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Interpretation of Active Interpretation of Active VolcanoesVolcanoes
Eruptive Histories Eruptive Histories of Kilauea, Mauna of Kilauea, Mauna Loa, and HualalaiLoa, and Hualalai
Halema`uma`u 1902Halema`uma`u 1902
The volcanoes have behaved very The volcanoes have behaved very differently in the recent past!differently in the recent past!
Mauna Loa and KilaueaMauna Loa and Kilauea
Both volcanoes appear to undergo Both volcanoes appear to undergo long term cyclic behavior.long term cyclic behavior.
Eruptive centers oscillate over Eruptive centers oscillate over centuries between the summit centuries between the summit
and rift zones.and rift zones.
Historic Flows of Mauna Loa
1. 1855-56 (threatened Hilo),
2. 1859 (Village at Waianalii destroyed, ~12 mi S. of Kawaihae),
3. 1859 (Village of “Kibele” (Kiholo) destroyed),
4. 1868 (Kahuku, 37 buildings destroyed),
5. 1880-81 (threatened Hilo, people fled town),
6. 1916, 1919, 1926, S. Kona
7. 1935, 42 (threatened Hilo),
8. 1950, Pahoehoe in S. Kona
9. 1984 (threatened Hilo, people evacuated?)
1. 1855-56 (threatened Hilo),
2. 1859 (Village at Waianalii destroyed, ~12 mi S. of Kawaihae),
3. 1859 (Village of “Kibele” (Kiholo) destroyed),
4. 1868 (Kahuku, 37 buildings destroyed),
5. 1880-81 (threatened Hilo, people fled town),
6. 1916, 1919, 1926, S. Kona
7. 1935, 42 (threatened Hilo),
8. 1950, Pahoehoe in S. Kona
9. 1984 (threatened Hilo, people evacuated?)
Mauna LoaMauna Loa
Mauna Loa Eruption PrecursorsMauna Loa Eruption Precursors
Mauna Loa Lava Flows
3D View of Mauna Loa Lava Flows
3D View of Mauna Loa Lava Flows
3D View of Mauna Loa Lava Flows
1907 Flows
1868 Flows
1916 Flows
1926 Flows
Southwest Rift Zone
USGS
Slope Map/Time to the Ocean
1. 1800-01 (fishponds, villages, poor documentation)
1. 1800-01 (fishponds, villages, poor documentation)
Hualalai:Hualalai:
1. C. 1790 (summit, deaths);2. 1823, village overrun; reports of deaths;3. 1840. Nanawale. Village destroyed;4. 1924. Lower Puna seismicity;5. 1955. Kapoho; 17 residences;6. 1960. Kapoho. 87 structures destroyed;7. 1977. Kalapana evacuated;8. 1986-2003. Kalapana. 189 structures
destroyed, 13km highways.
1. C. 1790 (summit, deaths);2. 1823, village overrun; reports of deaths;3. 1840. Nanawale. Village destroyed;4. 1924. Lower Puna seismicity;5. 1955. Kapoho; 17 residences;6. 1960. Kapoho. 87 structures destroyed;7. 1977. Kalapana evacuated;8. 1986-2003. Kalapana. 189 structures
destroyed, 13km highways.
KilaueaKilauea
Hualalai:Hualalai:
Mauna Loa Flows Make Up 51% of the Big Island
Mauna Loa Structure
Mauna Loa and KilaueaMauna Loa and Kilauea
Both volcanoes appear to undergo Both volcanoes appear to undergo long term cyclic behavior.long term cyclic behavior.
Eruptive centers oscillate over Eruptive centers oscillate over centuries between the summit centuries between the summit
and rift zones.and rift zones.
Mauna Loa and KilaueaMauna Loa and Kilauea
Both volcanoes appear to undergo Both volcanoes appear to undergo long term cyclic behavior.long term cyclic behavior.
Eruptive centers oscillate over Eruptive centers oscillate over centuries between the summit centuries between the summit
and rift zones.and rift zones.
Mauna Loa and KilaueaMauna Loa and Kilauea
Both volcanoes appear to undergo Both volcanoes appear to undergo long term cyclic behavior.long term cyclic behavior.
Eruptive centers oscillate over Eruptive centers oscillate over centuries between the summit centuries between the summit
and rift zones.and rift zones.
Mauna Loa and KilaueaMauna Loa and Kilauea
Both volcanoes appear to undergo Both volcanoes appear to undergo long term cyclic behavior.long term cyclic behavior.
Eruptive centers oscillate over Eruptive centers oscillate over centuries between the summit centuries between the summit
and rift zones.and rift zones.
Mauna Loa and KilaueaMauna Loa and Kilauea
Both volcanoes appear to undergo Both volcanoes appear to undergo long term cyclic behavior.long term cyclic behavior.
Eruptive centers oscillate over Eruptive centers oscillate over centuries between the summit centuries between the summit
and rift zones.and rift zones.
Mauna Loa and KilaueaMauna Loa and Kilauea
Both volcanoes appear to undergo Both volcanoes appear to undergo long term cyclic behavior.long term cyclic behavior.
Eruptive centers oscillate over Eruptive centers oscillate over centuries between the summit centuries between the summit
and rift zones.and rift zones.
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Year Start Days Region of Kilauea Area km2
Volumekm3
1983 Jan-3 >7,500 East Rift – Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō 102 >2.1
1982 Sep-25 <1 Caldera 0.8 0.003
1982 Apr-30 <1 Caldera 0.3 0.0005
1979 Nov-16 1 East Rift––Pauahi 0.3 0.00058
1977 Sep-13 18 East Rift––Pu‘u Kiai 7.8 0.0329
1975 Nov-29 <1 Caldera––M7.2 EQ 0.3 0.00022
Year Start Days Region of Kilauea Area km2
Volumekm3
1983 Jan-3 >7,500 East Rift – Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō 102 >2.1
1982 Sep-25 <1 Caldera 0.8 0.003
1982 Apr-30 <1 Caldera 0.3 0.0005
1979 Nov-16 1 East Rift––Pauahi 0.3 0.00058
1977 Sep-13 18 East Rift––Pu‘u Kiai 7.8 0.0329
1975 Nov-29 <1 Caldera––M7.2 EQ 0.3 0.00022
Year Start Days Region of Kilauea Area km2
Volumekm3
1983 Jan-3 >7,500 East Rift – Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō 102 >2.1
1982 Sep-25 <1 Caldera 0.8 0.003
1982 Apr-30 <1 Caldera 0.3 0.0005
1979 Nov-16 1 East Rift––Pauahi 0.3 0.00058
1977 Sep-13 18 East Rift––Pu‘u Kiai 7.8 0.0329
1975 Nov-29 <1 Caldera––M7.2 EQ 0.3 0.00022
LAVA ENTERS AT 1400 degrees C
