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the study of body function
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Chapter 1
The Study of Body Function
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Human Physiology
Study of how the human body functions.
Pathophysiology: How physiological processes are
altered in disease or injury.
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Scientific Method
Confidence in rational ability, honesty and humility.
Formulate hypothesis. Testing the hypothesis. Analyze results. Draw conclusion.
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Homeostasis
Maintaining constancy of internal environment.
Dynamic consistency. Maintained by negative
feedback loops.
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Feedback Loops
Sensor: Detects deviation from set
point. Integrating center:
Determines the response. Effector:
Produces the response.
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Negative Feedback
Defending the set point.
Reverse the deviation.
Produces change in opposite direction.
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Hormone insulin restores plasma [glucose].
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Positive Feedback
Action of effectors amplifies the change.
Is in same direction as change. Examples:
Oxytocin (parturition) Voltage gated Na+ channels
(depolarization)
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Primary Tissues
4 Different Primary Tissues: Muscle Nervous Epithelial Connective
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Muscle Tissue
Specialized for contraction. 3 Types of Muscle Tissue:
Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
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Skeletal Muscle
Voluntary muscle. Striated. Attach to bones
at both ends (tendons).
Arranged in parallel.
Grade contraction.
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Cardiac Muscle
Striated. Found only in
the heart. Interconnected
. Intercalated
discs. Syncytium.
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Smooth Muscle
Not striated. Gap
junctions. Calmodulin. Peristalsis. Syncytium.
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Nervous Tissue
Neurons (nerve cells): Specialized for conduction of
action potentials. Supporting cells:
Provide anatomical and functional support.
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Neuron
Dendrites: Receive input.
Cell body: Nucleus. Metabolic
center. Axon:
Conducts nerve impulses.
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Epithelial Tissue
Types of Epithelial Tissue: Cells that form membranes:
Squamous Columnar Cuboidal
Exocrine glands Endocrine glands
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Squamous Cells
Flattened in shape.
Adapted for diffusion and filtration.
Line all blood vessels.
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Cuboidal Cells
Cube-shaped cells.
Excretion, secretion and absorption.
Line kidney tubules, salivary ducts, and pancreatic ducts.
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Columnar Cells
Taller column shaped cells.
Excretion, secretion and absorption.
May contain cilia. Line digestive tract
and respiratory passageways.
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Exocrine Glands
Derived from cells of epithelial membranes.
Secretions are released through ducts.
Simple tubes or modified as acini. Examples:
Tear glands Sweat glands Prostate glands
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Endocrine Glands
Lack ducts. Secrete hormones into
capillaries within the body. May be discrete organs:
Primary functions are the production and secretion of hormones.
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Connective Tissue
Large amounts of extracellular (ECF) material in the spaces between connective tissue cells.
4 Types of Connective Tissue: Connective tissue proper Cartilage Bone Blood
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Loose connective tissue: Scattered collagen and tissue fluid.
Dermis of skin Dense fibrous connective tissue:
Regular arranged. Collagen oriented in same direction.
Tendons Irregularly arranged.
Resists forces applied in many directions. Capsules and sheaths
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Cartilage
Chondrocytes. Supportive and protective
tissue. Elastic properties to tissues. Precursor to many bones. Articular surfaces on joints.
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Bone
Hydroxyapatite crystals Osteoblasts:
Bone-forming cells Osteocytes:
Trapped osteoblasts: less active Osteoclasts:
Bone resorbing cells
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Blood
Classified as connective tissue. Half its volume is plasma.
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Organs
Organs: Composed of at least two
primary tissues. Serve different functions of the
organ.
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Systems
Organs that are located in different regions of the body and perform related functions.
Examples: Skeletal system Cardiovascular system GI system
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65-75% of total body weight H20. Intracellular compartment:
Fluid inside the cell. 2/3 of H20
Extracellular compartment: 1/3 H20 2 Subdivisions:
Blood plasma Interstitial fluid
