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ABSOLUTISM IN PRUSSIA AND
EASTERN EUROPE
Key Questions How was Eastern Europe socially and
economically different from Western Europe? In what ways were Eastern European monarchs
more dependent on the nobility? How did absolutism in Eastern Europe differ
from absolutism in France?
EASTERN EUROPE AUSTRIA
(INCLUDED HUNGARY) BOHEMIA
(CZECH REGIONS) PRUSSIA
(NORTHERN SECTION OF GERMANY) POLAND (KINGDOM) THE BALKAN REGION
(BALKAN PENNINSULA
PRESENT DAY CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
BACKGROUND1400-1640
POLITICAL ISSUES EASTERN EUROPEAN MONARCHS TENDED
TO BE POLITICALLY WEAKER THAN MONARCHS IN WESTERN EUROPE
THE NOBILITY HAD COMPLETE ECONOMIC AND LEGAL CONTROL OVER THE PEASANTS AND SERFS WHO LIVED AND WORKED ON THEIR LANDS-ESTATES
EASTERN EUROPEAN MONARCHS SUPPORTED THIS ARRANGEMENT WITH THEIR NOBILITY IN RETURN FOR THEIR POLITICAL AND MILITARY SUPPORT
EASTERN EUROPEAN PEASANTS
ECONOMIC GAINS MADE DURING THE MIDDLE AGES WERE LARGELY LOST
MANY PEASANTS LOST THEIR LAND ULTIMATELY MANY LOST THE RIGHT
TO MOVE ABOUT FREELY SERFDOM RETURNED
SERFDOM
SERFDOM RETURNED TO MUCH OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
THERE WERE NO ORGANIZED PEASANT REVOLTS AGAINST AN OPPRESSIVE NOBILITY UNLIKE THE PEASANT’S REVOLT IN THE HRE
(GERMANY) MANY FOUND THEMSELVES AT THE MERCY OF A
HARSH AND BRUTAL SYSTEM
PRESSURES IN EASTERN . EUROPE
THERE WAS A DECLINE IN THE POPULATION IN SOME AREAS
PERIODS OF PLAGUE AND DISEASE POOR HARVESTS AND FAMINE DEVASTATING WARS AND CONFLICTS
THIRTY YEARS’ WAR DECIMATED THE POPULATION AND ECONOMY IN MUCH OF GERMANY
THESE FACTORS WORKED TOGETHER TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE RETURN OF SERFDOM IN MUCH OF EASTERN EUROPE
EASTERN EUROPE- 16TH AND 17TH CENTURY DECLINE IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT
FEWER CITIES VERY SMALL URBAN MIDDLE CLASS LIMITED BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT
LITTLE CAPITAL (money) FOR DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
LESS TRADE
THE MONARCH’S RULE WAS MORE DEPENDANT ON THE SUPPORT OF THE NOBILITY
POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, MILITARY
ARISTOCRATIC LANDOWNERS INCREASED THE SIZE OF THEIR ESTATES – LAND AND WEALTH
THEY ABUSED CHEAP PEASANT (SERFS) LABOR TO INCREASE THEIR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION (PROFITS)
WESTERN EUROPE’S PRECEPTIONS OF THE
EAST
BACKWARD“BARBARIC”
LESS “CIVILIZED”
THE RISE OF AUSTRIA 17TH CENTURY (1600’s) THE GERMAN HABSBURG MONARCHS
STRUGGLED TO KEEP THEIR EMPIRE TOGETHER (HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE)
THE HABSBURG KINGDOM WAS DIVERSE ETHNICALLY, RELIGIOSLY, AND CULTURALLY GERMAN HUNGARIAN BOHEMIAN (CZECH)
The Thirty Years’ War Began as a rebellion in Bohemia – 1618
Protestants and Catholics The war was a major turning point in
European history Last of the religious wars of the period The war would essentially dismantle the
Holy Roman Empire
How did the Thirty Years’ War begin? A Habsburg (Ferdinand) was elected king of
Bohemia (Czech region) in 1617 Many Protestants protested The Defenestration of Prague – 1618
the starting point of the war Protestants tossed two of the king’s officials out the castle
window in Prague
War developed It became a struggle for political control of the region
Prague Castle
Defenestration of Prague window
FOUR MAJOR PHASES OF THE WAR
Bohemian Phase- 1618 1625 Civil war in Bohemia Catholics v. Protestants Bohemia became completely Catholic
Danish Phase – 1625-1629 Height of Habsburg power Attempt to unify Europe Growing concerns over the balance
of power in Europe
Scottish soldiers in Thirty Years’ War
New weapons
Swedish Phase 1630-1635 Protestant Sweden entered the war Cardinal Richelieu (Catholic France) supported the
Swedes France saw a chance to weaken Habsburg power in
Europe Swedish victories ended any hope of a united
Habsburg empire
King of Sweden- Gustavus Adolphus – Protestant
French Phase (International Phase) – 1635-1643 France entered the war in support of Protestant
forces Cardinal Richelieu declared war on Habsburg Spain Military and financial assistance was sent to Swedish forces Protestant forces looted and destroyed German
agriculture and commerce
Cardinal Richelieu of France
Impact of the war 40 % of the German population perished in the
war The German economy was left in ruins Severe labor shortages Severe inflation Large tracts of land were bought up by powerful
nobles Peasants lost their lands- serfdom returned
Peace of Westphalia - 1648 Each German prince was given complete political
sovereignty and authority in his principality Holy Roman Empire was decentralized and essentially dismantled
Power and prestige of France grew Religious divisions were solidified in Germany
The papacy was denied any right to participate in Germany’s religious affairs
Northern Germany- Protestant Southern Germany – Catholic
KING FERDINAND III (Habsburg) WORKED TO
ESTABLISH ABSOLUTISM IN HIS
GERMAN TERRITORIES
AUSTRIA, TYROL, STYRIA
AUSTRIAN EMPIRE
AUSTRIA’S PROBLEMS WITH THE OTTOMAN TURKS OTTOMAN TURKS
POWERFUL MULSIM EMPIRE CENTERED IN ASIA MINOR
(PRESENT DAY TURKEY) FIERCE WARRIORS CONTROLLED THE BALKAN
PENINSULA
THE OTTOMANS WERE LED BY SULEIMAN THE MAGNIFICANT (1520-1566)
HE CREATED A LARGE EMPIRE PERSIA (IRAN) NORTH AFRICA PARTS OF EASTERN AND CENTRAL
EUROPE - THE BALKAN REGION
OTTOMAN THREAT TO THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE THE OTTOMANS MOVED INTO THE
REGIONS OF THE BALKANS, HUNGARY, AND SOUTHERN RUSSIA
THEY WERE SUPPORTED BY PROTESTANT NOBLES IN HUNGARY WHO OPPOSED HABSBURG RULE
FRANCE ALLIED WITH THE OTTOMAN TURKS AGAINST THE AUSTRIAN HABSBURGS
THE OTTOMANS ATTACKED VIENNA IN 1683- CAME RIGTH UP TO THE GATES OF THE CITY
AUSTRIA WITHSTOOD THE ATTACK WITH THE HELP OF POLAND (WINGED CAVALRY)
PRAGMATIC SANCTION - 1713 PROCLAIMED BY THE AUSTRIAN
HABSBURG MONARCH, CHARLES VI
ESTABLISHED THAT THE HABSBURG LANDS COULD NEVER BE DIVIDED
HABSBURG LANDS HAD TO GO TO A SINGLE HEIR SINGLE SOVEREIGN OVER ALL HABSBURG
LANDS
Hungarians THE HUNGARIANS RESISTED
HABSBURG RULE MANY HUNGARIANS WERE
PROTESTANTS HABSBURG FORCES PUT DOWN
HUNGARIAN OPPOSITION BUT ALLOWED SOME CULTURAL AND
POLTICAL COMPROMISE
CHARACTERISTICS OF AUSTRIAN ABSOLUTISM
THE NOBILITY RETAINED MORE POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC INFLUENCE AND CONTROL IN AUSTRIA
A TRUE ABSOLUTE AUSTRIAN STATE WAS NOT FULLY REALIZED TOO RELIGIOUSLY DIVERSE POWERFUL NOBILITY SERFDOM REMAINED IN PLACE ETHNIC DIVISIONS AND TENSIONS
AUSTRIA MAINTAINED A LARGE STANDING ARMIES LOYAL TO THE MONARCHY (HABSBURGS)
THE BAROQUE STYLE WAS USED TO ENHANCE THE MONARCHY’S SENSE OF POWER AND GRANDEUR
RISE OF PRUSSIA
RISE OF PRUSSIA PEACE OF WESTPHALIA ( THIRTY YEARS’
WAR) CREATED A POLITICALLY FRAGMENTED GERMAN REGION
EACH GERMAN PRINCE RULED HIS PRINCIPALITY INDENPENDENTLY POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS AUTONOMY
THE LACK OF A CENTRALIZED LEADERSHIP LED TO THE RISE OF A POWERFUL FAMILY OF RULERS
HOHENZOLLERN FAMILY FROM THE REGION OF BRANDENBURG GAINED CONTROL OF SEVERAL
HOLDINGS IN GERMANY AND THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
THE TERRITORIES WERE GEOGRAPHICALLY SEPARATE
FREDERICK WILLIAM, THE GREAT ELECTOR (r. 1640-1688) BROUGHT TOGETHER THE DISPERSED
TERRITORIES INTO A SINGLE STATE (PRUSSIA)
ESTABLISHED HIMSELF AND HIS HEIRS AS THE CENTRAL LEADERHIP
A PRUSSIAN STATE FREDERICK BROKE THE POWER OF THE
GERMAN NOBILITY (JUNKERS) BUT FREDERICK ALLOWED THE NOBLES
COMPLETE CONTROL OVER THEIR SERFS HE ESTABLISHED A ROYAL BUREAUCRACY
MANNED BY MINOR NOBILITY AND MIDDLE CLASS OFFICIALS
HE BUILT A LARGE STANDING ARMY LED BY GERMAN NOBLES (OFFICERS)
GERMAN NOBILITY (JUNKERS)
FREDERICK III r. 1688-1713 FOCUSED MORE ON CULTURAL
DEVELOPMENTS BUILT GRAND BAROQUE PALACES WAS A PATRON OF THE ARTS SUPPORTED THE HABSBURGS IN THE WAR
OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION REWARDED WITH THE TITLE OF KING OF
PRUSSIA ESTABLISHED A LINE OF SUCCESSION
FREDERICK WILLIAM I (THE SOLDIER KING) r.1713-1740 MOVED PRUSSIA TOWARD ABSOLUTISM HE CREATED A POWERFUL PRUSSIAN
MILITARY- CALLED THE “SPARTA OF THE NORTH”
FREDERICK DEMANDED TOTAL LOYALITY AND SERVICE
HE INCREASED THE SIZE OF THE GOVERNMENT BUREAUCRACY
PRUSSIA “SPARTA OF THE NORTH” “I MUST BE SERVED WITH LIFE AND
LIMB, WITH HOUSE AND WEALTH, WITH HONOR AND CONSCIENCE, EVERYTHING ELSE MUST BE OMITTED EXCEPT ETERNAL SALVATION- THAT BELONGS TO GOD, ALL ELSE IS MINE.”
FREDERICK WILLIAM I
CHARACTERISITCS OF PRUSSIAN ABSOLUTISM
CENTRALIZED CONTROL – POWER REVOLVED AROUND THE MONARCHY
ALLOWED THE HARSH TREATMENT OF PEASANTS AND SERFS MAINTAINED A LARGE AND EFFICIENT GOVERNMENT
BUREAUCRACY CREATED AND MAINTAINED THE MOST DISCIPLINED AND
POWERFUL ARMY IN EUROPE ALLOWED POWER AND PRIVILAGE FOR NOBILITY
CONTROLLED THE LANDSERVED IN HIGH GOVERNMENT OFFICESMADE UP THE TOP MILITARY LEADERSHIPALLOWED CONTROL OVER THE PEASANTS AND SERFS WHO
WORKED THE LAND
THE PRUSSIAN STATE WOULD EVENTUALLY UNITE THE GERMAN
PEOPLE IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY (LATE 1800’S)
SOURCE: A HISTORY OF WESTERN SOCIETY
MCKAY, HILL, AND BUCKLER8TH EDITION