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Evolutionary concepts of genetics and plant breeding

GP 605 ADVANCED IN PLANT BREEDING SYSTEMS 2+0Presented By

Mr. Ekatpure SachinPhD. Scholar

Plant Biotechnology

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8000 B.C.

700 B.C.

17271717

8000 B.C. - 5000 B.C. – Mesoamericans domesticate maize Babylonians and Assyrians pollinated

date palm artificially

17th Century

several varieties of heading lettuce were developed in France

Thomas Fair Child - produced the first artificial hybrid, popularly known as Fair Child’s mule, by using carnation with

sweet William

The first plant breeding company was established in France by the Vilmorins.

Joseph koelreuter, a German, made extensive crosses in tobacco

1760-1766

Timeline

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1759-1835 1873 19001856 1903

Knight was perhaps the first man to use artificial hybridization to develop several new fruit varieties

The work of Patrick Shireff was first publishedHe concluded that only the variation heritable nature responded to selections, and that there variation arose through ‘natural sports’ (= mutation) and by ‘natural hybridization’

Johannsen proposed the pureline theory that provided the genetic basis for individual plant selection.

Vilmorin developed the progeny test and used this method successfully in the improvement of sugar beets

Nilson-Ehle, his associates developed the individual plant selection method in Sweden.

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History of Plant Breeding in India

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Year Work Done

1871 The Government of India created the Department of Agriculture

1905 The Imperial Agricultural Research Institute was establish in Pusa, Bihar

1934 The buildings of the institute damaged in earthquake

1936 Shifted to New Delhi

1946 Name was changed Indian Agricultural Research Institute

1901-05 Agricultural Colleges were established at Kanpur, Pune, Sabour, Llyalpur, Coimbatore

1929 Imperial council of Agricultural Research was established

1946 Name was change to Indian Council Agricultural Research

1921 Indian Central Cotton Committee was established – Notable researches on breeding and cultivation of cotton. Eg : 70 improved varieties of cotton

1956Project for intensification of regional research on cotton, oilseeds and millets (PIRRCOM) was initiated to intensify research on these crops – located at 17 different centers through out the country

1957 All India Coordinated maize improvement project was started with objective of exploiting heterosis

1961 The first hybrid maize varieties released by the project- ICAR initiated coordinated projects for improvement of the other crops

1960 First Agricultural University established at Pantnagar, Nainital.

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Scientific contributions of eminent scientists

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Name of the Scientist Year Contribution Name of the

Scientist Year Contribution

Allard and Bradshaw 1964 G x E interaction Blackslee and

Nebel 1937 Colchicine

Hull 1945 Recurrent Selection for SCA Goulden 1966 Single Seed Descent Method

Jenkins 1940 Recurrent Selection for GCA Lewis 1954 Self incompatibility

Davenport 1908 Dominance hypothesis Van Der Plank 1963 Vertifolia effect

Flor 1956 Gene for gene hypothesis Vavilov 1926 Centres of diversity, Law of homologus series

Johannsen 1903 Pureline concept Ashby 1930 Grater initial capital hypothesis

Harlan and Pope 1922 Backcross method Vilmorin 1856 Progeny test

Jones 1914 Double cross scheme Thomas Fairchild 1719 First artificial hybrid

Jones and Davis 1944 Cytoplasmic Genetic Male

sterility Rimpau 1891 Triticale

Hopkins 1908 Ear to row method Hugo de Vries 1901 Mutation

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Name of the Scientist year Contribution Name of the Scientist Year Contribution

Hughes and Babcock 1950

Sprophytic System of self incompatibility

Fischer 1947 Components of genetic variance classification

Nilsson & Ehle 1909 Bulk method Rhoades 1950 Male sterility in maize

Karpenchenko 1927 Raphano brassica Harlan 1951 Microcentre

Shull 1914 Heterosis Aurbach 1949 Chemical mutagen

Jones and Davis 1944 Male sterility Jenson 1969 Multiline concept

Yuan Long Ping 1960 Father of hybrid rice M. S. Swaminathan 1970 Green revolution in India

Lewis 1954 Self incompatibility classification T. T. Chang 1982 Semi dwarf rice varieties at IRRI

Painter 1951 Mechanism of insect resistance G. W. Burton 1978 Forage breeder

Atkins 1953 Modified bulk method T. J. Jenkin 1933 Forage breeder

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Some Indian Plant Breeding

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T. S. Venkatraman• An eminent sugarcane breeder, he transferred thick stem

and high sugar contents from tropical noble cane to North Indian Canes

• Saccharum barberi and Saccharum officinarum

• This process is known as Noblization of sugarcane

• This hybrid sugar-cane became very popular in India and in other countries

• Because of this, sugar production from sugar-cane was improved and our country could stop importing sugar from other countries.

• He was honored by the Queen of England in 1942 and was given the title SIR

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B. P. Pal• An eminent Wheat breeder, developed superior

disease resistant N. P. varieties of wheat

• First Indian Director of the IARI

• Dr Pal's major contribution to the scientific aspects of the Green Revolution was in the area of wheat genetics and breeding

• He observed that rust disease was largely responsible for low yields of wheat and, therefore, developed a systematic breeding method to develop varieties with resistance to rust disease.

1906 - 1989

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M.S. Swaminathan• Responsible for green revolution in India

• Developed high yielding varieties of Wheat and Rice

• An Indian geneticist and international administrator

• Renowned for his leading role in India's Green Revolution a program under which high-yield varieties of wheat and rice seedlings were planted in the fields of poor farmers.

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• Pushkarnath - Famous potato breeder

• N.G.P. Rao - An eminent sorghum breeder

• K. Ramaiah - A renowned rice breeder

• Ram Dhan Singh - Famous wheat breeder

• D.S. Athwal - Famous pearl millet breeder

• Bosisen - An eminent maize breeder

• Dharampal Singh - An eminent oil-seed breeder

• C.T. Patel - Famous cotton breeder who developed world’s first cotton hybrid in 1970

• V. Santhanam - Famous cotton breeder

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