COUNTRY REPORT 

ON APPLICATION OF ELECTRON ACCELERATOR – RADIATION PROCESSING OF NATURAL

POLYMER 

( 27 – 31 OKTOBER 2008, SHANGHAI ,CHINA)

GATOT TRIMULYADI REKSO

   

CENTRE FOR APPLICATIONS OF ISOTOPES AND RADIATION TECHNOLOGY 

NATIONAL NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY 

I N D O N E S I A

THE INSTITUTE

Centre for applications of isotopes and radiation technology (PATIR) BATAN, occupies in area of about 15 ha in the Pasar Jumat Atomic Energy Research complex, South Jakarta.

The main task of PATIR is to develop and promote application of isotopes and radiation through R &D in various field, such as : Industry, Sterilization, Polymerization, Agriculture, Food Preservation and environmental studies

 

With the support of professional manpower, irradiaon facilities and weel-equipped laboratories, PATIR has contributed to the national development through is achievements in R %D using nuclear technique. Some of of the results achieved have been applied in commercial practice in industry and agriculture.

Center for research and Center for research and development of isotopes and development of isotopes and

radiation technologyradiation technologyOne of the division :One of the division :

Radiation processing DivisionRadiation processing Division - Health care product Group- Health care product Group - Food Preservation Group- Food Preservation Group - Polymer Material Group- Polymer Material Group

Irradiation FacilitiesIrradiation Facilities

Latex iradiator : 135 kCi (Okt Latex iradiator : 135 kCi (Okt 2008)2008)

MultiPurpose Panoramic irradiator : 8.5 kCiMultiPurpose Panoramic irradiator : 8.5 kCi Gamma Chamber 4000A : 1.26 kCiGamma Chamber 4000A : 1.26 kCi Gamma Cell-220 : 51 CiGamma Cell-220 : 51 Ci Electron Beam Machine : 300 keV/50 mAElectron Beam Machine : 300 keV/50 mA Electron Beam Machine GJ-2 : 2 MeV/10 mAElectron Beam Machine GJ-2 : 2 MeV/10 mA

Latex Irradiator, the Control Panel

Electron Beam Machine Specifications No EPS-300 Type GJ-2 Type

1 Installation year 1984 1994

2 Origin Nissin High Voltage, Japan

Shanghai Xian-Feng Electrical Manufacturing Work, China

3 Type Cockroft-

Walton Dynamitron

4 Max tension 300 kV 2000 kV

5 Max energy 300 keV 2000 keV

6 Max flow 50 mA 10 mA

7 Sample transportation

Konveyor Konveyor

Electron Beam Machine Electron Beam Machine GJ-2, 2 MeV- 10 mAGJ-2, 2 MeV- 10 mA

Shell seafood waste such as shrimps Shell seafood waste such as shrimps shell and craps are abundantly in shell and craps are abundantly in

InInddonesiaonesia

Shrimps shell Craps shell

The remarkable rapid and successful expansion of shrimps processing industry in Indonesia suggests the possibility of utilizing shrimps-processing waste as raw material for the manufacture of many valuable products such as chitin and chitosan for industrial and health care product

Indonesian shrimps production in 2006 : 350,000 tons

Chitosan is a linier polysaccharide derived from chitin Chitosan is a linier polysaccharide derived from chitin A mayor component of the shell of the crustacean organisms A mayor component of the shell of the crustacean organisms The second most abundant biopolymer in nature next to cellulose. The second most abundant biopolymer in nature next to cellulose.

In the last year chitosan has proved to be valuable product for In the last year chitosan has proved to be valuable product for using in different application such as seed coating, chelating and using in different application such as seed coating, chelating and growth promoters etc growth promoters etc

Chitosan reported to have various biological functions, for Chitosan reported to have various biological functions, for instance, anti microbial activity, growth inhibitor of some instance, anti microbial activity, growth inhibitor of some pathogenspathogens

DEACETY-LATION

CHITOSAN

Carrageen is the name to a family of linier sulfated polysaccharide obtained from the red seaweed . product of seaweed in Indonesia on the Asian country is not so much compare with Philippine .

carrageen

Product of seaweed in Asian CountryProduct of seaweed in Asian Country

The research activities that The research activities that have been doing:have been doing:

Sterilization of chitin by irradiationSterilization of chitin by irradiation Irradiation Irradiation chitosan for Carboxyl Methyl chitosan for Carboxyl Methyl

Chitosan productChitosan product Chitin modification for ion exchangeChitin modification for ion exchange Irradiated chitosan for growth promotorIrradiated chitosan for growth promotor

Irradiated chitosan for Irradiated chitosan for growth promotgrowth promotoor of chilr of chilllii

plantplant1.1. The experiment was carried out in large field of The experiment was carried out in large field of

agricultural land in cooperation with farmer in agricultural land in cooperation with farmer in the village. the village.

2.2. The irradiated chitosan of 0, 25, 50, 75. and 100 The irradiated chitosan of 0, 25, 50, 75. and 100 kGy were sprayed into land in which seed of kGy were sprayed into land in which seed of chilchillli cultivated with a concentration of 50 ppm i cultivated with a concentration of 50 ppm at treatment was carried out twice a week. at treatment was carried out twice a week.

3.3. The growing of chiThe growing of chillli plant was observer about 4 li plant was observer about 4 months. The yield of chimonths. The yield of chillli harvested with li harvested with irradiated chitosan treatment higher irradiated chitosan treatment higher thanthan control (control ( without irradiated chitosan solution ).without irradiated chitosan solution ).

SHRIMPS/CRAB SHELL

DEPROTEINATION

DEMINERALIZATION

CHITIN

NaOH, 1M

HCl, 1M

WASTE

WASTE

liquid Fertilizer

Preparation of chitinPreparation of chitin

No

Parameter

Results

Unit

Technique

Analysis

Standard -

SNI

No 19-0429-

1989

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

C- Organic

N- Element

- N- organic

- N-NH4

- N-NO3

Suspended solid

Heavy metal ions

-As

- Hg

- Pb

- Cd

pH

Totally of

P2O5

K2O

Pathogen microbe

- E. Coli

- Salmonella sp

Micro elements

(%)

- Zn

- Cu

5.12

0.63

0.081

0.054

0.8

0

0

0.86

0.13

7.5

4.57

4.62

0

0

1.34

11.32

2.09

%

%

%

ppm

%

cell/g

ppm

Wet Oxidation

Kjeldahl,Titrimetry

Screening

AOAC 973.03.2000

A A S

AOAC 986.15,2000

AOAC 971.21,2000

AOAC 999.10,2000

AOAC 957.02.2000

pH meter

Spectrometry

AOAC 958.01,2000

AOAC 983.02.2000

Most Probable

Number (MPN)

A A S

AOAC 975.02,2000

AOAC 975.01,2000

AOAC 972.03,2000

4.5

0.5

≤ 2,0

≤ 10 ppm

≤ 1.0 ppm

≤ 50 ppm

≤ 10 ppm

4.0 – 8.0

≤ 5.0

≤ 5.0

List

List

Unit (%)

≤ 0.2500

≤0.2500

≤ 0.2500

A A S : Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

AOAC : Analysis of analytical Chemis

EWW : Examination of water and wastewater

. Chemical analysis of liquid waste from chitin process compare with Indonesian National Standard (SNI) for liquid fertilizer

HORMON HORMON ANALYSIS IN 1 % ANALYSIS IN 1 %

IRRADIATED IRRADIATED CHITOSANCHITOSAN

COMPONENT RESULTCOMPONENT RESULT1. Auxin1. Auxin - Indol Acetic acid 319.11 - Indol Acetic acid 319.11

ppmppm

2. Sitokinin2. Sitokinin - Kinetin 27.16 ppm- Kinetin 27.16 ppm - Zeatin 18.46 ppm- Zeatin 18.46 ppm

3. Gibberelic Acid3. Gibberelic Acid - GA 3 252.48 ppm - GA 3 252.48 ppm - GA 5 85.59 ppm- GA 5 85.59 ppm - GA 7 101.02- GA 7 101.02 ppm ppm

From that table it shown that chitosan containing gibberellic acid, 3-Indole

acetic acid and zeatin which that compound known could increasing the

growth of the root plant and decreasing drop off the flower that why the

yield of the fruit increases, therefore increasing the crops of the harvest.

Field trial of irradiated chitosan for chilli plantField trial of irradiated chitosan for chilli plant

Field trial of Field trial of irradiated irradiated

chitosan for chitosan for tomato planttomato plant

Comon Farmer Treatment

Irradiated chitosan Treatment

Cooperate with Agrilculture Ministry Departe,men

Comon Farmer Treatment

Irradiated chitosan Treatment

Preparation step for plantation of Preparation step for plantation of tomatotomato

SEEDLING BLOCK FOR THE PLAN

PLASTIC COVERING

BAMBO FOR PLANT STACK

SPRAYING WITH CHITOSAN

THE FIELD TEST AND ECONOMIC ANALISYS FOR TOMATO PLANT

Tabel 1. Treatment of farmer packaged and irradiated chitosan packaged for area 1Ha

No

Treatment and Fertilizer

Farmer packaged

Irradiated chitosan packaged

1

2

3

4

5

6

6

7

Seddling

Block for planting

Distance between plant

Fertilizer Used

-Urea

-ZA

-KCl

Irradiated chitosan

Waste of chitin process

Fungiside

Insektisida

3 week

110 cm x 600 cm

(24 plants/block)

70 cm x 50 cm

100 kg

300 kg

100 kg

-

-

2 L

10 L

2 week

110 cm x 600 cm

(24 plants/block)

70 cm x 50 cm

50 kg

150 kg

50 kg

100 L

200 L

-

5 L

Table 2. The total crops of the harvest using irradiated chitosan + chitin waste process compare with commons method by the farmer for area 1 Ha

No

Treatment-Packaged

Yield of big

size fruit

(t/ha)

Yield of small-

medium size

fruit (t/ha)

Total

yield of

haverst

(t/ha)

1

2

The farmer packaged

technology

Irradiated chitosan

packaged technology

20.76

37.27

20.09

17.86

40.85

55.13

•Big size fruit > 40 g/fruit

•Small-medium size < 40 g/fruit

Economic Analysis for tomato plants.

There are three part of cost for production cost for cultivation of tomato plant:

1. Cost for land preparation

2. Cost for seedling and plantation

3. Cost for take care of the plans and harvesting

A. PRODUCTION COST (1ha) 1. Cost for land preparation for area 1 ha

Cost (Rp)

No

Items Farmer common

packaged

technology

Irradiated`Chitosan

packaged

technology

1

2

3

4

5

6

Land cleaning

Preparation of block for planting

Lime applied 1000 kg x Rp200,-

Labor for lime applied (2

xRp50.000,-)

Base fertilizer 20.000 kg x Rp

100,-

Labor for base fertilizer 6 x

Rp50.000,-

Rp. 500.000,-

Rp. 800.000,-

Rp. 200.000,-

Rp. 100.000,-

Rp.2.000.000,-

Rp. 300.000,-

Rp. 500.000,-

Rp. 800.000,-

Rp. 200.000,-

Rp. 100.000,-

Rp.2.000.000,-

Rp. 300.000,-

Total cost for land preparation Rp.3.900.000,- Rp.3.900.000,-

2. Cost for seedling and plantation

Cost (Rp)

No

Items Farmer

common

packaged

technology

Irradiated`Chitosan

packaged

technology

1

2

3

4

Tomato seeds (250 gr)

Poly bag plastic 15 kg x Rp 15.000,-

Covering plastic 75 m x Rp.5000,-

Labor for seedling and plantation

3 person x 5 days x Rp.50.000,-

Rp.300.000,-

Rp.225.000,-

Rp.375.000,-

Rp.750.000,-

Rp.300.000,-

Rp.225.000,-

Rp.375.000,-

Rp.750.000,-

Total Cost for seedling and plantation Rp.1.650.000,- Rp.1.650.000,-

Cost (Rp)

No

Items Farmer common

packaged

technology

Irradiated Chitosan

packaged

technology

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Bamboo for sustain of plant 100 piece x Rp5000,-

Fertilizer :

- NPK: 300 x Rp.6000,-

- KCl : 100 x Rp.5.000,-

- Urea : 100 kg x Rp.6000,-

- Leaf . Fert 10 kg x Rp15.000,-

Irradiated Chitosan : 100 L x Rp30.000,-/ L

Chitin waste : 200 L x Rp 1200,-

Insecticide : 10 L x Rp.150.000,-

Fungicide : 30 kg x Rp.50.000,-

Bactericide : 1 kg x Rp.500.000,-

Labor : 5 person x 4 month x

Rp.500.000/month

Machinery (Sprayer, bucket,etc)

Rp. 500.000,-

Rp. 1.800.000,-

Rp. 500.000,-

Rp. 600.000,-

Rp. 150.000,-

-

-

Rp. 1.500.000,-

Rp. 1.500.00,-

Rp. 500.000,-

Rp.10.000.000,-

Rp. 2.000.000,-

Rp. 500.000,-

Rp. 900.000,- (half)

Rp 250.000,_(half)

Rp 300.000,- (half)

-

Rp .3.000.000,-

Rp. 240.000,-

Rp 750.000,-

-

-

Rp.10.000.000,-

Rp. 2.000.000,-

Cost for take care of the plans and harvesting

Rp 19.050.000 Rp. 17.940.000

3. Cost for take care of the plant until haversting

2. Total production cost

Farmer common

packaged technology

Irradiated Chitosan

packaged technology

Cost (1) + (2) + (3) Rp. 24.600.000,- Rp.23.490.000,-

Miscellaneous expense (10%) Rp. 2.460.000,- Rp. 2.349.000,-

Total Production Cost Rp. 22.140.000,- Rp.21.141.000,-

B. YIELD OF THE CROP SALES CALCULATION

No Treatment-

Packaged

Sales of big size fruit

(Rupiah)

Sales of small-medium

size fruit (Rupiah)

Total Sales of

total haverst

(Rupiah)

1

2

Farmer common

packaged technology

Irradiated Chitosan

packaged technology

20,760 kg x Rp 2500,-

= Rp 51.900.000,-

37,270 kg x Rp 2500,-

= Rp 93.175.000

20,090kg x Rp 1750,- =

Rp 35.157.500

17,860 kg x Rp 1750,- =

Rp 31.255.000

Rp. 87.057.500

Rp124.430.000

C. PROFIT ANALYSIS

Profit analysis = Sales – Total production cost

Farmer common

packaged technology

Irradiated Chitosan

packaged technology

Sales Rp. 87.057.500,- Rp 124.430.000,-

Total Production Cost Rp. 22.140.000,- Rp. 21.141.000,-

Profit Rp. 64.917.500,- Rp.103.289.000,-

On going researchOn going research

Study on oligo Study on oligo chitosan as additive chitosan as additive for food presevartionfor food presevartion

-TofuTofu

-Fish ballFish ball

-Nodles Nodles

Study on oligo chitosan as additive for food preservation : Tofu, fish ball and noodles. The first step we studiy of antimicrobial activity of chitosan . ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY TESTS OF CHITOSAN.

Antimicrobial activity tests were done by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of chitosan.

Microorganism was used in this experiment are Escherechia coli dan

Salmonella thypi by concentration 108 cfu/ml.

The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of chitosan to

Escherechia coli dan Salmonella thypi are 1000 to 1200μg/ml.

MIC and MBC of the chitosan depend on the initial concentration of acetic acid are used in this experiment.

Tabel 1. Effect of chitosan concentration and acetic acid on the concentration of bacteria.

Bacteria Chitosan

(%) Acetic acid(%)

MIC (µg/ml)

MBC (µg/ml)

Begining Suspension colony/ml

Ending Suspension colony/ml

E.coli 1 0,65 100 600 109 0 E.coli 0,2 0,15 300 800 108 <10

S. thypi 1 0,65 100 800 108 102 S.thypi 0,5 03 275 >1000 1010 102

Tabel 2.The observation of the muddiness on the the several blanko sample

Bakteria Chitosan + media TSB

Acetic Acid 0,65% + TSB

media

Acetic Acid 0,15% + TSB

media

Acetic Acid 0,3% + TSB

media E.coli + - + + E.coli + - + +

S. thypi + - + + S.thypi + - + +

Pictures 1, 2 and 3. Quantitative Antimicrobial

activity test of Escherichia coli and

Salmonella thypi bacteria by dilution method.

12

3

Another activty 2008Another activty 2008

                                                                        

    

                            

                        

  

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