Vision
Functionally induced disability that overlays pathologically induced disability
Uncorrected refractive error AmblyopiaConstant Strabismus Amblyopia
Oculomotor dysfunction Binocular vision dysfunction Accommodative dysfunction
Attention
21
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional vision
Vision information processing (VIP) Visual perceptual skills
lateralitydirectionalityvisual motor integrationnon-motor perceptual skillsauditory perceptualprocessing
22
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
HistoryAll the usual questions ANDGeneralMotorVisualAuditory DevelopmentDaily Living SkillsSkills needed for Learning
23
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity What is contrast sensitivityWhat is refractive error
24
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity
The ability to see a certain size object at a certain distance
25
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Tests of Visual Acuity
26
27
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision FunctionClarity of vision
What is contrast sensitivity
28
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Contrast sensitivity measures the ability to see details at low contrast levels Visual information at low contrast levels are particularly important
1 in communication since the faint shadows on our faces carry the visual information related to facial expressions
29
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
2 in orientation and mobility where we need to see such critical low-contrast forms as the curb faint shadows and stairs when walking down In traffic the demanding situations are at low contrast levels for example seeing in dusk rain fog snow fall and at night
30
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
3 in every day tasks where there are numerous visual tasks at low contrast like cutting an onion on a light colored surface pouring coffee into a dark mug checking the quality of ironing etc
31
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
4 in near vision tasks like reading and writing if the information is at low contrast as in poor quality copies or in a fancy barely readable invitation etc
from httpwwwlea-testfienvistestsinstructcontrastcsensiticsensitihtml
32
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast
LowContrast
33
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast Low Contrast
34
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
World War I wounded veterans with brain injury
Displayed perceived motion in the ldquoblind non-seeingrdquo visual field Ability to sense motion lights and colorsConscious or subconscious
Alesterlund L Maino D That the blind may see A review Blindsight and its implications for optometrists J Optom Vis Dev 199930(2)86-93Blindsight video httpwwwmainosmemoscom201103blindsighthtml
7
bullStatokinetic dissociation (in children)bullgreater reduction in sensitivity to stationary visual stimuli relative to similar targets in motion
bullRiddoch phenomenon (adults)bull Ability to sense movement even though blindbull ldquoSeerdquo moving objectshellipbut not stationary ones
bull BlindsightbullAbility to lsquosensersquo objects in the way
8
Statokinetic dissociation (in children)
Movement in the peripheral visual field may elicit a smile in the blind child with quadraplegia and profound intellectual disabilityChildren who are fed with a spoon may intermittently open their mouths to receive food when the spoon is moved in an arc from the peripheral visual fields but not when it approaches the mouth from straight ahead
9
bullStatokinetic dissociation (in children)
bullFor those children who understand language stating what is being seen as the child reacts to it may enhance both visual and language developmentbullSuch children may rock to and fro Whether this generates an image is difficult to knowbullRarely children with cerebral blindness who are mobile move slowly around obstacles This phenomenon has been called travel vision
10
bull1980rsquos adults with bilateral occipital cortex insult (cortical blindness)bullTerm applied to children bullCortical visual impairment used in the 1980rsquos onwardbull Definition of CVI includes injury lateral geniculate nucleusvisual cortex
11
Reduced visual acuity identifying feature
Many children damage to white matter surrounding the ventricals(perventricular leukomalacia PVL)Cerebral Visual Impairment now used (especially in Europe)
12
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
North America Cortical Visual Impairment
Elsewhere Cerebral Visual Impairment Cerebral visual impairment inclusive term
Ocular visual impairment Refractive state Optics Eye health
Cerebral visual impairment Neuro-pathway problems cortical problems oculomotor dysfunction vision information processing (dorsal and ventral streaming processing mechanisms)
For more in depth information please see Maino D Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Optom Vis Dev
201243(3)115-120 (available from httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINOmaino-cortical-visual-impairment)
13
The ventral stream (also known as the what pathway) travels to the temporal lobe and is involved with object identification The dorsal stream (or where pathway) terminates in the parietal lobe and process spatial locations
14
bullDelayed Visual Maturation (DVM)bullDVM type I Visually impaired infants improved visual abilities by the age of 6 months often without treatment bullDVM type II attention problems associated with neurologicallearning abnormalities Improvement takes longer bullDVM III children have nystagmus albinism Vision improves later can improve to low-normal levels bullDVM IV associated with retinal optic nerve macular anomalies
15
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment Society
Next PCVIS Conference June 27-28 2014 Oaha NE
Congenital or acquired brain-based visual
impairment with onset in childhood unexplained
by an ocular disorder and associated with
unique visual and behavioral characteristics
Founding Board Lindsay Hillier Alan Lantzy
Richard Skip Legge Dominick Maino Linda
Nobles Christine Roman Jacy VerMaas-Lee
16
Diagnosis and Therapeutic Intervention of Vision Function and
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Describe the diagnostic criteria utilizedhellip
17
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Diagnostic Approaches amp Strategies
1Case History2Visual Acuity3Refractive Error4Vision Function Assessment5Ocular Health6Special Tools
18
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of visionOculomotor ability
AccommodationBinocularity
19
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Eye health
Biomicroscopy TonometryDilated Fundus Evaluation
Special diagnostic toolsEOG (electrooculogram)ERG (electroretinogram)VERVEP (visually evoked response visual evoked potential)
20
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional Vision
Functionally induced disability that overlays pathologically induced disability
Uncorrected refractive error AmblyopiaConstant Strabismus Amblyopia
Oculomotor dysfunction Binocular vision dysfunction Accommodative dysfunction
Attention
21
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional vision
Vision information processing (VIP) Visual perceptual skills
lateralitydirectionalityvisual motor integrationnon-motor perceptual skillsauditory perceptualprocessing
22
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
HistoryAll the usual questions ANDGeneralMotorVisualAuditory DevelopmentDaily Living SkillsSkills needed for Learning
23
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity What is contrast sensitivityWhat is refractive error
24
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity
The ability to see a certain size object at a certain distance
25
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Tests of Visual Acuity
26
27
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision FunctionClarity of vision
What is contrast sensitivity
28
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Contrast sensitivity measures the ability to see details at low contrast levels Visual information at low contrast levels are particularly important
1 in communication since the faint shadows on our faces carry the visual information related to facial expressions
29
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
2 in orientation and mobility where we need to see such critical low-contrast forms as the curb faint shadows and stairs when walking down In traffic the demanding situations are at low contrast levels for example seeing in dusk rain fog snow fall and at night
30
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
3 in every day tasks where there are numerous visual tasks at low contrast like cutting an onion on a light colored surface pouring coffee into a dark mug checking the quality of ironing etc
31
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
4 in near vision tasks like reading and writing if the information is at low contrast as in poor quality copies or in a fancy barely readable invitation etc
from httpwwwlea-testfienvistestsinstructcontrastcsensiticsensitihtml
32
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast
LowContrast
33
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast Low Contrast
34
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
bullStatokinetic dissociation (in children)bullgreater reduction in sensitivity to stationary visual stimuli relative to similar targets in motion
bullRiddoch phenomenon (adults)bull Ability to sense movement even though blindbull ldquoSeerdquo moving objectshellipbut not stationary ones
bull BlindsightbullAbility to lsquosensersquo objects in the way
8
Statokinetic dissociation (in children)
Movement in the peripheral visual field may elicit a smile in the blind child with quadraplegia and profound intellectual disabilityChildren who are fed with a spoon may intermittently open their mouths to receive food when the spoon is moved in an arc from the peripheral visual fields but not when it approaches the mouth from straight ahead
9
bullStatokinetic dissociation (in children)
bullFor those children who understand language stating what is being seen as the child reacts to it may enhance both visual and language developmentbullSuch children may rock to and fro Whether this generates an image is difficult to knowbullRarely children with cerebral blindness who are mobile move slowly around obstacles This phenomenon has been called travel vision
10
bull1980rsquos adults with bilateral occipital cortex insult (cortical blindness)bullTerm applied to children bullCortical visual impairment used in the 1980rsquos onwardbull Definition of CVI includes injury lateral geniculate nucleusvisual cortex
11
Reduced visual acuity identifying feature
Many children damage to white matter surrounding the ventricals(perventricular leukomalacia PVL)Cerebral Visual Impairment now used (especially in Europe)
12
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
North America Cortical Visual Impairment
Elsewhere Cerebral Visual Impairment Cerebral visual impairment inclusive term
Ocular visual impairment Refractive state Optics Eye health
Cerebral visual impairment Neuro-pathway problems cortical problems oculomotor dysfunction vision information processing (dorsal and ventral streaming processing mechanisms)
For more in depth information please see Maino D Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Optom Vis Dev
201243(3)115-120 (available from httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINOmaino-cortical-visual-impairment)
13
The ventral stream (also known as the what pathway) travels to the temporal lobe and is involved with object identification The dorsal stream (or where pathway) terminates in the parietal lobe and process spatial locations
14
bullDelayed Visual Maturation (DVM)bullDVM type I Visually impaired infants improved visual abilities by the age of 6 months often without treatment bullDVM type II attention problems associated with neurologicallearning abnormalities Improvement takes longer bullDVM III children have nystagmus albinism Vision improves later can improve to low-normal levels bullDVM IV associated with retinal optic nerve macular anomalies
15
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment Society
Next PCVIS Conference June 27-28 2014 Oaha NE
Congenital or acquired brain-based visual
impairment with onset in childhood unexplained
by an ocular disorder and associated with
unique visual and behavioral characteristics
Founding Board Lindsay Hillier Alan Lantzy
Richard Skip Legge Dominick Maino Linda
Nobles Christine Roman Jacy VerMaas-Lee
16
Diagnosis and Therapeutic Intervention of Vision Function and
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Describe the diagnostic criteria utilizedhellip
17
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Diagnostic Approaches amp Strategies
1Case History2Visual Acuity3Refractive Error4Vision Function Assessment5Ocular Health6Special Tools
18
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of visionOculomotor ability
AccommodationBinocularity
19
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Eye health
Biomicroscopy TonometryDilated Fundus Evaluation
Special diagnostic toolsEOG (electrooculogram)ERG (electroretinogram)VERVEP (visually evoked response visual evoked potential)
20
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional Vision
Functionally induced disability that overlays pathologically induced disability
Uncorrected refractive error AmblyopiaConstant Strabismus Amblyopia
Oculomotor dysfunction Binocular vision dysfunction Accommodative dysfunction
Attention
21
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional vision
Vision information processing (VIP) Visual perceptual skills
lateralitydirectionalityvisual motor integrationnon-motor perceptual skillsauditory perceptualprocessing
22
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
HistoryAll the usual questions ANDGeneralMotorVisualAuditory DevelopmentDaily Living SkillsSkills needed for Learning
23
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity What is contrast sensitivityWhat is refractive error
24
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity
The ability to see a certain size object at a certain distance
25
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Tests of Visual Acuity
26
27
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision FunctionClarity of vision
What is contrast sensitivity
28
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Contrast sensitivity measures the ability to see details at low contrast levels Visual information at low contrast levels are particularly important
1 in communication since the faint shadows on our faces carry the visual information related to facial expressions
29
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
2 in orientation and mobility where we need to see such critical low-contrast forms as the curb faint shadows and stairs when walking down In traffic the demanding situations are at low contrast levels for example seeing in dusk rain fog snow fall and at night
30
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
3 in every day tasks where there are numerous visual tasks at low contrast like cutting an onion on a light colored surface pouring coffee into a dark mug checking the quality of ironing etc
31
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
4 in near vision tasks like reading and writing if the information is at low contrast as in poor quality copies or in a fancy barely readable invitation etc
from httpwwwlea-testfienvistestsinstructcontrastcsensiticsensitihtml
32
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast
LowContrast
33
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast Low Contrast
34
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Statokinetic dissociation (in children)
Movement in the peripheral visual field may elicit a smile in the blind child with quadraplegia and profound intellectual disabilityChildren who are fed with a spoon may intermittently open their mouths to receive food when the spoon is moved in an arc from the peripheral visual fields but not when it approaches the mouth from straight ahead
9
bullStatokinetic dissociation (in children)
bullFor those children who understand language stating what is being seen as the child reacts to it may enhance both visual and language developmentbullSuch children may rock to and fro Whether this generates an image is difficult to knowbullRarely children with cerebral blindness who are mobile move slowly around obstacles This phenomenon has been called travel vision
10
bull1980rsquos adults with bilateral occipital cortex insult (cortical blindness)bullTerm applied to children bullCortical visual impairment used in the 1980rsquos onwardbull Definition of CVI includes injury lateral geniculate nucleusvisual cortex
11
Reduced visual acuity identifying feature
Many children damage to white matter surrounding the ventricals(perventricular leukomalacia PVL)Cerebral Visual Impairment now used (especially in Europe)
12
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
North America Cortical Visual Impairment
Elsewhere Cerebral Visual Impairment Cerebral visual impairment inclusive term
Ocular visual impairment Refractive state Optics Eye health
Cerebral visual impairment Neuro-pathway problems cortical problems oculomotor dysfunction vision information processing (dorsal and ventral streaming processing mechanisms)
For more in depth information please see Maino D Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Optom Vis Dev
201243(3)115-120 (available from httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINOmaino-cortical-visual-impairment)
13
The ventral stream (also known as the what pathway) travels to the temporal lobe and is involved with object identification The dorsal stream (or where pathway) terminates in the parietal lobe and process spatial locations
14
bullDelayed Visual Maturation (DVM)bullDVM type I Visually impaired infants improved visual abilities by the age of 6 months often without treatment bullDVM type II attention problems associated with neurologicallearning abnormalities Improvement takes longer bullDVM III children have nystagmus albinism Vision improves later can improve to low-normal levels bullDVM IV associated with retinal optic nerve macular anomalies
15
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment Society
Next PCVIS Conference June 27-28 2014 Oaha NE
Congenital or acquired brain-based visual
impairment with onset in childhood unexplained
by an ocular disorder and associated with
unique visual and behavioral characteristics
Founding Board Lindsay Hillier Alan Lantzy
Richard Skip Legge Dominick Maino Linda
Nobles Christine Roman Jacy VerMaas-Lee
16
Diagnosis and Therapeutic Intervention of Vision Function and
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Describe the diagnostic criteria utilizedhellip
17
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Diagnostic Approaches amp Strategies
1Case History2Visual Acuity3Refractive Error4Vision Function Assessment5Ocular Health6Special Tools
18
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of visionOculomotor ability
AccommodationBinocularity
19
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Eye health
Biomicroscopy TonometryDilated Fundus Evaluation
Special diagnostic toolsEOG (electrooculogram)ERG (electroretinogram)VERVEP (visually evoked response visual evoked potential)
20
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional Vision
Functionally induced disability that overlays pathologically induced disability
Uncorrected refractive error AmblyopiaConstant Strabismus Amblyopia
Oculomotor dysfunction Binocular vision dysfunction Accommodative dysfunction
Attention
21
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional vision
Vision information processing (VIP) Visual perceptual skills
lateralitydirectionalityvisual motor integrationnon-motor perceptual skillsauditory perceptualprocessing
22
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
HistoryAll the usual questions ANDGeneralMotorVisualAuditory DevelopmentDaily Living SkillsSkills needed for Learning
23
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity What is contrast sensitivityWhat is refractive error
24
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity
The ability to see a certain size object at a certain distance
25
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Tests of Visual Acuity
26
27
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision FunctionClarity of vision
What is contrast sensitivity
28
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Contrast sensitivity measures the ability to see details at low contrast levels Visual information at low contrast levels are particularly important
1 in communication since the faint shadows on our faces carry the visual information related to facial expressions
29
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
2 in orientation and mobility where we need to see such critical low-contrast forms as the curb faint shadows and stairs when walking down In traffic the demanding situations are at low contrast levels for example seeing in dusk rain fog snow fall and at night
30
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
3 in every day tasks where there are numerous visual tasks at low contrast like cutting an onion on a light colored surface pouring coffee into a dark mug checking the quality of ironing etc
31
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
4 in near vision tasks like reading and writing if the information is at low contrast as in poor quality copies or in a fancy barely readable invitation etc
from httpwwwlea-testfienvistestsinstructcontrastcsensiticsensitihtml
32
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast
LowContrast
33
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast Low Contrast
34
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
bullStatokinetic dissociation (in children)
bullFor those children who understand language stating what is being seen as the child reacts to it may enhance both visual and language developmentbullSuch children may rock to and fro Whether this generates an image is difficult to knowbullRarely children with cerebral blindness who are mobile move slowly around obstacles This phenomenon has been called travel vision
10
bull1980rsquos adults with bilateral occipital cortex insult (cortical blindness)bullTerm applied to children bullCortical visual impairment used in the 1980rsquos onwardbull Definition of CVI includes injury lateral geniculate nucleusvisual cortex
11
Reduced visual acuity identifying feature
Many children damage to white matter surrounding the ventricals(perventricular leukomalacia PVL)Cerebral Visual Impairment now used (especially in Europe)
12
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
North America Cortical Visual Impairment
Elsewhere Cerebral Visual Impairment Cerebral visual impairment inclusive term
Ocular visual impairment Refractive state Optics Eye health
Cerebral visual impairment Neuro-pathway problems cortical problems oculomotor dysfunction vision information processing (dorsal and ventral streaming processing mechanisms)
For more in depth information please see Maino D Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Optom Vis Dev
201243(3)115-120 (available from httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINOmaino-cortical-visual-impairment)
13
The ventral stream (also known as the what pathway) travels to the temporal lobe and is involved with object identification The dorsal stream (or where pathway) terminates in the parietal lobe and process spatial locations
14
bullDelayed Visual Maturation (DVM)bullDVM type I Visually impaired infants improved visual abilities by the age of 6 months often without treatment bullDVM type II attention problems associated with neurologicallearning abnormalities Improvement takes longer bullDVM III children have nystagmus albinism Vision improves later can improve to low-normal levels bullDVM IV associated with retinal optic nerve macular anomalies
15
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment Society
Next PCVIS Conference June 27-28 2014 Oaha NE
Congenital or acquired brain-based visual
impairment with onset in childhood unexplained
by an ocular disorder and associated with
unique visual and behavioral characteristics
Founding Board Lindsay Hillier Alan Lantzy
Richard Skip Legge Dominick Maino Linda
Nobles Christine Roman Jacy VerMaas-Lee
16
Diagnosis and Therapeutic Intervention of Vision Function and
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Describe the diagnostic criteria utilizedhellip
17
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Diagnostic Approaches amp Strategies
1Case History2Visual Acuity3Refractive Error4Vision Function Assessment5Ocular Health6Special Tools
18
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of visionOculomotor ability
AccommodationBinocularity
19
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Eye health
Biomicroscopy TonometryDilated Fundus Evaluation
Special diagnostic toolsEOG (electrooculogram)ERG (electroretinogram)VERVEP (visually evoked response visual evoked potential)
20
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional Vision
Functionally induced disability that overlays pathologically induced disability
Uncorrected refractive error AmblyopiaConstant Strabismus Amblyopia
Oculomotor dysfunction Binocular vision dysfunction Accommodative dysfunction
Attention
21
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional vision
Vision information processing (VIP) Visual perceptual skills
lateralitydirectionalityvisual motor integrationnon-motor perceptual skillsauditory perceptualprocessing
22
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
HistoryAll the usual questions ANDGeneralMotorVisualAuditory DevelopmentDaily Living SkillsSkills needed for Learning
23
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity What is contrast sensitivityWhat is refractive error
24
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity
The ability to see a certain size object at a certain distance
25
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Tests of Visual Acuity
26
27
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision FunctionClarity of vision
What is contrast sensitivity
28
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Contrast sensitivity measures the ability to see details at low contrast levels Visual information at low contrast levels are particularly important
1 in communication since the faint shadows on our faces carry the visual information related to facial expressions
29
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
2 in orientation and mobility where we need to see such critical low-contrast forms as the curb faint shadows and stairs when walking down In traffic the demanding situations are at low contrast levels for example seeing in dusk rain fog snow fall and at night
30
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
3 in every day tasks where there are numerous visual tasks at low contrast like cutting an onion on a light colored surface pouring coffee into a dark mug checking the quality of ironing etc
31
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
4 in near vision tasks like reading and writing if the information is at low contrast as in poor quality copies or in a fancy barely readable invitation etc
from httpwwwlea-testfienvistestsinstructcontrastcsensiticsensitihtml
32
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast
LowContrast
33
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast Low Contrast
34
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
bull1980rsquos adults with bilateral occipital cortex insult (cortical blindness)bullTerm applied to children bullCortical visual impairment used in the 1980rsquos onwardbull Definition of CVI includes injury lateral geniculate nucleusvisual cortex
11
Reduced visual acuity identifying feature
Many children damage to white matter surrounding the ventricals(perventricular leukomalacia PVL)Cerebral Visual Impairment now used (especially in Europe)
12
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
North America Cortical Visual Impairment
Elsewhere Cerebral Visual Impairment Cerebral visual impairment inclusive term
Ocular visual impairment Refractive state Optics Eye health
Cerebral visual impairment Neuro-pathway problems cortical problems oculomotor dysfunction vision information processing (dorsal and ventral streaming processing mechanisms)
For more in depth information please see Maino D Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Optom Vis Dev
201243(3)115-120 (available from httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINOmaino-cortical-visual-impairment)
13
The ventral stream (also known as the what pathway) travels to the temporal lobe and is involved with object identification The dorsal stream (or where pathway) terminates in the parietal lobe and process spatial locations
14
bullDelayed Visual Maturation (DVM)bullDVM type I Visually impaired infants improved visual abilities by the age of 6 months often without treatment bullDVM type II attention problems associated with neurologicallearning abnormalities Improvement takes longer bullDVM III children have nystagmus albinism Vision improves later can improve to low-normal levels bullDVM IV associated with retinal optic nerve macular anomalies
15
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment Society
Next PCVIS Conference June 27-28 2014 Oaha NE
Congenital or acquired brain-based visual
impairment with onset in childhood unexplained
by an ocular disorder and associated with
unique visual and behavioral characteristics
Founding Board Lindsay Hillier Alan Lantzy
Richard Skip Legge Dominick Maino Linda
Nobles Christine Roman Jacy VerMaas-Lee
16
Diagnosis and Therapeutic Intervention of Vision Function and
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Describe the diagnostic criteria utilizedhellip
17
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Diagnostic Approaches amp Strategies
1Case History2Visual Acuity3Refractive Error4Vision Function Assessment5Ocular Health6Special Tools
18
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of visionOculomotor ability
AccommodationBinocularity
19
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Eye health
Biomicroscopy TonometryDilated Fundus Evaluation
Special diagnostic toolsEOG (electrooculogram)ERG (electroretinogram)VERVEP (visually evoked response visual evoked potential)
20
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional Vision
Functionally induced disability that overlays pathologically induced disability
Uncorrected refractive error AmblyopiaConstant Strabismus Amblyopia
Oculomotor dysfunction Binocular vision dysfunction Accommodative dysfunction
Attention
21
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional vision
Vision information processing (VIP) Visual perceptual skills
lateralitydirectionalityvisual motor integrationnon-motor perceptual skillsauditory perceptualprocessing
22
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
HistoryAll the usual questions ANDGeneralMotorVisualAuditory DevelopmentDaily Living SkillsSkills needed for Learning
23
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity What is contrast sensitivityWhat is refractive error
24
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity
The ability to see a certain size object at a certain distance
25
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Tests of Visual Acuity
26
27
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision FunctionClarity of vision
What is contrast sensitivity
28
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Contrast sensitivity measures the ability to see details at low contrast levels Visual information at low contrast levels are particularly important
1 in communication since the faint shadows on our faces carry the visual information related to facial expressions
29
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
2 in orientation and mobility where we need to see such critical low-contrast forms as the curb faint shadows and stairs when walking down In traffic the demanding situations are at low contrast levels for example seeing in dusk rain fog snow fall and at night
30
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
3 in every day tasks where there are numerous visual tasks at low contrast like cutting an onion on a light colored surface pouring coffee into a dark mug checking the quality of ironing etc
31
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
4 in near vision tasks like reading and writing if the information is at low contrast as in poor quality copies or in a fancy barely readable invitation etc
from httpwwwlea-testfienvistestsinstructcontrastcsensiticsensitihtml
32
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast
LowContrast
33
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast Low Contrast
34
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Reduced visual acuity identifying feature
Many children damage to white matter surrounding the ventricals(perventricular leukomalacia PVL)Cerebral Visual Impairment now used (especially in Europe)
12
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
North America Cortical Visual Impairment
Elsewhere Cerebral Visual Impairment Cerebral visual impairment inclusive term
Ocular visual impairment Refractive state Optics Eye health
Cerebral visual impairment Neuro-pathway problems cortical problems oculomotor dysfunction vision information processing (dorsal and ventral streaming processing mechanisms)
For more in depth information please see Maino D Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Optom Vis Dev
201243(3)115-120 (available from httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINOmaino-cortical-visual-impairment)
13
The ventral stream (also known as the what pathway) travels to the temporal lobe and is involved with object identification The dorsal stream (or where pathway) terminates in the parietal lobe and process spatial locations
14
bullDelayed Visual Maturation (DVM)bullDVM type I Visually impaired infants improved visual abilities by the age of 6 months often without treatment bullDVM type II attention problems associated with neurologicallearning abnormalities Improvement takes longer bullDVM III children have nystagmus albinism Vision improves later can improve to low-normal levels bullDVM IV associated with retinal optic nerve macular anomalies
15
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment Society
Next PCVIS Conference June 27-28 2014 Oaha NE
Congenital or acquired brain-based visual
impairment with onset in childhood unexplained
by an ocular disorder and associated with
unique visual and behavioral characteristics
Founding Board Lindsay Hillier Alan Lantzy
Richard Skip Legge Dominick Maino Linda
Nobles Christine Roman Jacy VerMaas-Lee
16
Diagnosis and Therapeutic Intervention of Vision Function and
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Describe the diagnostic criteria utilizedhellip
17
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Diagnostic Approaches amp Strategies
1Case History2Visual Acuity3Refractive Error4Vision Function Assessment5Ocular Health6Special Tools
18
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of visionOculomotor ability
AccommodationBinocularity
19
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Eye health
Biomicroscopy TonometryDilated Fundus Evaluation
Special diagnostic toolsEOG (electrooculogram)ERG (electroretinogram)VERVEP (visually evoked response visual evoked potential)
20
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional Vision
Functionally induced disability that overlays pathologically induced disability
Uncorrected refractive error AmblyopiaConstant Strabismus Amblyopia
Oculomotor dysfunction Binocular vision dysfunction Accommodative dysfunction
Attention
21
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional vision
Vision information processing (VIP) Visual perceptual skills
lateralitydirectionalityvisual motor integrationnon-motor perceptual skillsauditory perceptualprocessing
22
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
HistoryAll the usual questions ANDGeneralMotorVisualAuditory DevelopmentDaily Living SkillsSkills needed for Learning
23
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity What is contrast sensitivityWhat is refractive error
24
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity
The ability to see a certain size object at a certain distance
25
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Tests of Visual Acuity
26
27
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision FunctionClarity of vision
What is contrast sensitivity
28
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Contrast sensitivity measures the ability to see details at low contrast levels Visual information at low contrast levels are particularly important
1 in communication since the faint shadows on our faces carry the visual information related to facial expressions
29
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
2 in orientation and mobility where we need to see such critical low-contrast forms as the curb faint shadows and stairs when walking down In traffic the demanding situations are at low contrast levels for example seeing in dusk rain fog snow fall and at night
30
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
3 in every day tasks where there are numerous visual tasks at low contrast like cutting an onion on a light colored surface pouring coffee into a dark mug checking the quality of ironing etc
31
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
4 in near vision tasks like reading and writing if the information is at low contrast as in poor quality copies or in a fancy barely readable invitation etc
from httpwwwlea-testfienvistestsinstructcontrastcsensiticsensitihtml
32
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast
LowContrast
33
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast Low Contrast
34
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
North America Cortical Visual Impairment
Elsewhere Cerebral Visual Impairment Cerebral visual impairment inclusive term
Ocular visual impairment Refractive state Optics Eye health
Cerebral visual impairment Neuro-pathway problems cortical problems oculomotor dysfunction vision information processing (dorsal and ventral streaming processing mechanisms)
For more in depth information please see Maino D Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Optom Vis Dev
201243(3)115-120 (available from httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINOmaino-cortical-visual-impairment)
13
The ventral stream (also known as the what pathway) travels to the temporal lobe and is involved with object identification The dorsal stream (or where pathway) terminates in the parietal lobe and process spatial locations
14
bullDelayed Visual Maturation (DVM)bullDVM type I Visually impaired infants improved visual abilities by the age of 6 months often without treatment bullDVM type II attention problems associated with neurologicallearning abnormalities Improvement takes longer bullDVM III children have nystagmus albinism Vision improves later can improve to low-normal levels bullDVM IV associated with retinal optic nerve macular anomalies
15
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment Society
Next PCVIS Conference June 27-28 2014 Oaha NE
Congenital or acquired brain-based visual
impairment with onset in childhood unexplained
by an ocular disorder and associated with
unique visual and behavioral characteristics
Founding Board Lindsay Hillier Alan Lantzy
Richard Skip Legge Dominick Maino Linda
Nobles Christine Roman Jacy VerMaas-Lee
16
Diagnosis and Therapeutic Intervention of Vision Function and
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Describe the diagnostic criteria utilizedhellip
17
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Diagnostic Approaches amp Strategies
1Case History2Visual Acuity3Refractive Error4Vision Function Assessment5Ocular Health6Special Tools
18
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of visionOculomotor ability
AccommodationBinocularity
19
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Eye health
Biomicroscopy TonometryDilated Fundus Evaluation
Special diagnostic toolsEOG (electrooculogram)ERG (electroretinogram)VERVEP (visually evoked response visual evoked potential)
20
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional Vision
Functionally induced disability that overlays pathologically induced disability
Uncorrected refractive error AmblyopiaConstant Strabismus Amblyopia
Oculomotor dysfunction Binocular vision dysfunction Accommodative dysfunction
Attention
21
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional vision
Vision information processing (VIP) Visual perceptual skills
lateralitydirectionalityvisual motor integrationnon-motor perceptual skillsauditory perceptualprocessing
22
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
HistoryAll the usual questions ANDGeneralMotorVisualAuditory DevelopmentDaily Living SkillsSkills needed for Learning
23
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity What is contrast sensitivityWhat is refractive error
24
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity
The ability to see a certain size object at a certain distance
25
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Tests of Visual Acuity
26
27
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision FunctionClarity of vision
What is contrast sensitivity
28
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Contrast sensitivity measures the ability to see details at low contrast levels Visual information at low contrast levels are particularly important
1 in communication since the faint shadows on our faces carry the visual information related to facial expressions
29
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
2 in orientation and mobility where we need to see such critical low-contrast forms as the curb faint shadows and stairs when walking down In traffic the demanding situations are at low contrast levels for example seeing in dusk rain fog snow fall and at night
30
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
3 in every day tasks where there are numerous visual tasks at low contrast like cutting an onion on a light colored surface pouring coffee into a dark mug checking the quality of ironing etc
31
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
4 in near vision tasks like reading and writing if the information is at low contrast as in poor quality copies or in a fancy barely readable invitation etc
from httpwwwlea-testfienvistestsinstructcontrastcsensiticsensitihtml
32
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast
LowContrast
33
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast Low Contrast
34
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
The ventral stream (also known as the what pathway) travels to the temporal lobe and is involved with object identification The dorsal stream (or where pathway) terminates in the parietal lobe and process spatial locations
14
bullDelayed Visual Maturation (DVM)bullDVM type I Visually impaired infants improved visual abilities by the age of 6 months often without treatment bullDVM type II attention problems associated with neurologicallearning abnormalities Improvement takes longer bullDVM III children have nystagmus albinism Vision improves later can improve to low-normal levels bullDVM IV associated with retinal optic nerve macular anomalies
15
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment Society
Next PCVIS Conference June 27-28 2014 Oaha NE
Congenital or acquired brain-based visual
impairment with onset in childhood unexplained
by an ocular disorder and associated with
unique visual and behavioral characteristics
Founding Board Lindsay Hillier Alan Lantzy
Richard Skip Legge Dominick Maino Linda
Nobles Christine Roman Jacy VerMaas-Lee
16
Diagnosis and Therapeutic Intervention of Vision Function and
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Describe the diagnostic criteria utilizedhellip
17
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Diagnostic Approaches amp Strategies
1Case History2Visual Acuity3Refractive Error4Vision Function Assessment5Ocular Health6Special Tools
18
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of visionOculomotor ability
AccommodationBinocularity
19
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Eye health
Biomicroscopy TonometryDilated Fundus Evaluation
Special diagnostic toolsEOG (electrooculogram)ERG (electroretinogram)VERVEP (visually evoked response visual evoked potential)
20
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional Vision
Functionally induced disability that overlays pathologically induced disability
Uncorrected refractive error AmblyopiaConstant Strabismus Amblyopia
Oculomotor dysfunction Binocular vision dysfunction Accommodative dysfunction
Attention
21
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional vision
Vision information processing (VIP) Visual perceptual skills
lateralitydirectionalityvisual motor integrationnon-motor perceptual skillsauditory perceptualprocessing
22
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
HistoryAll the usual questions ANDGeneralMotorVisualAuditory DevelopmentDaily Living SkillsSkills needed for Learning
23
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity What is contrast sensitivityWhat is refractive error
24
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity
The ability to see a certain size object at a certain distance
25
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Tests of Visual Acuity
26
27
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision FunctionClarity of vision
What is contrast sensitivity
28
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Contrast sensitivity measures the ability to see details at low contrast levels Visual information at low contrast levels are particularly important
1 in communication since the faint shadows on our faces carry the visual information related to facial expressions
29
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
2 in orientation and mobility where we need to see such critical low-contrast forms as the curb faint shadows and stairs when walking down In traffic the demanding situations are at low contrast levels for example seeing in dusk rain fog snow fall and at night
30
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
3 in every day tasks where there are numerous visual tasks at low contrast like cutting an onion on a light colored surface pouring coffee into a dark mug checking the quality of ironing etc
31
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
4 in near vision tasks like reading and writing if the information is at low contrast as in poor quality copies or in a fancy barely readable invitation etc
from httpwwwlea-testfienvistestsinstructcontrastcsensiticsensitihtml
32
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast
LowContrast
33
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast Low Contrast
34
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
bullDelayed Visual Maturation (DVM)bullDVM type I Visually impaired infants improved visual abilities by the age of 6 months often without treatment bullDVM type II attention problems associated with neurologicallearning abnormalities Improvement takes longer bullDVM III children have nystagmus albinism Vision improves later can improve to low-normal levels bullDVM IV associated with retinal optic nerve macular anomalies
15
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment Society
Next PCVIS Conference June 27-28 2014 Oaha NE
Congenital or acquired brain-based visual
impairment with onset in childhood unexplained
by an ocular disorder and associated with
unique visual and behavioral characteristics
Founding Board Lindsay Hillier Alan Lantzy
Richard Skip Legge Dominick Maino Linda
Nobles Christine Roman Jacy VerMaas-Lee
16
Diagnosis and Therapeutic Intervention of Vision Function and
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Describe the diagnostic criteria utilizedhellip
17
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Diagnostic Approaches amp Strategies
1Case History2Visual Acuity3Refractive Error4Vision Function Assessment5Ocular Health6Special Tools
18
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of visionOculomotor ability
AccommodationBinocularity
19
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Eye health
Biomicroscopy TonometryDilated Fundus Evaluation
Special diagnostic toolsEOG (electrooculogram)ERG (electroretinogram)VERVEP (visually evoked response visual evoked potential)
20
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional Vision
Functionally induced disability that overlays pathologically induced disability
Uncorrected refractive error AmblyopiaConstant Strabismus Amblyopia
Oculomotor dysfunction Binocular vision dysfunction Accommodative dysfunction
Attention
21
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional vision
Vision information processing (VIP) Visual perceptual skills
lateralitydirectionalityvisual motor integrationnon-motor perceptual skillsauditory perceptualprocessing
22
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
HistoryAll the usual questions ANDGeneralMotorVisualAuditory DevelopmentDaily Living SkillsSkills needed for Learning
23
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity What is contrast sensitivityWhat is refractive error
24
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity
The ability to see a certain size object at a certain distance
25
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Tests of Visual Acuity
26
27
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision FunctionClarity of vision
What is contrast sensitivity
28
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Contrast sensitivity measures the ability to see details at low contrast levels Visual information at low contrast levels are particularly important
1 in communication since the faint shadows on our faces carry the visual information related to facial expressions
29
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
2 in orientation and mobility where we need to see such critical low-contrast forms as the curb faint shadows and stairs when walking down In traffic the demanding situations are at low contrast levels for example seeing in dusk rain fog snow fall and at night
30
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
3 in every day tasks where there are numerous visual tasks at low contrast like cutting an onion on a light colored surface pouring coffee into a dark mug checking the quality of ironing etc
31
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
4 in near vision tasks like reading and writing if the information is at low contrast as in poor quality copies or in a fancy barely readable invitation etc
from httpwwwlea-testfienvistestsinstructcontrastcsensiticsensitihtml
32
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast
LowContrast
33
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast Low Contrast
34
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment Society
Next PCVIS Conference June 27-28 2014 Oaha NE
Congenital or acquired brain-based visual
impairment with onset in childhood unexplained
by an ocular disorder and associated with
unique visual and behavioral characteristics
Founding Board Lindsay Hillier Alan Lantzy
Richard Skip Legge Dominick Maino Linda
Nobles Christine Roman Jacy VerMaas-Lee
16
Diagnosis and Therapeutic Intervention of Vision Function and
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Describe the diagnostic criteria utilizedhellip
17
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Diagnostic Approaches amp Strategies
1Case History2Visual Acuity3Refractive Error4Vision Function Assessment5Ocular Health6Special Tools
18
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of visionOculomotor ability
AccommodationBinocularity
19
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Eye health
Biomicroscopy TonometryDilated Fundus Evaluation
Special diagnostic toolsEOG (electrooculogram)ERG (electroretinogram)VERVEP (visually evoked response visual evoked potential)
20
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional Vision
Functionally induced disability that overlays pathologically induced disability
Uncorrected refractive error AmblyopiaConstant Strabismus Amblyopia
Oculomotor dysfunction Binocular vision dysfunction Accommodative dysfunction
Attention
21
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional vision
Vision information processing (VIP) Visual perceptual skills
lateralitydirectionalityvisual motor integrationnon-motor perceptual skillsauditory perceptualprocessing
22
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
HistoryAll the usual questions ANDGeneralMotorVisualAuditory DevelopmentDaily Living SkillsSkills needed for Learning
23
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity What is contrast sensitivityWhat is refractive error
24
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity
The ability to see a certain size object at a certain distance
25
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Tests of Visual Acuity
26
27
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision FunctionClarity of vision
What is contrast sensitivity
28
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Contrast sensitivity measures the ability to see details at low contrast levels Visual information at low contrast levels are particularly important
1 in communication since the faint shadows on our faces carry the visual information related to facial expressions
29
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
2 in orientation and mobility where we need to see such critical low-contrast forms as the curb faint shadows and stairs when walking down In traffic the demanding situations are at low contrast levels for example seeing in dusk rain fog snow fall and at night
30
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
3 in every day tasks where there are numerous visual tasks at low contrast like cutting an onion on a light colored surface pouring coffee into a dark mug checking the quality of ironing etc
31
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
4 in near vision tasks like reading and writing if the information is at low contrast as in poor quality copies or in a fancy barely readable invitation etc
from httpwwwlea-testfienvistestsinstructcontrastcsensiticsensitihtml
32
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast
LowContrast
33
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast Low Contrast
34
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Diagnosis and Therapeutic Intervention of Vision Function and
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Describe the diagnostic criteria utilizedhellip
17
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Diagnostic Approaches amp Strategies
1Case History2Visual Acuity3Refractive Error4Vision Function Assessment5Ocular Health6Special Tools
18
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of visionOculomotor ability
AccommodationBinocularity
19
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Eye health
Biomicroscopy TonometryDilated Fundus Evaluation
Special diagnostic toolsEOG (electrooculogram)ERG (electroretinogram)VERVEP (visually evoked response visual evoked potential)
20
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional Vision
Functionally induced disability that overlays pathologically induced disability
Uncorrected refractive error AmblyopiaConstant Strabismus Amblyopia
Oculomotor dysfunction Binocular vision dysfunction Accommodative dysfunction
Attention
21
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional vision
Vision information processing (VIP) Visual perceptual skills
lateralitydirectionalityvisual motor integrationnon-motor perceptual skillsauditory perceptualprocessing
22
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
HistoryAll the usual questions ANDGeneralMotorVisualAuditory DevelopmentDaily Living SkillsSkills needed for Learning
23
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity What is contrast sensitivityWhat is refractive error
24
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity
The ability to see a certain size object at a certain distance
25
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Tests of Visual Acuity
26
27
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision FunctionClarity of vision
What is contrast sensitivity
28
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Contrast sensitivity measures the ability to see details at low contrast levels Visual information at low contrast levels are particularly important
1 in communication since the faint shadows on our faces carry the visual information related to facial expressions
29
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
2 in orientation and mobility where we need to see such critical low-contrast forms as the curb faint shadows and stairs when walking down In traffic the demanding situations are at low contrast levels for example seeing in dusk rain fog snow fall and at night
30
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
3 in every day tasks where there are numerous visual tasks at low contrast like cutting an onion on a light colored surface pouring coffee into a dark mug checking the quality of ironing etc
31
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
4 in near vision tasks like reading and writing if the information is at low contrast as in poor quality copies or in a fancy barely readable invitation etc
from httpwwwlea-testfienvistestsinstructcontrastcsensiticsensitihtml
32
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast
LowContrast
33
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast Low Contrast
34
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Diagnostic Approaches amp Strategies
1Case History2Visual Acuity3Refractive Error4Vision Function Assessment5Ocular Health6Special Tools
18
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of visionOculomotor ability
AccommodationBinocularity
19
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Eye health
Biomicroscopy TonometryDilated Fundus Evaluation
Special diagnostic toolsEOG (electrooculogram)ERG (electroretinogram)VERVEP (visually evoked response visual evoked potential)
20
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional Vision
Functionally induced disability that overlays pathologically induced disability
Uncorrected refractive error AmblyopiaConstant Strabismus Amblyopia
Oculomotor dysfunction Binocular vision dysfunction Accommodative dysfunction
Attention
21
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional vision
Vision information processing (VIP) Visual perceptual skills
lateralitydirectionalityvisual motor integrationnon-motor perceptual skillsauditory perceptualprocessing
22
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
HistoryAll the usual questions ANDGeneralMotorVisualAuditory DevelopmentDaily Living SkillsSkills needed for Learning
23
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity What is contrast sensitivityWhat is refractive error
24
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity
The ability to see a certain size object at a certain distance
25
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Tests of Visual Acuity
26
27
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision FunctionClarity of vision
What is contrast sensitivity
28
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Contrast sensitivity measures the ability to see details at low contrast levels Visual information at low contrast levels are particularly important
1 in communication since the faint shadows on our faces carry the visual information related to facial expressions
29
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
2 in orientation and mobility where we need to see such critical low-contrast forms as the curb faint shadows and stairs when walking down In traffic the demanding situations are at low contrast levels for example seeing in dusk rain fog snow fall and at night
30
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
3 in every day tasks where there are numerous visual tasks at low contrast like cutting an onion on a light colored surface pouring coffee into a dark mug checking the quality of ironing etc
31
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
4 in near vision tasks like reading and writing if the information is at low contrast as in poor quality copies or in a fancy barely readable invitation etc
from httpwwwlea-testfienvistestsinstructcontrastcsensiticsensitihtml
32
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast
LowContrast
33
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast Low Contrast
34
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of visionOculomotor ability
AccommodationBinocularity
19
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Eye health
Biomicroscopy TonometryDilated Fundus Evaluation
Special diagnostic toolsEOG (electrooculogram)ERG (electroretinogram)VERVEP (visually evoked response visual evoked potential)
20
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional Vision
Functionally induced disability that overlays pathologically induced disability
Uncorrected refractive error AmblyopiaConstant Strabismus Amblyopia
Oculomotor dysfunction Binocular vision dysfunction Accommodative dysfunction
Attention
21
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional vision
Vision information processing (VIP) Visual perceptual skills
lateralitydirectionalityvisual motor integrationnon-motor perceptual skillsauditory perceptualprocessing
22
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
HistoryAll the usual questions ANDGeneralMotorVisualAuditory DevelopmentDaily Living SkillsSkills needed for Learning
23
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity What is contrast sensitivityWhat is refractive error
24
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity
The ability to see a certain size object at a certain distance
25
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Tests of Visual Acuity
26
27
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision FunctionClarity of vision
What is contrast sensitivity
28
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Contrast sensitivity measures the ability to see details at low contrast levels Visual information at low contrast levels are particularly important
1 in communication since the faint shadows on our faces carry the visual information related to facial expressions
29
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
2 in orientation and mobility where we need to see such critical low-contrast forms as the curb faint shadows and stairs when walking down In traffic the demanding situations are at low contrast levels for example seeing in dusk rain fog snow fall and at night
30
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
3 in every day tasks where there are numerous visual tasks at low contrast like cutting an onion on a light colored surface pouring coffee into a dark mug checking the quality of ironing etc
31
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
4 in near vision tasks like reading and writing if the information is at low contrast as in poor quality copies or in a fancy barely readable invitation etc
from httpwwwlea-testfienvistestsinstructcontrastcsensiticsensitihtml
32
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast
LowContrast
33
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast Low Contrast
34
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Eye health
Biomicroscopy TonometryDilated Fundus Evaluation
Special diagnostic toolsEOG (electrooculogram)ERG (electroretinogram)VERVEP (visually evoked response visual evoked potential)
20
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional Vision
Functionally induced disability that overlays pathologically induced disability
Uncorrected refractive error AmblyopiaConstant Strabismus Amblyopia
Oculomotor dysfunction Binocular vision dysfunction Accommodative dysfunction
Attention
21
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional vision
Vision information processing (VIP) Visual perceptual skills
lateralitydirectionalityvisual motor integrationnon-motor perceptual skillsauditory perceptualprocessing
22
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
HistoryAll the usual questions ANDGeneralMotorVisualAuditory DevelopmentDaily Living SkillsSkills needed for Learning
23
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity What is contrast sensitivityWhat is refractive error
24
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity
The ability to see a certain size object at a certain distance
25
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Tests of Visual Acuity
26
27
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision FunctionClarity of vision
What is contrast sensitivity
28
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Contrast sensitivity measures the ability to see details at low contrast levels Visual information at low contrast levels are particularly important
1 in communication since the faint shadows on our faces carry the visual information related to facial expressions
29
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
2 in orientation and mobility where we need to see such critical low-contrast forms as the curb faint shadows and stairs when walking down In traffic the demanding situations are at low contrast levels for example seeing in dusk rain fog snow fall and at night
30
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
3 in every day tasks where there are numerous visual tasks at low contrast like cutting an onion on a light colored surface pouring coffee into a dark mug checking the quality of ironing etc
31
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
4 in near vision tasks like reading and writing if the information is at low contrast as in poor quality copies or in a fancy barely readable invitation etc
from httpwwwlea-testfienvistestsinstructcontrastcsensiticsensitihtml
32
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast
LowContrast
33
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast Low Contrast
34
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional Vision
Functionally induced disability that overlays pathologically induced disability
Uncorrected refractive error AmblyopiaConstant Strabismus Amblyopia
Oculomotor dysfunction Binocular vision dysfunction Accommodative dysfunction
Attention
21
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional vision
Vision information processing (VIP) Visual perceptual skills
lateralitydirectionalityvisual motor integrationnon-motor perceptual skillsauditory perceptualprocessing
22
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
HistoryAll the usual questions ANDGeneralMotorVisualAuditory DevelopmentDaily Living SkillsSkills needed for Learning
23
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity What is contrast sensitivityWhat is refractive error
24
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity
The ability to see a certain size object at a certain distance
25
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Tests of Visual Acuity
26
27
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision FunctionClarity of vision
What is contrast sensitivity
28
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Contrast sensitivity measures the ability to see details at low contrast levels Visual information at low contrast levels are particularly important
1 in communication since the faint shadows on our faces carry the visual information related to facial expressions
29
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
2 in orientation and mobility where we need to see such critical low-contrast forms as the curb faint shadows and stairs when walking down In traffic the demanding situations are at low contrast levels for example seeing in dusk rain fog snow fall and at night
30
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
3 in every day tasks where there are numerous visual tasks at low contrast like cutting an onion on a light colored surface pouring coffee into a dark mug checking the quality of ironing etc
31
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
4 in near vision tasks like reading and writing if the information is at low contrast as in poor quality copies or in a fancy barely readable invitation etc
from httpwwwlea-testfienvistestsinstructcontrastcsensiticsensitihtml
32
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast
LowContrast
33
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast Low Contrast
34
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Functional vision
Vision information processing (VIP) Visual perceptual skills
lateralitydirectionalityvisual motor integrationnon-motor perceptual skillsauditory perceptualprocessing
22
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
HistoryAll the usual questions ANDGeneralMotorVisualAuditory DevelopmentDaily Living SkillsSkills needed for Learning
23
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity What is contrast sensitivityWhat is refractive error
24
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity
The ability to see a certain size object at a certain distance
25
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Tests of Visual Acuity
26
27
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision FunctionClarity of vision
What is contrast sensitivity
28
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Contrast sensitivity measures the ability to see details at low contrast levels Visual information at low contrast levels are particularly important
1 in communication since the faint shadows on our faces carry the visual information related to facial expressions
29
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
2 in orientation and mobility where we need to see such critical low-contrast forms as the curb faint shadows and stairs when walking down In traffic the demanding situations are at low contrast levels for example seeing in dusk rain fog snow fall and at night
30
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
3 in every day tasks where there are numerous visual tasks at low contrast like cutting an onion on a light colored surface pouring coffee into a dark mug checking the quality of ironing etc
31
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
4 in near vision tasks like reading and writing if the information is at low contrast as in poor quality copies or in a fancy barely readable invitation etc
from httpwwwlea-testfienvistestsinstructcontrastcsensiticsensitihtml
32
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast
LowContrast
33
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast Low Contrast
34
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
HistoryAll the usual questions ANDGeneralMotorVisualAuditory DevelopmentDaily Living SkillsSkills needed for Learning
23
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity What is contrast sensitivityWhat is refractive error
24
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity
The ability to see a certain size object at a certain distance
25
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Tests of Visual Acuity
26
27
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision FunctionClarity of vision
What is contrast sensitivity
28
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Contrast sensitivity measures the ability to see details at low contrast levels Visual information at low contrast levels are particularly important
1 in communication since the faint shadows on our faces carry the visual information related to facial expressions
29
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
2 in orientation and mobility where we need to see such critical low-contrast forms as the curb faint shadows and stairs when walking down In traffic the demanding situations are at low contrast levels for example seeing in dusk rain fog snow fall and at night
30
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
3 in every day tasks where there are numerous visual tasks at low contrast like cutting an onion on a light colored surface pouring coffee into a dark mug checking the quality of ironing etc
31
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
4 in near vision tasks like reading and writing if the information is at low contrast as in poor quality copies or in a fancy barely readable invitation etc
from httpwwwlea-testfienvistestsinstructcontrastcsensiticsensitihtml
32
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast
LowContrast
33
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast Low Contrast
34
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function
Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity What is contrast sensitivityWhat is refractive error
24
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity
The ability to see a certain size object at a certain distance
25
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Tests of Visual Acuity
26
27
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision FunctionClarity of vision
What is contrast sensitivity
28
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Contrast sensitivity measures the ability to see details at low contrast levels Visual information at low contrast levels are particularly important
1 in communication since the faint shadows on our faces carry the visual information related to facial expressions
29
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
2 in orientation and mobility where we need to see such critical low-contrast forms as the curb faint shadows and stairs when walking down In traffic the demanding situations are at low contrast levels for example seeing in dusk rain fog snow fall and at night
30
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
3 in every day tasks where there are numerous visual tasks at low contrast like cutting an onion on a light colored surface pouring coffee into a dark mug checking the quality of ironing etc
31
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
4 in near vision tasks like reading and writing if the information is at low contrast as in poor quality copies or in a fancy barely readable invitation etc
from httpwwwlea-testfienvistestsinstructcontrastcsensiticsensitihtml
32
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast
LowContrast
33
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast Low Contrast
34
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision Function Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity
The ability to see a certain size object at a certain distance
25
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Tests of Visual Acuity
26
27
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision FunctionClarity of vision
What is contrast sensitivity
28
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Contrast sensitivity measures the ability to see details at low contrast levels Visual information at low contrast levels are particularly important
1 in communication since the faint shadows on our faces carry the visual information related to facial expressions
29
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
2 in orientation and mobility where we need to see such critical low-contrast forms as the curb faint shadows and stairs when walking down In traffic the demanding situations are at low contrast levels for example seeing in dusk rain fog snow fall and at night
30
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
3 in every day tasks where there are numerous visual tasks at low contrast like cutting an onion on a light colored surface pouring coffee into a dark mug checking the quality of ironing etc
31
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
4 in near vision tasks like reading and writing if the information is at low contrast as in poor quality copies or in a fancy barely readable invitation etc
from httpwwwlea-testfienvistestsinstructcontrastcsensiticsensitihtml
32
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast
LowContrast
33
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast Low Contrast
34
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Tests of Visual Acuity
26
27
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision FunctionClarity of vision
What is contrast sensitivity
28
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Contrast sensitivity measures the ability to see details at low contrast levels Visual information at low contrast levels are particularly important
1 in communication since the faint shadows on our faces carry the visual information related to facial expressions
29
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
2 in orientation and mobility where we need to see such critical low-contrast forms as the curb faint shadows and stairs when walking down In traffic the demanding situations are at low contrast levels for example seeing in dusk rain fog snow fall and at night
30
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
3 in every day tasks where there are numerous visual tasks at low contrast like cutting an onion on a light colored surface pouring coffee into a dark mug checking the quality of ironing etc
31
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
4 in near vision tasks like reading and writing if the information is at low contrast as in poor quality copies or in a fancy barely readable invitation etc
from httpwwwlea-testfienvistestsinstructcontrastcsensiticsensitihtml
32
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast
LowContrast
33
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast Low Contrast
34
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
27
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision FunctionClarity of vision
What is contrast sensitivity
28
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Contrast sensitivity measures the ability to see details at low contrast levels Visual information at low contrast levels are particularly important
1 in communication since the faint shadows on our faces carry the visual information related to facial expressions
29
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
2 in orientation and mobility where we need to see such critical low-contrast forms as the curb faint shadows and stairs when walking down In traffic the demanding situations are at low contrast levels for example seeing in dusk rain fog snow fall and at night
30
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
3 in every day tasks where there are numerous visual tasks at low contrast like cutting an onion on a light colored surface pouring coffee into a dark mug checking the quality of ironing etc
31
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
4 in near vision tasks like reading and writing if the information is at low contrast as in poor quality copies or in a fancy barely readable invitation etc
from httpwwwlea-testfienvistestsinstructcontrastcsensiticsensitihtml
32
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast
LowContrast
33
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast Low Contrast
34
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Vision FunctionClarity of vision
What is contrast sensitivity
28
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Contrast sensitivity measures the ability to see details at low contrast levels Visual information at low contrast levels are particularly important
1 in communication since the faint shadows on our faces carry the visual information related to facial expressions
29
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
2 in orientation and mobility where we need to see such critical low-contrast forms as the curb faint shadows and stairs when walking down In traffic the demanding situations are at low contrast levels for example seeing in dusk rain fog snow fall and at night
30
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
3 in every day tasks where there are numerous visual tasks at low contrast like cutting an onion on a light colored surface pouring coffee into a dark mug checking the quality of ironing etc
31
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
4 in near vision tasks like reading and writing if the information is at low contrast as in poor quality copies or in a fancy barely readable invitation etc
from httpwwwlea-testfienvistestsinstructcontrastcsensiticsensitihtml
32
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast
LowContrast
33
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast Low Contrast
34
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Contrast sensitivity measures the ability to see details at low contrast levels Visual information at low contrast levels are particularly important
1 in communication since the faint shadows on our faces carry the visual information related to facial expressions
29
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
2 in orientation and mobility where we need to see such critical low-contrast forms as the curb faint shadows and stairs when walking down In traffic the demanding situations are at low contrast levels for example seeing in dusk rain fog snow fall and at night
30
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
3 in every day tasks where there are numerous visual tasks at low contrast like cutting an onion on a light colored surface pouring coffee into a dark mug checking the quality of ironing etc
31
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
4 in near vision tasks like reading and writing if the information is at low contrast as in poor quality copies or in a fancy barely readable invitation etc
from httpwwwlea-testfienvistestsinstructcontrastcsensiticsensitihtml
32
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast
LowContrast
33
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast Low Contrast
34
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
2 in orientation and mobility where we need to see such critical low-contrast forms as the curb faint shadows and stairs when walking down In traffic the demanding situations are at low contrast levels for example seeing in dusk rain fog snow fall and at night
30
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
3 in every day tasks where there are numerous visual tasks at low contrast like cutting an onion on a light colored surface pouring coffee into a dark mug checking the quality of ironing etc
31
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
4 in near vision tasks like reading and writing if the information is at low contrast as in poor quality copies or in a fancy barely readable invitation etc
from httpwwwlea-testfienvistestsinstructcontrastcsensiticsensitihtml
32
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast
LowContrast
33
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast Low Contrast
34
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
3 in every day tasks where there are numerous visual tasks at low contrast like cutting an onion on a light colored surface pouring coffee into a dark mug checking the quality of ironing etc
31
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
4 in near vision tasks like reading and writing if the information is at low contrast as in poor quality copies or in a fancy barely readable invitation etc
from httpwwwlea-testfienvistestsinstructcontrastcsensiticsensitihtml
32
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast
LowContrast
33
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast Low Contrast
34
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
4 in near vision tasks like reading and writing if the information is at low contrast as in poor quality copies or in a fancy barely readable invitation etc
from httpwwwlea-testfienvistestsinstructcontrastcsensiticsensitihtml
32
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast
LowContrast
33
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast Low Contrast
34
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast
LowContrast
33
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast Low Contrast
34
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Regular Contrast Low Contrast
34
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
35
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
36
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Astigmatism
37
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error AssessmentObjective
Dry RetinoscopyMohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyCCycloplegicRetinoscopy
38
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment Objective
Mohindra Dynamic RetinoscopyDark room50 cmNeutralize main meridiansAlgebraically add -125 to sph
39
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Objective Auto-refraction
Pediavision SPOT See Maino D Goodfellow G Tomorrowrsquos Practice Today SPOT On AOANews 2013 March29
URL httpwwwspotvisionscreeningcom2013
40
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
Refractive Error Assessment
Subjective
Which is better 1 or 2
41
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
42
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Oculomotor ability basic extra-ocular muscle assessment
EOMsPursuitsSaccadesConvergenceDivergence
43
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Oculomotor ability Convergence Divergence
44
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Accommodation (focusing)
MEM NottBook Bell
45
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Accommodation (focusing)Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) you neutralize the reflex while the patient accommodates to a target at near (usually at 40cm)
With motion Lag of accommodation --- Add PLUSAgainst motion Lead of accommodation - Add MINUSUse patientrsquos correction for distance or near
TRUE measurement of laglead if measured with BVA
Place the target at their working distanceAdults usually 40 cm Children use Harmonrsquos distance
46
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Accommodation (focusing)MEM
Room illumination should be dim but with target illuminated Briefly insert lens into line of sight
Measurements should be made within 1 second per lens used to minimize the dazzle of light and the effect of lens on accommodation system
The lens that creates neutrality is the value
47
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Accommodation (focusing)Nott Method clinician moves toward and away from the patient until neutrality is seen (Dioptric difference between neutral and your
beginning distance is the leadlag)Against motion move closer to the patientWith motion move further away from patient
48
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Accommodation (focusing)Book Retinoscopy
Technique developed at the Gesell Institute by Gerry Getman OD working with Arnold Gesell MD
49
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Accommodation (focusing)
Book1 Free and Easy reading level reflex varied from neutral to with motion with bright sharp edges and had a pinkish color2 Instructional reading level (maintaining the reading task with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion while the color was bright sharp and very pink
50
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Accommodation (focusing)
Book
3 Frustration reading level (reading with minimal comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color
51
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Accommodation (focusing)
Bell RetinoscopyA small shiny bell dangling from a string is used as a fixation target (now use a silver ball on the top of a stick) The ball is moved closer to and farther from the patient along this midline The retinoscope is positioned slightly above this line at a fixed distance of 50 cm (20 inches) from the patient Watch what happens to the reflex as you move the ball
52
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
53
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Color Vision
54
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Binocularity ()FusionStereopsisDepth Perception (3D vision)
55
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Binocularity
56
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Eye Health
57
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Amblyopia Strabismus Oculomotility Disorder Accommodative Disorders Binocular Vision Disorders
Down Syndrome Review (see Woodhouse M Maino D Down Syndrome In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201231-40)
Cerebral Palsy Review (see Taub MB Reddell AS Cerebral Palsy In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY201221-30)
58
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment begins with the basics
Vision function Refractive error amp quality of life Spectacles therapeuticEye health
59
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles multi-focal prescriptionbifocalprismocclusiontask specific glasseshigh ldquo+rdquo adds (magnification)Low Vision Aids
60
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Treatment with spectacles
ldquoThe medicine in my glasses has run outrdquo
61
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Use it or lose itUse it and improve it
SpecificityRepetition mattersIntensity matters
62
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Time mattersSalience matters
Age mattersTransferenceInterference
Maino D Donati R Pange Y Viola S Barry S Neuroplasticity In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino DM (eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott 2012
Kleim JA Jones TA Principles of experience-dependent neural plascitity implications for rehabilitation after brain damage J Speech Lang Hear Res 200851S225-39
63
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision TherapyVision RehabilitationVision Stimulation
Use Principles of Neuroplasticity
Oculomotorhand-eye Biocular BinocularIntegrationStabilization Visual stimulationVision information processing VestibularVision Computer applications
64
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggestions from members
65
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
How To Modify your Home for Visual Stimulation
Environment- directly impacts visual development and brain cells
Lighting- to increase stimulation of brain cellsOpen drapes- position childrsquos back to windowsdoorsUse In-direct lighting ndash floor or desks lamps are best and reduce glare (direct light may damage retinal tissues) compact fluorescent bulbs -16 or 22 Watt with warm color
66
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Increase contrast-Use electrical colored tape stickers decals to add to objects (bottles cups) walls cribsUse plain colored sheets poster board to hang on wallscorners to then attach objects fabrics to make play spaces or rooms around the home more stimulatingUse patterned fabrics carpet squares cellophane clear plastic- to add to walls windows play spacesMake a ldquostained glassrdquo window or mobile- use cellophanes CDrsquos Mylar wrapping papersUse carpet squares on floor to mark areas painttape on floor moldings or door jams
67
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Suggested Materials and Activities to try-Mobiles- suspend colorful Mylar CDrsquos strings- provides movement and shiny objectsScreen savers- computer backgrounds are very stimulating and can become a cause and effect activityHousehold items- use soup cans quacker oats containers spoons metal bowls colorful cupsAdhesives- wall decals stickers add to lower places on walls
Be aware of what you wear or what other sounds are in the environment competing stimuli make it harder to visually attend and focus
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
68
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach-
Develops understanding of objects and immediate world through hands on experienceHelps understand daily routinesDevelops better visual andor motor responsesBuilds sound localizationIncreases active involvementLays the groundwork for crawling and walking
69
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Show Tell amp Reach- How to do-
Slow down the pace during activitiesRoutinely take 5 minutes or so tell what object is and what is happening allow extra time for baby to ldquostudyrdquo with hands ears eyes and bodyProvide assistance with reachingBabies may need to hold and ldquoget to knowrdquo it by touching it before understanding and reaching for it away from the bodyGradually put familiar toys a few inches away (after initially touching) and make a sound for baby to reach for the object
Barbara Halton-Bailey Education Coordinator Virginia Dept ft Blind
70
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Provides incentive for movement exploration and independent interactionA life-long organizational strategy to enhance efficiency of movement independence and self-esteem-the use of defined spaces expands and grows with the childUse walls and furniture as reference points in each room of the houseFirst place toys touching body as baby plays on tummy back side or seated on the play spaceMove objects further away and make sounds with the object for baby to reach for
71
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Keep objects predictable and highly meaningful to the child in each area Be sure objects are easily accessible with the childrsquos current abilitiesReturn child to the play space frequently showing where 2 or 3 toys are throughout the day and allow the child to play independently
ExamplesFloor space- pallet with a border on 2-3 sides created by walls furniturePull-up space- arranged beside sofa chairs shelves tablesCrib- use only if child enjoys waking periods in the crib
72
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Defined Spaces or Play spaces-Sittinrsquo Center- adapted seating with toys secured within reach beside in front and aboveEatinrsquo place- High chair tray table-arrange cup and bowlKitchen space- special cabinet designated and marked containing child-safe pots Lids containers spoonsOuter space- area in backyard defined by play equipment furniture garden fencing wind chimes Have predictable storage of outdoor toys wheeled vehicles push carts radio or music used as a sound source to return to the door
Barbara Halton-Bailey TVI NBCTEducation Coordinator DBVI
73
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
I love hellip the use of shiny emergency blankets They are like large sheets of reflective Mylar material that kids love to wrap themselves in and look at the reflection of the light off of the wrinkles created in the sheets hellipreflective Christmas gift bags water bottles filled with glitter snap and light up neon bracelets or necklaces pompoms shiny reflective beaded necklaces feather boas and the list goes on and on Sometimes just using neon coloured duct tape over a baby bottle or favorite toy works wonders
Jody Whelan Specialist Early Intervention Early Childhood Vision Consultant Northeast Blind Low Vision Early Intervention Program
74
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Treatment of Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
75
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Medications Prescribed many more medicationsHigher affinity for adverse effects due to systemicenvironmental factorsSeldom complain of symptoms related to their disability systemic anomalies or medication side effects
RJ Donati RJ Maino DM Bartell H Kieffer M Polypharmacyand the Lack of Oculo-Visual Complaints from those with Mental Illness and Dual Diagnosis Optometry 200980249-254
76
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary medical therapies
Maino D Evidence based medicine and CAM a review Optom Vis Dev 201243(1)13-17
Traditional allopathic approaches
77
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Mental illnesses in childrenPediatric Bipolar disorder depression
Schnell PH Maino D Jespersen R Psychiatric Illness and Associated Oculo-visual Anomalies In Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY2012111-124
78
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Medications and Alternative Therapies
Major environmental hazard People do not know how to respond make assumptions This is true for lay individuals teachers health care professionals
79
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Case Reviews
Children with CVI Case Reviews
Acknowledgements
Dr Tracy Matchinski The Chicago Lighthouse for People who are Blind or Visually ImpairedDr Mary Flynn-Roberts Illinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry Electrodiagnostic Service
80
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Case Reviews
Case 1Hx 2 year 4 mo old ischemic changes in the cortex with both white and deep grey matter diffuse abnormalities CP spastic quad DD seizures since birth (infantile spasms) Placental umbilical cord problemsDx CVI Delayed visual maturation exotropia lower heart rate meconium aspiration profound hearing loss bilateral cochlear implants encephalopathy
81
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Case Reviews
Case 1Medications Multiple medicationsParticipates in vision therapy developmental tx speechOTPT PT pool VA 20300 PL Teller Cards 38 cm test dist OUHorizontal tracking fine vertical much more difficultBinocularity inadequate most of the time IAXT 30-35PD
82
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Case Reviews
Case 1VF using toysOKN drum Responded well in all visual fieldsContrast sensitivity at 10 level moderately reduced for his ageRefraction hyperopiaastigmatism Tolerates glasses well No change from last prescription
83
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Case Reviews
Case 1OD +250-200X005 OS +250-250X177 Old Rx Mohindra Ret +375-250X180 OD +350-250X180Near VA good accommodationinterested in near objects appears to function wellHealth of eyes normal size shape clarity structure pupils DFE previously done
84
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Case Reviews
Case 1
RecommendationsHigh degree of vision function Continue to work with developmental therapist Visual search scan tracking vertically and hand-eye coordination therapy
85
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Case Reviews
Case 2 Hx 2 y 5 mo female picks up toys more increased facial expressions still using g-tube No change in mobility feeding improving Eye health unremarkableXT onset after head trauma all milestones delayed shaken baby syndrome retinal signs resolved seizures Prevacid Topamax
86
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Case Reviews
Case 2 phenobarbital ROS unremarkable except for what is noted above Strong tracking all quadrants + convergence +OKN pupil accresponse Teller 20200 50cm Cardif 20253 at 20 cm IET IXT nystagmus cyclo +50-400X170 OD +50-400X010 OSDx CVI strabismus nystagmusOTPTspeechdevelopmental tx
87
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Case Reviews
Case 311 yr 6 m F vision problems noted at 8mos of age optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmusVEP all results delayed Peak poorly formed but consistent with optic nerve hypoplasia nystagmus intermittent gtube seizures poor handeye Mobility rolls over
88
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Case Reviews
Case 3OD +75-300X170 OS +100-400X010 cycloOKNTeller UTT can separate head from eye movement IAXT 10 with 5 R hyper VF UTT contrast sensitivity UTT ref +50-325X180 OD +75-375X015 OS pupils OD 2mm OS 3mm RRL ocular allergies Pataday RxrsquodLight stimulus therapy
89
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Case Reviews
Case 42 yo HM genetic mutation L1CAM that lead to hydrocephalus and developmental delays had VP shunt in early intervention program no self feeding hearing ok Lissencephaly ROS unremarkable born c-section because of large head APGAR 9 and 9 no meds
90
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Case Reviews
Case 4
Teller 20180 Cardif 2080 +tracking +OKN + eyehand FROM Ta 26 26 lids held +225 ODOS IRET 10PD PERRL ndashapdDx CVI IAET Hordeolum hyperopia eye health unremarkable
91
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Rehabilitation of cortical visual impairment in children Denise E Malkowicz GinetteMyers Gerry Leisman in The International journal of neuroscience (2006)
hellipCriteria were set to extract a fairly homogeneous group of 21 children with CVI due to perinatal HIE or postnatal anoxia who had extensive gray and white matter injury and multiple neurological deficits 20 of 21 (95) had symptomatic epilepsy as well Subjects entered the study with responses ranging from just a pupillary light reflex to rudimentary perception of outline Each subject underwent an at-home treatment program Twenty of 21 children (95) manifested significant improvement after 4 to 13 months on the program Results indicate that even in this challenging group there may be considerable neuroplasticity in visual systems leading to reintegration and visual recovery
92
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Optom Vis Sci 2005 Sep82(9)807-16 Retrospective analysis of refractive errors in children with vision impairment Du JW Schmid KL Bevan JD Frater KM Ollett R Hein BhellipWe found that cortical or cerebral vision impairment (CVI) was the most common condition causing vision impairment accounting for 276 of cases This was followed by albinism (106) retinopathy of prematurity (ROP 70) optic atrophy (62) and optic nerve hypoplasia (53) Vision impairment was associated with ametropia hellip The mean spherical equivalent refractive error of the children (n = 813) was +078 +- 600 D with 094 +- 124 D of astigmatism and 092 +- 215 D of anisometropia hellip
The relative frequency of ocular conditions causing vision impairment in children has changed since the 1970s Children with vision impairment often have an
associated ametropia suggesting that the emmetropization system is also impaired
93
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Cortical Visual Impairment Pediatric Visual Diagnosis Fact Sheet httpwwwaphorgcviarticlesbbf_1html
Cortical Visual Impairment httpwwwaaposorgtermsconditions40
Blind Babies Foundation httpblindbabiesorglearndiagnoses-and-strategies
Perkins CorticalCerebral Visual Impairment httpwwwperkinsorgassetsdownloadswebinarscvi-webinar-session-1pdf
94
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Social MediaPinterest
httppinterestcompediastaffvisual-impairment
FacebookPrevent Blindness American httpswwwfacebookcompreventblindnessfref=tsThinking Outside the LightboxhttpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
95
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Social MediaBlogs
httpadayinourshoescomtagcortical-visual-impairment
96
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
ResourcesDutton GN Bax M (eds) Visual Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain Clinics in Developmental Medcine No 186 Mac Keith Press London UK 2010
Taub M Bartuccio M Maino D (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins New York NY 2012
Lantzy C Cortical Visual Impairment An Approach to Assessment and Intervention AFB Press NY NY 2007
Hyvarinen L Jacob N What and How does this Child See Vistest Ltd Helsinki Finland 2011
Brown C (2004) A guide for teachers and therapists working with my child Chapel Hill NC Early Intervention Training Center for Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments FPG Child Development Institute UNC-CH
97
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
ResourcesInternet
httpdrleahyvarinencom
httpMainosmemoscom
httpwwwslidesharenetDMAINO
httpswwwfacebookcomThinkingoutsidethelightboxref=tsampfref=ts
98
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
ResourcesInternet
This lecture is available from
99
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
Dominick M Maino OD MEd FAAO FCOVD-A
Professor of PediatricsBinocular VisionIllinois Eye InstituteIllinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye CareChicago Il
dmainoicoeduICOedu
LyonsFamilyEyeCarecomMainosMemoscom
100
