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Mr. Blithe
Endomembrane System:
Today, scientists know that the endomembrane system
includes the ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM(ER), GOLGI APPARATUS,
and LYSOSOMES.
The first Endomemembrane System was
discovered by Camillo Golgi in the late 1800s.
The endomembrane system is composed of the different inter-related membrane sacs within the cytoplasm of the cell.
Synthesis,
Modification,
Sorting and
Transport.
BIOMOLECULES
Introducing
the
Plant cell Animal Cell
"The police force of the cell"
"suicide bags“
“The cells' garbage disposal system.
It is the…
Lysosomes are spherical membranous bags that
contain enzymes (Acid Hydrolases).
size varies from 0.1–1.2 μm.
The lysosomal enzyemes are capable of digesting all
varieties of biological molecules.
Functions:
I. Digestion of worn out or non functional organelles.
II. Metabolic functions
III. Degradation of nonuseful tissue.
These membrane-bound organelles contain a variety of
enzymes called hydrolases that can digest proteins,
nucleic acids, lipids, and complex sugars.
Lysosomes break down all varieties of biological
molecules into their constituent parts, which are then
recycled.
Some important enzymes found within
lysosomes include:
All those hydrolytic enzymes are produced in the
endoplasmic reticulum, and to some extent in
cytoplasm are transported and processed through the
Golgi apparatus and through Golgi apparatus they
pinch off as single membrane vesicles.
adalan\endo_a.gif
In addition, vesicles that bud off from the plasma
membrane via endocytosis are also sent to lysosomes,
where their contents — fluid and molecules from the
extracellular environment — are processed. The
process of endocytosis is an example of reverse vesicle
trafficking, and it plays an important role in nutrition
and immunity as well as membrane recycling.
Lysosomal enzymes works best in an acid pH
approximately 5.
the lysosome membrane fuses with the membrane of a
food vacuole or Phagosome (particle containing vessel)
and squirts the enzymes inside.adalan\all about lysosomes\lysosomes at work.FLV
This action is called AUTOPHAGY…adalan\all about lysosomes\autophagy.avi - YouTube.FLV
The digested food can then diffuse through the vacuole
membrane and enter the cell to be used for energy or
growth.
Two Important Function:
1. maintain the organelles low pH level.
2. retains the dangerous acid Hydrolases
while permitting the final products of digestion
to escape so that they can be used by the cell
or excreted.
The only thing that keeps the cell itself
from being digested is the membrane
surrounding the lysosomes.
When the cell is injured or deprived of
oxygen and when excessive amount of
Vitamin A are present, the lysosomal
membrane becomes fragile. Such
ruptured results in Self-Digestion of the
cell, a process is called
AUTOLYSIS…
If the lysosomal enzymes do not reach the target it
causes Lysosomal Storage Disease..
Pompe's disease
an inherited disorder that is caused by the lack of the enzyme hydrolase acid alpha glucosidase (GAA) that is contained in lysosomes. GAA is responsible for breaking down glycogen to glucose.
Inclusion cell disease (I-cell disease)
this condition is caused by the failure to tag, by phosphorylation, all of the hydrolytic lysosomal enzymes with mannose-6-phosphate. This malfunction means that instead of the enzymes being transported to the lysosome, they are instead secreted from the cell.
Peroxisomes were first discovered by Christian de
Duve.
History…
Peroxisomes , also called microbodies,
are membranous sacs containing powerful
enxymes called PEROXIDASE..
Peroxisomes biogenesis has been unclear.
Recent experiments indicate that
peroxisomes originate or bud off
from the endoplasmic reticulum.
Peroxisomes are about the size of lysosomes (0.5–1.5
µm) and like them are bound by a single membrane.
They also resemble lysosomes in being filled with
enzymes.
contains a peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS).
contain about 50 different enzymes.
have crystalline and non-crystalline inclusions.
Peroxisomes stand out
in electronmicrographs
Urate Oxidase
crystalline core
major sites of oxygen utilization
Detoxify harmful or toxic substance like alcohol and
formaldehyde.
Disarm oxygen free radicals such as superoxide radical
by converting them to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). And reduce Hydrogen peroxide to water and oxidizes
organic compounds (CH2)
2H2O2
2H2O+ O2
H2O2 + CH2 2H2O+ C
Breakdown (by oxidation) of excess fatty acids.
Breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially dangerous product of fatty-acid oxidation. It is catalyzed by the enzyme catalase.
Participates in the synthesis of cholesterol. One of the enzymes involved is reductase.
Participates in the synthesis of bile acids.
Participates in the synthesis of the lipids used to make myelin.
Functions of the peroxisomes in the human liver:
Lack of peroxisomes or dysfunction may lead to:
A mutation in peroxin 2 (Pex2), a peroxisomal membrane protein involved in import process, causes one form of
Zellweger syndrome.It is a rare, congenital (present at birth) disorder characterized
by the reduction or absence of peroxisomes (cell structures that rid the body of toxic substances) in the cells of the liver,
kidneys, and brain. Zellweger syndrome is one of a group of genetic disorders called peroxisomal diseases that affect brain development and the growth of the myelin sheath,
the fatty covering-which acts as an insulator-on nerve fibers in the brain
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a rare,
inherited metabolic disorder that afflicts the young boy Lorenzo Odone, whose story is told in the 1993 film "Lorenzo's oil." In this disease, the fatty covering (myelin sheath) on nerve fibers in the brain is lost, and the adrenal gland degenerates, leading to progressive neurological disability and death.
transport vesicles play a central role in the traffic of molecules between different membrane-enclosed compartments.
Vesicular transport is thus a major cellular activity, responsible for molecular traffic between a variety of specific membrane-enclosed compartments.
the formation of a vesicle by budding from the membrane. The cytoplasmic surfaces of transport vesicles are coated
with proteins.
Three kinds of coated vesicles1. clathrin-coated vesicles
are responsible for the uptake of extracellular molecules from the plasma membrane by endocytosis as well as the transport of molecules from the trans Golgi network to lysosomes.
2. COPII-coated vesicles-bud from the ER and carry their cargo forward along the
secretory pathway, to the Golgi apparatus.3. COPI-coated vesicles
bud from the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment or the Golgi apparatus and function in the retrieval pathways that serve to retain resident proteins in the Golgi and ER.
Clathrin (blue)
A protein called coat protein II (COPII; green)
A different protein called coat protein I (COPI; red)
clathrin-coated vesicles
are composed of two types of protein complexes clathrin and adaptor proteins.
Clathrin plays a structural role by assembling into a basketlike lattice structure that distorts the membrane and drives vesicle budding.
The binding of clathrin to membranes is mediated by a second class of proteins, called adaptor proteins.
COPI- and COPII-coated vesicles
composed of distinct protein complexes, which function analogously to clathrin and adaptor proteins in vesicle budding
The fusion of a transport vesicle with its target involves two types of events
1.the transport vesicle must specifically recognize the correct target membrane.
2. the vesicle and target membranes must fuse, thereby delivering the contents of the vesicle to the target organelle.
Transcription
Two groups of proteins are targeted to the ER: Proteins that are completely translocated into lumen of the
ER. These are soluble proteins destined for secretion, or for the lumen of another organelle.
Proteins that are inserted into membranes, and hence are only partially translocated into the endoplasmic reticuluum. These proteins may be destined for ER, another organelle, or the plasma membrane.
Lysosomal proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) must be further modified.
Modification of lysosomal
proteins called hydrolases
begins in the rough
endoplasmic reticulum
where a core oligosaccharide is added to the protein.
The hydrolases are then packaged into transport vesicles
and transferred to the cis-cisterna of the Golgi apparatus.
Inside the cis-cisterna of the Golgi, the core
oligosaccharide is phosphorylated.
One of the mannose residues in the oligosaccharide receives
a phosphate by way of two sequential reactions.
The modification of the core oligosaccharide on the hydrolase
enzyme results in the creation of an mannose 6-phosphate signal unique
to proteins destined for the lysosome. Other signals target other proteins for different destinations.
Upon reaching the trans-Golgi, the M6P portion of the
hydrolase binds to M6P receptors embedded in the
trans-Golgi membrane.
The membrane of the trans-Golgi then buds off into a
vesicle containing the receptors and the bound
hydrolases.AAA
Aspects of protein sorting
aaa
adalan\my report in cell bio\transport of protein from ER to its distination through golgiand sorting of protein.FLV
Special thanks to….
THANK
YOU
FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
!!!