2nd Semester Perspective

By Caelum Maloney

Modernism Reading

• Swift and Flaubert critics• Rousseau first real critic with his work

Discourse– Just really pushed it further

Looking ahead this Semester

• 2nd semester emphasizes realistic not ideals• Examining modernist- the ideas not the age– Contrast with those from the first semester

• Aquinas- seek imperfect and perfect happiness– Many views on happiness

• Ex. Aristotle/poets- some people just born with happiness

• Platonist, Aristotelians, Epicureans, Stoics all have different views on happiness

Happiness Continued

• Epicureans- live a very simple life• Stoic- Things that happen to you are not within your

control but can control your attitude towards something

• Aristotle- chance happenings good and bad luck– Poets say the same things– However Aristotle says you can do something about it

• Plato- real being not in this world higher eternal world need to aim for eternal things– Aiming for eternal things will make us happy

Introduction to Modernism

• Machiavelli- says that you will be crushed if you follow the ancient world

• Some view it as just an adjustment from ancient world

• Major difference with modernism is science• Another thought change in politics, morality

and religion• Deal with human problems– Individual world

Introduction to Modernism 2

• Modernity has changed– Several different modern views– 3 waves of modernity in this class• Machiavelli and Hobbs- don’t follow idealistic old world

look out for yourself. Force makes people virtuous.– Imposed from an outside source not internally. IE FEAR of

penalties

• Scientists believe they can solve all problems

Machiavelli

• Writing to the Prince• People wasting time on the ancient philosophers

– Ideals not realistic of how the world actually works• Writes about how to keep power rather than morality• Need money

– Turn people against rich and then take money• Manipulate people in order to keep power• People are self centered- can hurt some people as

long as you keep majority in tack. They wont get too upset.

Machiavelli 2

• Aristotle- honored vs. deserving honor– Highest thing cant be in honor or well– Highest is being great human being

• Highest thing expanding power-rulers– Who he is writing to

• Machiavelli writes book in order to try and get a position as an advisor

• His Accepted Suppositions– People generally operate according to their vested

interests

Machiavelli 3

• Some people are successful simply because they are lucky– Aristotle attributes it to pleasing the Gods

• Says you can do it yourself

• Machiavelli– Can get good luck by following a set of principals

• Really just doing correct actions

– However you cant control everything – Cunning to get the people beyond you veretoo –strength– Virtuous can be a weakness

Machiavelli 4

• People are selfish– May complain about others situation just to get

attention• True Motivation

• Fear controls people over everything else over titles, honor, or wealth

• Killing of lieutenants/ moving of lieutenants• Fear and look loving– Same lesson from Portico

Machiavelli 5

• Not just for princes for everyone• Focused on real world not the ideal world of

Aristotle and Plato• People selfish again– Most People aren't really dedicated to virtue– A few people are

• Need to know when to use certain virtues and vices– Ex be generous with others possessions not your own

Machiavelli 6

• Importance of image while doing bad things must keep a good image with the masses– Be generous with a few others while doing it that

appears to the masses• Feelings played down by Machiavelli

Machiavelli

• Knowledge- things are always changing no unchanging ideals

• Prince or not must adjust to circumstances your in

• Most use cruelty at certain times• Sessius and Moses- examples– Romulus- Italy

Hobbes Levithion

• Theory of knowledge at the beginning– Epistemology– Imprisism approach- pragmatic

• Starts with the senses– All knowledge comes through the senses

• Very focused on the bible• Very focused on the old world• Dont need theory we just need to observe• Are judgments are subjective• Unguided imagination- just floating around ideas• Guided imagination- looking for ends of purpose

Hobbes Leviathan

• Hobbes says we have a negative view of people– We pick on all their failings

• Pursue the things you really want– People can help you– Can get everything you want

• Knowledge comes through the senses and is limited to senses

• Expectations = opinions from repeated experiences• Society necessary

Hobbs Leviathan

• Police don’t to get people who don’t follow society– Hobbes doesn’t expect society to develop virtues– Police need to be there to regulate

• Plato perfect world before this• Aristotle believes in human nature• Hobbs doesn’t believe in human nature

Hobbs

• Power for Aristotle what mean strength • Power of man is to achieve some thing you

want according to Hobbs– Reputation of power is power– Price is cost/measure of power no intrinsic work• Buyer determines price• Honor someone if you pay higher• No honor if you pay someone little

Hobbs

• No perfect happiness like Plato and Aristotle– Only the things we want

• Hobbs believes that religion is a way of dreaming that we can get help to get the things we need

• Society is necessary keeps the demand of humans organized only one person at top– King– Democracy would be the worst

Locke- Second Treatise

• Chap 1- criticizes Filmers belief that man has a divine right of sovereignity– Rather just power

• Chap 2-talks about state of nature which is divine laws that we all have to follow

• Chap 3-state of war allows you to attack a force that violates the state of nature

• Chap 4- natural liberty is the right to only be ruled by the rules of nature

Locke

• Chap 4- Social Liberty- the right to be ruled by no one other than an agreed ruling body by the people

• Chap 5- Person individual property is whatever they put their labor into without wasting (not advantaging)– Money acts as a way to exchange

Locke

• Denies the divine right of kings says it doesn’t exist– Robert Filmer defends define right of kings

• Laws used to protect society from wrongs• Every man is free• Hobbes laws as fear• Private property one of the rights of nature

– Through labor we get what we own– God gave everyone right to earth– Cant own more than we need

• Everyone is equal– No subordination– Uses Hooker to support himself

Locke

• Man should not harm one another– Life, liberty and possessions (pursuit of happiness)

• Clearly identifies God as above all• Members of society chose to follow the

societies laws• Laws keep society in order

Locke- A Letter Concerning Toleration

• Written to a friend• Argues for the allowance of groups that do not support the

states religion– Leads to less civil unrest

• Separation of Government and Religion– Government- external– Religion- internal

• Conversion should not come by force– Rulers arent chosen by God

• However can not be an atheist or part of the Roman Catholic Church– Church is magistrate led

Paper

• Aristotle- great leader who establishes democracy in Athens example

• Prudence• Good Concrete Judgements• Great Human being who makes good decisions• Socrates- discusses it more than doing it• Machevalli• Individual must recognize that now is the time must be sharp

and cunning enough• Romulus and Moses and Cyrus had good luck

– Circumstances

Paper

• These 3 took advantage of the needs of people drive out captors

• Build your own army can count on this one– Have to be sure to know your opponents weakness– Don’t have to the greatest person, but must use the talents

you have• Don’t worry what people think make them think

differently• Aristotle 5,6 and last chap of machavelli– Aristotle- human leadership– Machavelli- political leadership

Paper

• Aristotle- interested in human development of all people

• Machiavelli concerned with getting power of own state

Locke- Toleration

• Writing it to Dutchmen while in exhile and hiding• Trying to come things down and change the attitude• Locke thinks acceptance of religion is important• Promotes tolerance• Should not have persecution and exhile• Toleration means separation of church and state• Commonwealth is only concerned with civil interests has

no care for you soul– Life, liberty, possessions– Concerned with treating everyone equally

Locke-Toleration

• Magistrates cant make decisions on religion because they are not solely concerned with your soul– Concerned with civil well being– Can act religious as human beings but cant as magistrate

• Rejects divine right of kings• Religion is internal cannot be forced by external

force• All people must follow societies laws– Jury must be free of prejudice

Locke-Toleration

• Church-voluntary society of man– To worship God– Can have public character that you have consented to – No one is born to a religion– Anything is allowed to be a church– Cant punish or discriminate based off church

• Magistrates cant force people to do things• Church cannot undermine the rules of society• Cannot tolerate atheist no bonds on them• Every man has the same rights that are permitted to other

men

Locke

• Laws– Divine law in the scriptures– There is a God natural truth– Need some sort of ruler to keep general order– Natural Law keeps man in order• Has some existence in divine law

Locke

• Empirical base• Rational base– Ideas and thought– Descartes

Francis Bacon- The Great Insaturation

• Proposed a Six step learning method that would greatly enhance the world’s science

• Science must be used within divine law to further advancement

• Wanted government to promote advancements in science

Bacon- The New Orgonon

• Just laying out the new scientific method that centers around gathering facts

• Talks about the four bias that professor Brown discussed later

Francis Bacon

• New way of collecting knowledge– Methology

• He discusses how things will change in terms of getting and understanding knowledge– Knowledge that leads to true eternal happiness– Don’t understand true knowledge just past down

the same knowledge (Plato, Aristotle)– Technology helps us understand God more now

Bacon 2

• Go for what is best– Technology– Rest of the world doesn’t get

• Doesn’t matter we are really pursuing perfect happiness

– Don’t understand the strength of our minds• Greatest originals– Not commentors- fall short

• Bacon creates a change everyone thinking not blindly following orginals– Not criticizing orginals but he wants all people to be

scientific

Bacon 3

• Not sense experience but rather sense experimentation– We must experiment– God allows this not going against our nature

• Knowledge for the benefit and usefulness of life and society

• Progress and Advancement• Aristotle- Induction– Experieced based learing

• Bacon is experimented based

Bacon 4

• Idols- dirupt experiments– Some born in us– Some experienced– Tribe,Marketplace, cave, theater

• False kinds of experimentations and understanding– Tribe- family predjuice– Cave- Emotions/characteristics– Marketplace-judge things based off common viewpoint– Theater- philosophers predjiuced

Descartes-Discourse on Method Part 1

• Emphasizes reason• Everyone has Rational• Everyone has the same essential properties• Same reason but people apply it differently• Descartes applies it very well according to himself• Elite education• Doesn’t believe in knowledge• Travels the world and learns that there are many

customs• Begins to study himself

Discourse Part 2

• Served in the army• Must follow reason alone not appetites of

others• Descartes abandoned all of his former

opinions• Follows 4 laws– Evident, Split, simplest, review

• Studies Math first

Discourse Part 3

• Before going on his learning journey he adopts four maxims– First is to follow the rules and laws of his own

country– Second- be decisive– Third- Change himself not the world– Fourth- find the perfect occupation

• Eventually settles in Holland after 9 year of travel

Discourse Part 4

• Results• Changes mind on being decisive- doesn't’t accept anything

that he has doubts about• Had abandon anything his senses told him before this

experience• His basis is that he can think therefore he exists• Establishes God’s perfection and existence

– Imperfect being could not come up with the idea of God– Geometry and triangles as well

• Can only perceive clearly and distinctly when we use reason properly

Paper

• Aristotle’s 5 Intellectual virtues• Wisdom, science, knowledge,techne, prudence– KNOWLEDGE basic principles– Science to deduce from these principles– Contradiction- Proof– Whole/Part-Proof– Temporal/Changing– Wisdom finds unchanging things (true characteristics

Paper

• Can go beyond changing (individual) to eternal

• Bacon says that intellecual doesn’t decipher but rather as adding – Aristotle said adding doesn’t make sense because things change

• Hobbes discusses probability• Appetites and desires determine what we seek• Wisdom putting our intellect together • Hobbes we don’t think beyond 2 0r 3 years because of our

desires

Paper

• Hobbes just chance experiences• Bacon trying to change experiences

(experimentation)• Modern imperialists• Aristotle ancient imperalist

Descartes

• Clear and Distinct• Use our reason• His education

– La Flesh– One of the best educations in all of Europe

• Studies philosophy but doesn’t find real knowledge• Certitude in Mathematics and Geometry • Theology no certitude• Travels for a while

– unsatisfied

Descartes

• Model to learn– One master/teacher not many– Writes up a plan for certainty – Decides to be the first architect– Sets up certain principles

• Maxim 1- follow quiet good teachers• Maxim 2- to be decisive• Maxim 3- conquer myself rather than fortune• Maxim 4- follow process to certitude such as geometery• Doubts everything but not a skeptic

Descartes

• Basis- I think therefore I exist• Humans changing being• God perfect unchanging being which

establishes certainty• Rationalism- Reason is what exists

Descartes- Discourse Part 5

• He learns much about the physical world but not much about the metaphysical world

• Publishes a book called the World– Scientific study of the Earth– Says about an imaginary planet to avoid

persecution• Explains how physical human bodyies work

but also emphasizes the soul

Descartes Part 6

• Publishes his method and philosophical views but not his physical views of the world

• Eventually does publish his works on the physical world

Descartes

• Certainity in geometery • Principles– Do not accept anything unless certain because of evidence– Study things in parts– Conduct things in an order– Review

• First fundamentally was sure of his own existence and then of Gods– Perfect thing making imperfect tthings

• Connection between mind and body

Descartes

• Didn’t publish his works about the physical world till years later

• Nature of the body like machine• Deseist perspectives– God dropped the world and let it run

• Rational Soul (should be using the word mind)– Enlivens the body– Be souled body (Aristotle)– Cant come from potency of matter must be from God– Should ignore senses and deduce from in born principles

Descartes

• Believes he has discovered new physical and practical principles

• Says there is so much still to learn in medicine• Must use my principles and methods to

achieve practical good such as health

Luther's Letter to Leo X

• Luther says that he is not criticizing the pope• He says that he is criticizing the corrupt Roman

Catholic Church• Luther says that no one can fix this even though

he admires Leo X– He says that no one can fix the church

• Luther says that he had to leave the church• Luther says he tried to go through the proper

channels but the popes servants were too corrupt

On Christian Liberty

• People don’t have to follow God’s laws but can be fully willing to serve him

• Christian is only dutiful to God but should serve others

• Justification by Faith in Christ alone not works• However works do help keep us away from

carnal pleasures

Martin Luther

• Translated scripture into German• Christian is perfectly free from duty

– And a perfect servants who does duties• Starts Reformation• Old man vs. New Man

– Paul (epical to the Galatians)– Luther trying to get back to foundation in the Bible– New man faith in Christ – Old man faith in Church– Luther promotes the new man– Works alone will not save a man– Faith can only save man

Luther 2

• Christ saves people• People don’t save themselves• People do works to impress others not to save themselves• Old Testament- we are sinful people• New Testament- faith in Christ will save us• Priesthood- faith in Christ not human priests

– No robes– Doesn’t grow our faith– Only follow church laws

• Christ King and Priest• Faith not merit

•Test 2

Pascal

• Ramblings of his thought– Died before he could organize– Must read between the lines– Mathematician– Criticizing the modernists criticize Hobbes and Descartes– Trying to explain the limits of human knowing– Need a heart to understand – Attitude towards thinking more important than actual

thinking– Feelings must more involved in thinking than you can

believe

Pascal 2

• Man cant do it on his own– Need Natural Grace– Man’s reason doesn’t know everything– Criticizes senses and reason

• They deceive us

– Passions as well deceives us– Because of all this our knowledge is extremely limited

• Man bow down to beasts• Perpetual motion• Tyranny trying to control others and everything

Pascal 3

• There is no justice– Cant just follow customs of your country– Saying local laws are just arbitrary

• Natural Laws are real but there are none in existence because are reason is corrupted – No law has ever been established on first principles

• Criticizes other philosophers who don’t worship God• Another route to truth than our reason– Through our heart is how we learn first principles

Pascal 4

• Man is somewhat of a puzzle– Part is our sinfulness

• Come from a God that is greater than us– Religious tradition

• Greatness and smallness of man• Don’t question basic instinct

– We know that the world is real– Moon example

• About defining things• Man is both good and bad

– Pascal wants us all to understand both

Pascal 5

• Cant figure out the center of our life exactly– Elements always pull us in diff directions

• Center is God revealed through Christ– Cant be proved to us we have to discover it– Expectation of Greatness that we fall short of

• We must bet on whether or not there is a God• Suggestions to get us toward God

2nd Wave of Modernists

• 2nd modernists- reject modernists but also do not accept ancients– 1st wave- enlightenment– 2nd wave- (Roussou) attacks this enlightenment• Says 1st wave has corrupted human beings

Russo

• Man is loving not just looking out for himself• Sympathy and taking care of the poor

Rousseau- Discourse on Art and Science

• His criticism on the corrupting effects of Art, Science and Civilization on society\

• Man is naturally good• However he is corrupted by institutions• Praises the academy• When man seeks glory he only brings about

his own misery

Rousseau- Discourse on the Orgins of Inequality

• Society is imperfect it corrupts man and creates inequality

• Two types of inequality- moral and natural• Different from animals because of our rational• Natural stem from physical things such as age• Moral is formed by the convention or consent of

man• Discusses the savage man unaffected by society– Focuses on self-preservation

Rousseau- Discourse on the Orgins of Inequality 2

• Man vs. Animals– Degree of Perfectibility and Freedom– Allows him to develop virtues and vices

• Man moving away from savage to “civilized or “corrupted”– Society creates inequality– Would be no inequality between savage men

• Talks about the history of man– Starts as savage– Needs get more complicated– Family develops- First Revolution– Natural Disasters led to language

Rousseau- Discourse on the Orgins of Inequality 3

• History of mankind continued– Jealousy and inequality between men develop– Metallurgy and agriculture- 2nd revolution– Men tried to control one another– Eventually leads to conflict and war– Laws allow man to control one another without laws we would revert back

to our natural freedom• Democracy closest to this freedom of man• Corruption of man

– Laws– Monachary– Shift from arbitary powers to corrupt power

• Society corrupts Man

Discourse on Arts and Science

• Wins essay contest for this document• Attack on the Enlightenment– Weaken mans– Arts and Science in the hands of the wrong people

corrupt • Saying Enlightenment did not bring us out of

the dark ages– Attacking writers of the enlightenment– Arts and Science have weakened societies

Discourse on Arts and Science

• If focus is Arts and Science– Weak– People chose to be poets instead of warriors– Example fall of great Egypt

• French between barbaric Germans and showy Italians– French used to be rustic

• Rousseau cast out of thought academy is an outcast• Goes to England taken under the wing of David Hume

– Suspicious of David Hume• Uses inductive reasoning• Talks of the fall of Egypt and Greece• Strength of rustic Sparta

Discourse on Arts and Science

• Thinks of himself like Socrates– Rustic society killed him– Current French society would give him a worse

punishment would keep him alive and ridicule him• Not Enlightened we believe we are learned– However we are not we are just premunstrious – Has made weaker

• Rousseau wants one strong leader– Wealth have made weak artsy society

• Positive view of man over all

Rousseau• Society corrupts man• Governments like monarchy and aristocracy corrupt• Writes history of man

– Says no one else has done it • From Geneva thinks it is the closest to ideal

– Place of simplicity– No place with governments can truly contain the state of nature

• Man is a sympathetic creature • Have to get back to man’s fundemental nature

– Not selfish• Man originally a loving animal• Needs not seen as false needs

– Language and art for example are fake needs

Rousseau

• Means that we just need basic needs– Food Water– However creates many fake needs

• Government not outside the people– The Government is us– People in government just enforce the system we

create– Government and majority don’t always know the

natural good

Rousseau- The Social Contract

• Man is born free– Chained by society– Slaved by society

• Argues against justified rule by king– Says family structure does not justify rule of kings– People should be independent– Sociecty causes people to be dependent on others and thus not

truly free• Sets up contrast between Hobbes and himself• Don’t need to stay qith your family it is a choice• Phrase “we obligate ourselves”

Rousseau- The Social Contract

• We chose to be obligated to all things we are not forced• Freedom chief right• Subduing a multitude and ruling society

– Great difference• Man is always about their own private desires• Social Contract

– Commit yourself to whole community rather than just yourself– Creating a different self– Go away from this lose civil freedom returns to natural liberty

Rousseau- The Social Contract

• Gain from joining group not being subjected under but rather joined in

• Geneva is the closest to gaining this or achieving this– Sovereignty vs. king

• Must actively participate rather than just complain

• Emphasizes consent

Empiracism vs. Rationalism

• Empiracism focuses on the senses and adding on our experiences- probabilty but not certainity– Ex. Hobbes– Ex. Aristotle

• Rationalist- think and come to certainity– Must have some being to establish certainity– Descartes

• Two types of knowledge- synthetic= contingent and analytic= necessary

Empiricism vs. Rationalism

• Synthetic- a posteriori• Analytic- a priori

Kant

• Raises a new question can there be synthetic a priori– Senses must be spatial and temporal according to Kant

• All things are spatial and temporal • If things arent we cant understand them

• Intellectual: effect needs a cause• Trying to get to absolute truth but relatively can

only understand temporal and spatial• Cant prove anything about god– Need for moral order

Kant- Theory of history

• Choices arent entirely free– Others influence our choices• Ex compromise

• Humanity as a whole advancing not individual people

Kant- Universal History

• Rational and Moral Autonomy will conquer over individualism

• Kant looks forward to a future universal state of living and government

• Calls Western Europe civilized but not moral• Other European States are below this• All moving towards this universal state slowly

though

Kant- Grounding for the Metaphysics of Mortals 1

• Only thing that is inherently good is goodwill• Qualities of character are not always good rather they are

good depending on how they are used• Goal of humans is generally seen to be self preservation

and happiness• Reason however brings about a higher purpose which the

good in itself• 3 Propositions or duties

– Actions for the sake of duty alone– According to maxim not specific purpose

• Must follow the moral law

Kant- Same Book Chap 2

• Only actions taken for duty alone are moral however these actions are rare

• Hypothetical imperative– Action necessary for own personal happiness

• Categorical Imperative– Action necessary in of itself– Rare

• In people internal fights between doing subjective vs. objective action

Kant- Same Book Chap 2

• Cant be based on ends but rather must be based on moral laws

• People are ends not means• The perfect community should be referred to

as the kingdom of ends• Must follow moral laws and duty

Kant- Same Book Chap 3• Freedom does not come from our morality but

rather from our participation in the intelligible world vvvvvv

• However in is grounded in the sensible which is ruled by cause and effect which is why people act in certain ways that do not follow duty and will

• Largely restricted by conditions must follow categorical imperative and duty

Kant

• Empiricist in the sense that all knowledge starts with experiences– Different in his method then Hobbes and Aristolte• Hobbes- Adding• Aristotle- shifting

– Kant says that they need to be temporal and spacial to learn from them

– We try to become better humans– Aristotle- studies repeating patterns

Universal History

• Interested in universal development• Universal natural laws• Development all persons reasons

– Must develop completely and in line with their end• Human Race can eventually become perfect humans

cannot• Oppisition helps to advance humans

– Some is good• Advancing of humans getting better• Huge difference in view of history

– Only how the human race itself is advancing matters

Kant- Metaphysics of Morals

• Looking for eternal principles of Morality• People can grasp unchanging principles• Need a good will

– Different from other goods– Moral without qualification– In itself is good– Titles it under duty

• Act out of the sake of duty– Particulars general effect the reason why people do things

• Divine will of God• Maxim become a principle/universal law

Kant

• More talk about just doing the good• Most peoople do things because of conditions

not because it is good/duty– Hard to be sure of your motivations

• Good friends will root for each others well being

• Hypothetical vs. Catergorical

Hegel- Introduction to to the Philosophy of History 1

• Says that there are 3 types of history– Original History– Reflective History– Philosophical history

• Original is a witness who acts as historian retelling the events of his time– Does not look at the bigger picture only reports the events of his

or her time• Three time periods in original history

– Antiquity- statesmen– Middle ages- monks– Hegel’s time- everything reports

Section 1 Continued

• Reflective History Four Categories– Universal history- reflecting on all history from a

certain time standpoint– Pragmatic history- has a theory or ideology around it– Critical history-tests the accuracy of accounts of history– Specialized history- one thread in history such as the

history of art• Philosophic history prioritizes thought over history

Hegel- History

• History whole not individuals• Greco- Roman approach

– Some free• Orienatal approach

– One free• Germanic

– All free• Concerned with big history of world not history of individual• PRE hISOTRY – writing about times before• Orginal- express what is going on around you like famous

historians do– Nothing from folk tradtion or memory

Hegel-History

• Zyca gist- feelings at the time of the people• Universal- looking back – Prejudice to your own error

• Reflective looking back– First type is universal

• Reflective third type– Universal-– Pragmatic– Critical

Hegel

– Critical history- focuses on how historians potrayed history

– Specialized history- history of one specific thing through time

Pihilisophical history third typehis typeWhats happening to world spirit

Hegel

• To understand God have to look at him from the viewpoint of reason

• Everything that happens God is in it– People don’t view world as this– rationally as we should

• How we must viiew the worl• People too focused on their particulars or abstract

• People are biased in writing history• Emphasizes reason• Abstract vs. concrete universals– Ideal vs. our abstract idea

Hegel

• Everything that happens is rational and providental– Everything that happens is inevitable

• Is not anti religious– Rational that there is a God

• Past age not as good we are advancing

Hegel

• God determines everything– Even if we judge something as bad– Most look rationally

• Different stuff clashing together to move forward

• Having freedom depends on where you live– A lot of ppl do not have freedom

• True religion worshiping God within alll of us• We all effect each other

Communist Manifesto

• Written in England• Oppressors and the Oppressed– The oppressed revolt against their oppressors

• Today there is the Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat

• Industrialists are the Bourgeoisie• Bourgeoisie is currently fighting amongst itself• Proletariat consists of workers and merchants

that are oppressed

Communist Manifesto

• The point of Communists is to organize the proletariat against the Bourgeoisie

• Does not want to get rid of culture just class culture

• Communist plan (already know) laid out• Only can be satisfied by revolutions that

rework the social order

Marx

• Writing against Hegel• Hegel- below• Battle to get out of oppression– Fighting to get freedom

• Marching toward time when every man’s reason is free

• Marx pushing for economic freedom and equality• Modern age• Trying refute criticism of communism

Marx

• Change in society to the focus being on cities during this time– No longer a feudal world

• Specialized production of things• Buswasee can suck my dick (in charge)– Change from feudal to city I think

• Preliterate disagrees with Buswassee

Kierkegaard • Attacks Hegel and Kant

– Writes an extensive criticism of Hegel in Concluding of Scientific Post Script• Doesn’t really believe in God or his perfection• Philisophically proving an improving God’s existence

– Like Hegels 3 stages below but involves an either/or decision• Thesis• Anthesis• Synethis

• Also fights against Lutheran Church• Beginner of extocencialism

– On individual/ concrete• Aesthetic- through senses

– Choice to be different from the crowd– Don Juan

Kirkagaard

• Ethical after aesthetical– Moral living– Moral reason– Socrates

• 3rd is religious– Abraham– Faith willing to die for it

• Calls Hegel a thought philosophy not a real philosophy• Says people go to Church for selfish reasons not religious

reasons– Same idea fort the other 2

• Marriage is a moral commitment

Kierkegaard

• Engaged to Regina Olson• Then he feels a calling to be a religious• 3 WAYS OF living

Kierkegaard- Fear and Trembling Part 1

• Question 1- is there a theological suspension of the ethical

• Ethical applies to all and is the end goal of all• Individuals must aspire to reach the ethical• Criticizes Hegel• Criticizes Abraham and Isaac acted outside of ethical

– Praises others who sacrificed there daughters for ethical reasons

• Faith outside of ethical– Unites people though

Kierkegaard- Fear and Trembling Part 2

• Second Question is there an absolute duty to God

• Following God follows the universal – However no direct relationship with God

• Inner is more important than the outer– Duty to Universal and God not oneself

• Knight of faith and tragic hero

Kierkegaard- Fear and Trembling Part 3

• Third Question- Was it ethically defensible for Abraham to hide his undertaking from his family

• Disclosure- Ethical– Agomonen telling daughter he will sacrifice her– human

• Hidden- Unethical– Secret love affair– Also religious

• Honestly whole hidden and disclosed shit doesn’t make any sense• I think knight of faith inner• Aesthtic hero – ethical• Gives several more examples of hidden vs. disclosed• Some cases necessary to deceive for the universal

Kierkegaard

• 1st Question- is there teleological suspension then the ethical– Is there anything higher than the ethical?

• Kant and Socrates serve as example of the ethical• Either do what is ethical or what is for the individual• Relationship with God higher but isolated

– Life of faith is higher– Religion and faith are individual– How do we get to a true relationship in God– Demands thing that no one can understand but it is higher if you

are in a true relationship with God– Only in this case is the individual above the universal

Kierkegaard

• Can we suspend the ethical if God tells us to– We can if we are following God’s will– We cant if its just for our individual desire

• 2nd question- Is there an absolute duty to God– Depends on how people chose to live

• People have watered down scripture

On Religion

• Essay why do the cultured despise religion– By neglect– Too focused on culture– Says that they should be focused on religion too because

it is also cultural• Message to his Congregation• Must make religion concrete and alive• To focused on their own problems• 2nd Force- can feel something larger than yourself

(divine)

0n Religion 2

• We need a new priesthood• If God created scripture we must believe all of it• People must grow from personal to universal

things• Fear of God can be used to manipulate• We turn to religion when something is out of

our control• God led him through his search

Nietzsche-On the Advantages and Disadvantages of History for Life

• Says that the past shapes modernity because people feel an attachment to the past

• People of Germany experience this affect– Linked with historical conscious rather than new born

modern identity – To fix this problem Nietzsche advises against the historical

education of the nations youth– Wants children to more educated towards art and religion

• Must use principles learned from the past to move forward

• However we can not just relay on history itslef

Nietzsche-On the Advantages and Disadvantages of History for Life 2

• Man must be able to forget the past and look forward

• Monumental view- looking at major successes from the past to see that success can be attained

• antiquarian view- reminds man that he was made with a purpose

• Critical view to gain knowledge about the past• Too much history can make man think that he is

in the wrong age and really just crazy

Nietzsche• Focus on the individual not the universal• Individual must forget history

– Cant be too tied to the past• Blames Hegel

– Making individual feel worthless when he should feel in powered by himself• Need for art and religion• Animals can teach us a lot

– Mainly to focus on the present • Focus on definite goals rather then tons of things• Cant be held back by the past

– Can use it to be inspired though– Inspired by great figures who over came challenges

• Monumental discussed above• Monument and Antiquarian and Critical

Nietzsche

• Section 5- extra history harmful in 5 respects the rest of the sections

• Excess of history leads to a weaken personality– Has lost reason and his instinct

• Emphasizes doing• Would criticize our taking philosophy• Man too focused on inner

Nietzsche

• 2nd problem with an excess history– Is that people feel above history– Must do it objectively but not possible– Just looking out if from our perspective of ,making

history• Hopefully learning from past• Only take history from the rarest mind

Freud Childhood –University• Learn about Friendship and Sibling Relationships• Scholarly as a child• Psychoanalysis• Focused on sex• All just focused on how Freud developed• Quit being a researcher in order to make money by working in a hospital

– Eventually does psychiatry research in the hospital– Cocaine Research- Killed Friend

• Private Practice• Hyseteria• Marries Martha• Experiments with hyponesis

Freud Neurologist

• Quit being a researcher in order to make money by working in a hospital– Eventually does psychiatry research in the hospital– Cocaine Research- Killed Friend

• Private Practice• Hyseteria• Marries Martha• Experiments with hyponesis

Freud

• Humans very focused on escaping pain• Use God as an escape• Civilization and Technology further mans

unhappiness• Sex drive plays a big role but society restricts it• Mans instinct is to be aggressive not loving• Fear of authority and super ego• Aggression to gain things while trying to destroy

oneself

Nietzsche

• Morality• Most be compassionate– Should help the poor– Except people don’t• Criticizes several philosophers for causing this

Freud

• Humans seeking fulfillment– Especially sexually

• Frustrated by civilization and our nature• We face many problems that we try to fix

Barth

• Essay 1 no where to be found• Essay 2- Humanity of God– We have a relationship with God through Jesus(his

humanity)– God chooses to have a relationship with us• Both grace and judgement

– Emphasizes through human nature

Barth Essay

• Written to Protestants• Protestants focused on modern time not living

in past• Theoanthropology– God in relation to man

Lumen Fidei

• Pope Francis first encyclical• Calls for a year of faith• Chap 1-faith in God• Chap 2-link between truth, love and faith• Chap 3- focused on evangelicalism – Sacraments

• Chap 4- faith is good for society