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� � ���������Vol. 33, pp. 413�423, 2005
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Fig. 2. Histology of axial sections of the vertebral body by hematoxylin-eosin staining.
For measurement, the anterior and posterior parts were divided by the ab
dotted line. The bar indicates 10 mm.
A: the center of the vertebral body.
B: the upper part of the vertebral body.
Fig. 1. Measurement of the Cobb angle in scoliosis. In
cases of double curves, the upper and lower
Cobb angles were measured as a and b in the
figure.
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Fig. 5. Histology of axial sections of the Th6 vertebra
by alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase
staining.
A: Low magnified views of alkaline phosphatase
staining in the axial sections of the Th6 vertebra.
The bar indicates 10 mm.
B: Low magnified views of acid phosphatase
staining in the axial sections of the Th6 vertebra.
The bar indicates 10 mm.
C: High magnified views of alkaline phospha-
tase staining in the axial sections of the Th 6
vertebra. The bar indicates 100 mm. An arrow
points to an osteoblast.
D: High magnified views of acid phosphatase
staining in the axial sections of the Th6 vertebra.
The bar indicates 100 mm. An arrow points to an
osteoclast.
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1� Machida M, Dubousset J, Imamura Y, IwataT, Yamada T and Kimura J. An experimental
study in chickens for the pathogenesis of idio-
pathic scoliosis. Spine 1993; 18: 1609�1615�2� Harrington P. R. The etiology of idiopathicscoliosis. Clin Orthop 1977; 126: 17�25�
3� Cristina M. Familial idiopathic scoliosis: evi-dence of an X-linked s usceptibility locus.
Spine 2003; 28: 589�594�4� Pedrini V. A, Ponseti I. V and Dohrman S. C.Grycosaminoglycans of intervertebral disc in
idiopathic scoliosis. J Lab Clin Med 1973; 82:
938�950�5� Hadley-Miller N, Mims B and Milewicz D. M.The potential role of elastic fiber system in
adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone and
Joint Surg 1994; 76�A: 1193�1206�6� Misole S, Ponseti I. V and Samaan N, Brad-bury J. T. Growth hormone blood levels in
patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Clin Orthop
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medin activity in normal and scoliosis children.
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medin A in girls with adolescent idiopathic
scoliosis. Acta Paediatr scand 1976; 65: 547�552�
9� Thillard M. J. Deformation de la colonne ver-tebrale consecutives a lepiphysectomie chez le
poussin. Extrait des Comptes Redus de l’Asso-
ciation des Anatomistres 1959; XLVI: 22�26�10� Dubousset J, Queneau P and Thillard M. J.Experimental scoliosis induced by pineal and
diencephalic lesions in young chickens: It’s re-
lation with clinical findings in idiopathic sco-
liosis. Orthop Trans 1983; 7: 7�11� Machida M. Pathogenesis of idiopathic scolio-sis. Spine 1999; 19: 1985�1989�
12� Machida M, Dubousset J, Imamura Y, IwataT, Yamada T and Kimura J. Role of melatonin
deficiency in the development of scoliosis in
pinealectomised chickens. J Bone Joint Surg
1994; 77: 134�138�13� Inoh H, Kawakami N, Matsuyama Y, Aoki T,
Kanemura T, Natsume N and Iwata H. Corre-
lation between the age of pinealectomy and the
development of scoliosis in chickens. Spine
2001; 26: 1014�1021�14� �� ��� 2� � z{|}� �� �� �� � ��� >?�BCDE�)�\]��� ! IGF-1 �¡*+� ¢£�� 2002;17: 3�6�
15� ¤¥�� z{|}� ��� \]��� �)� IGF-1 ¦T��§¨©w�ª«� ¬E®Q¯v°± 1998; 26: 417�423�
16� �� z{|}� ��� �� \]��� ²³L�)���¦�&���./�0� ¬E®Q¯v°± 2002; 30: 415�422�
17� Cheung K. M. C and Wang T. Primary Thora-columbar Scoliosis in Pinealectomized Chick-
ens. Spine 2003; 28: 2499�2504�18� ´µ¶� ·�¸�� >¹� -{w� >?�º»�)���¼¨©w�ª«� ¢£�
>?�@ABCDE��¢���½w�ª« 421
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� 2003; 18: 9�13�19� Roaf R. The basic anatomy of scoliosis. JBone Joint Surg 1966; 48: 786�792�
20� Stokes I. A. F. Analysis of the interaction be-tween vertebral lateral deviation and axial rota-
tion in scoliosis. J Biomech 1991; 24: 753�759�21� ����� ��� ���� ����� ����� ������� ������ !"#$%&'()*+,-)./�0123456789:�� ;?@� ����� ABC� D�EF� �������G#HI&JKLMN23N/O $P� ;
Abstract
Morphological Study of Scoliotic Spine in Pinealectomized
Chickens and E#ects of Melatonin and Estradiol
Yoshiaki Torii1, Haruyasu Kato2, Ritsuko Kaneko1, Kayoko Yamashita1,
Kazuaki Hirata1, Yutaka Sasao3, Aki Mochizuki3,
Haruhito Aoki3, and Moroe Beppu3
Idiopathic scoliois is the most common spinal deformity, but the etiology of the disease remains unclear.
It has been reported that pinealectomized chicken exhibit a three dimensional spinal deformity without
malformed vertebra. The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanism for the development of
scoliosis in pinealectomized chickens.
First, we identified the apical vertebra responsible for spinal deformity in pinealectomized chickens.
Then, we measured the ossification areas and stained areas for osteoblasts and osteoclasts in the vertebral
body and compared the pinealectomized group with the control group. As a result, we found that a wedge
deformity of the vertebral body in the pinealectomized chickens appeared in the Th6 vertebra. Ossification
areas and stained areas for osteoblasts and osteoclasts at that level did not di#er in the anterior part of thevertebra, but were increased in the posterior part in the pinealectomized group compared with the control
group. In the second thoracic vertebra that was not responsible for spinal deformity, ossification areas did
not significantly di#er between the two groups.In addition, the prevalence scoliosis were examined after melatonin and estradiol administration. As a
result, estradiol had a more inhibitory e#ect on scoliosis compared to melatonin.Taken together, there is a possibility that scoliosis in pinealectomized chickens is attributable to an
imbalance in ossification between the anterior and posterior parts of the Th6 vertebra, which is caused by the
increased activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in the posterior part of the sixth thoracic vertebra. In
addition, the finding of scoliosis inhibition by estradiol administration suggests the potential contribution to
elucidation of the mechanism for scoliosis occurrence.
1 Department of Anatomy, St. Marianna University School of Medicine2 Department of Sports medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine3 Department of Orthopaedic Surgey, St. Marianna University School of Medicine
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