REPORTERS:ELMAR LOUISSE S. TANAKA

REDH EDGAR CHRISTIAN HONORIDEZCZARINA GICALE

SHAINA EMPINADOKIMBERLY LOUISE NEGRO

HEALTH, STRESS, AND COPING

Health and Psychology Health Psychology Biopsychosocial model of health Focus: AIDS in the Philippines

Stress and stressors. General Adaptation Syndrome

Coping with Stress

Overview:

Health psychology

Health is the level of functional or metabolic efficiency of a living organism. In humans, it is the general condition of a person's mind and body, usually meaning to be free from illness, injury or pain (as in "good health" or "healthy").[1] The World Health Organization (WHO) defined health in its broader sense in 1946 as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."

Health

Health Psychology

The branch of psychology concerned with individual’s behaviors and lifestyles affecting a person’s health and illness.

Uses psychological processes to help improve the physical outcomes of individuals.

In general, health psychology is concerned with the role of cognitive, affective, behavior, and social factors affecting health illness.

Biopsychosocial model of health

The shift to Biopsychosocial model of Health

Central to linking the mind (realm of psychology) and the body (realm of biology) in understanding illness.

FOCUS AIDS IN THE PHILIPPINES

As of December 2012:Source: Philippine National AIDS Councilhttp://www.pnac.org.ph/uploads/documents/publications/NEC_HIV_Dec-AIDSreg2012.pdf

Focus: AIDS in the Philippines

Focus: AIDS in the Philippines

Social factors: Thriving commercial sex industry Failure to use condoms especially in paid sex.

Sexual cultural norms “Embarrassment, from a social psychological perspective

(e.g., Dahl, Gorn& Weinberg, 1998), can occur when a situation poses a dilemma between a publicly observable behavior (e.g., buying condoms at a drugstore) and apprehension about negative social evaluation by others (e.g., disapproving judgments by others, like people in line at the counter or even imaginedothers not physically present like one’s parents). ”(Manalastas, 2009)

Focus: AIDS in the Philippines

Increase in casual sex among the youth.Methamphetamine use was strongly

associated with behavioral risk factors for HIV infection. (US Center for Disease Control)

Stress and Stressors

Term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging.

Stress

Stress-causing events May come from within a person or from an

external source, and ranges from mild to severe.

Stressors

Distress Eustress

Kinds of stressors

Catastrophes◦ Acute Stress Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress

Disorder Major Life Changes Hassles

External events that can cause stress

Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

Measuring Stress

College Undergraduate Stress Scale

Measuring Stress

Pressure Uncontrollability Frustration Conflict

Psychological Factors

Happens when…◦ There are urgent demands for a person’s behavior

coming from an outside source.

Pressure

Depends on the degree pf control a person has over a situation◦ The lesser the control, the greater the stress.

Uncontrollabillity

Occurs when people are blocked or prevented from achieving a desired goal or fulfilling a perceived need.◦ External Frustration◦ Internal/Personal Frustration

Frustration

Responses to frustration◦ Persistence

Continuation of efforts to get around whatever is causing the frustration.

◦ Aggression Actions meant to harm or destroy

Displaced aggression

Frustration

Occurs when people are blocked or prevented from achieving a desired goal or fulfilling a perceived need.◦ External Frustration◦ Internal/Personal Frustration

Frustration

Approach-Approach Conflict◦ Involves choosing between two desirable goals.

Also a “win-win” situation. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

◦ Involves choosing between two or more unpleasant goals.

Conflict

Approach-Avoidance Conflict◦ Involves only one goal or event, which may have

both positive and negative aspects Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict

◦ Involves multiple goals that have both positive and negative elements.

Conflict

General Adaptation Syndrome

What is the General Adaptation Syndrome?

The General Adaptation Syndrome (or GAS) describes the body's short and long-term emotional and physical effects of stress.

GAS: A Brief History

Introduced by Hans Selye in 1936. Hans Selye is considered as the founding father of stress research.

He conducted a research involving rats in which he injected various extracts from the glands of the body.

The rats exhibited the same symptoms. He believed at first that he discovered a new

hormone.

GAS: A Brief History

However, after further tests using other substances and methods such as injecting formaldehyde, cutting the rats’ spinal cord, exposure to cold and forced exercise, the results were still the same.

The predictable sequence he observed on the rats is now what we call the General Adaptation Syndrome.

Three Stage Reaction• Alarm phase

• Stage of resistance

• Exhaustion stage.

The alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome

In the alarm phase you enter a heightened psychological and physiological arousal, known as the fight or flight response.

Stress hormones are released into the bloodstream.

Adrenaline increases muscle tension, heart rate, and causes a number of other physical effects of stress.

You are now immediately equipped with enough energy to handle it.

You are more focused and alert!

The resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome

The mind and the body attempt to adapt to the cause of stress.

Also known as the adaptation phase.Homeostasis begins restoring balance and a

period of recovery for repair and renewal takes place.

Body remains alert (at a lower level) but continues the normal functions.

Stress hormone levels may return to normal but you may have reduced defenses and adaptive energy left.

The exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome

Exhaustion sets in.Stress has generally occurred for some time

and at this point, resistance can drop off and the activity returns to the point before the emergency.

Characterized by issues such as burnout and exhaustion.

Body’s immune system that fights off disease and infection is weakened.

The exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome

Chronic stress can damage nerve cells in tissues and organs. Particularly vulnerable is the hippocampus section of the brain. Thinking and memory are likely to become impaired, with tendency toward anxiety and depression.

Coping

Coping

“The process of managing external and/or internal demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person.” By Lazarus and Folkman (1984)

Basically…

Coping is anything we do to deal with stress!

Coping is divided into two basic types:

• Problem-focused Coping

• Emotion-focused Coping

Problem-Focused Coping

Problem-Focused strategies includes:Defining the problem.Generating the alternative

solutions.Weighing those solutions.Implementing the selected

alternative.

Emotion-Focused Coping

- Means concentrating on alleviating the emotions associated with the stressful situatione.

- Especially when the situation is beyond one’s control.

This involves cognitive strategies, some behavioral strategies to cope with negative feelings are exercise, use of alcohol, drugs, releasing anger and seeking emotional support from friends.(Atkinson et al., 1996)

Defense Mechanism

1. Repression2. Rationalization3. Projection4. Intelectualization5. Denial6. Displacement

Positive Thinking

Religion

Stress Management Programs

Culture related to Stress and coping

What people find stressful and how they respond to stress is partly patterned by culture (Western,1996)

1. Cultural context shapes the types of stressors we experience.

2. Culture may affect how we appraise the stressfulness of a given event.

3. Culture affects our individual choice of coping strategy.

4. Culture provide different institutional mechanisms for coping with stress.