Animal Anatomy and Physiology Part 2 · PDF fileAnimal Anatomy and Physiology Part 2 By : ARI...

Animal Anatomy and Physiology Part 2

By : ARI WIBOWO, S.Pt.,M.Si

& SUHARDI, S.Pt.,MP

Digestive System • Ruminant System

• Rumen • Largest compartment • Food is soaked, mixed. • Microorganisms ferment the

feed. • Carbohydrates are absorbed by

the papillae. • Small fingerlike projections that

aid in absorption

Digestive System

• Ruminant System • Reticulum

• Hardware stomach • Due to large mouth they collect hardware

• Wire form fence • Rocks • Etc…

Digestive System

• Ruminant System • Reticulum

• Secretes mucus • Honeycomb shaped • Traps hardware from

traveling to the rest of the digestive system.

Digestive System

• Ruminant System • Reticulum

• Regurgitation • Packs feed into an egg shaped ball to be re-

chewed. (CUD)

Digestive System • Ruminant System

• Omasum • Size of a quarter to enter. • Round – Soccer Ball • Many Folds – Like a round book • Grinds the food as it passes through.

Digestive System • Ruminant System

• Abomasum • True stomach • Functions the same as the monogastric

• Intestines are the same as monogastric.

Digestive System

• Function: • Animal takes in food • Digested in to a form that the body can

use. • Basic elements – Oxygen, Iron, Potassium,

etc…

Pathway of Digestion 1. Food enters the mouth and swallowed down the esophagus. 2. Food enters the rumen and starts to digest by micro-organisms. 3. Food is regurgitated back to the mouth and is chewed (Called a

Cud). 4. Chewed food is then swallowed into the reticulum. 5. Food then goes into the omassum or true stomach.

6. Food then passes into the abomasum. 7. Food enters the small intestines where valuable nutrients are

absorbed. 8. Any food that is not absorbed enters the large intestines for more

absorption. 9. All un-absorbed feed is then passed to the outside through the

rectum.

02-0211-03-01-09

Ruminant Digestive System Test

File: 45-60

Indicator: 02-0211-03-01-10

Poultry Digestive System

Species of Poultry

• Chicken • Turkey • Goose • Duck • Pigeon • Peacock

Poultry Digestive System • The digestive system is somewhat different from mammals. The mouth

lacks teeth and lips. Instead, the beak serves to bite off food. • Barbs on the tongue help food to be moved backwards, so it can be easily

swallowed. • The esophagus forms a pouch, called a crop, where food is stored for brief

time periods.

Poultry Digestive System • From the crop, food moves down into the true stomach, or proventriculus,

where hydrochloric acid and pepsin starts the process of digestion. • Next, food moves into the gizzard, which is oval shaped and thick walled

with powerful muscles. • The chief function of the gizzard is to grind or crush food particles - a

process which is aided by the bird swallowing small amounts of fine gravel or grit.

Poultry Digestive System • It is written that the muscles of a turkey’s gizzard can crush a hickory nut,

which requires 75 kg mechanical pressure! • From the gizzard, food moves into the duodenum. • The small intestine is similar to mammals, there are two blind pouches or

ceca, about 4-6 inches in length at the junction of the small and large intestine.

Poultry Digestive System • The large intestine is short, consisting mostly of the rectum about 3-4

inches in length. • The rectum empties into the cloaca and feces are excreted through the

vent.

Indicator: 02-0211-03-01-11

Poultry Digestive System Test

Index: 45-61

Indicator: 02-0211-03-01-12

Simple Stomach Digestion

Digestive System • Monogastric

• Simple stomach • One compartment

• Pigs • Horse • Dog • Cat • Humans

Digestive System

• Function: • Animal takes in food • Digested in to a form that the body can

use. • Basic elements – Oxygen, Iron, Potassium,

etc…

Digestive System

• Monogastric • Mouth

• Grind down food

• Esophagus • Push food to

stomach • Muscles move food

down

Digestive System

• Monogastric • Stomach

• Muscles • Contacts and relaxes

• Food pressed together • Digestive juices secreted by the stomach lining.

• Hydrochloric Acid

Digestive System

• Monogastric • Stomach

• Food is dissolved from movement and acid.

Digestive System

• Monogastric • Small Intestine

• Duodenum • Secreted from pancreas • Breaks down proteins, starch and

fats. • Juices still secreted to break down

food.

Digestive System

• Monogastric • Small Intestine

• Jejunum • Nutrients absorbed into the body • From intestine to blood stream.

• Villi – Semi-Permeable membrane • Particles pass through.

Digestive System

• Monogastric • Large Intestine

• Cecum • Not used in most

monogastrics

Digestive System • Modified Monogastric System

• Horse • Uses cecum to digest roughage

Digestive System

• Monogastric • Large Intestine

• Colon • Storage of waste • Water is removed

Digestive System

• Monogastric • Rectum

• Muscle that passes waste out of the body.

Indicator: 02-0211-03-01-13

Simple Stomach Digestive System Test

Index: 45-62

Indicator: 02-0211-03-01-14

Modified Digestion System Horse

File: 45-63

Indicator: 02-0211-03-01-15

Modified Digestion and Test File: 45-63

Indicator: 02-0211-03-01-16

Circulatory System File: 45-64

Circulatory System

Function of the Heart

• Transports • Water • Oxygen • Wastes

• Regulates Temperature • Removes Disease

Circulatory System

• Heart • Center of the circulatory system • Large muscle

• Pumps continuously

Circulatory System

• Blood Vessels • Arteries

• Vessels that take blood away from the heart

• Veins • Vessels that return blood to

the heart

Circulatory System

•Capillaries • Connect arteries and veins • Deliver nutrients to the cells • Take away waste

Circulatory System

• Red Blood cells • Give blood color • Carry oxygen

• White Blood cells • Destroy disease • Pus

Circulatory System • Four Chambers

• Right Atrium • Receives blood into heart from body,

from veins • Right Ventricle

• Pumps blood out to the lungs

• Left Atrium • Receives blood into heart from lungs

• Left Ventricle • Pumps blood out into body via arteries

Veins

Right Atrium

Right Ventricle

Lungs

Left Atrium

Left Ventricle

Arteries

Indicator: 02-0211-03-01-17

Circulatory System Test

Index: 45-64

Indicator: 02-0211-03-01-18

Nervous System

Nervous System • Function:

• Central system • Motor Control • Sensation

Nervous System • Nerves

• Long fiber like structures • Motor Neurons

• Controls impulses sent from the brain

• To other parts of the body

Nervous System • Sensory Neurons

• Send impulses from the body to the brain.

• Spinal Cord • All nerves are connected • Runs through the

backbone (vertebra)

Nervous System • Brain

• Center of the nervous system • Divided into 3 sections

Nervous System

• Brain • 1. Cerebrum

• Largest • Controls thought

process • Ouch!

Nervous System

• Brain • 2. Cerebellum

• Coordinator center for the cerebrum

• Many movements are required to walk, eat, etc…

Nervous System

• Brain • 3. Medulla oblongata

• Involuntary activities • Heart beat • Digestion • Breathing

• Body Temp. • Feeling – Fear or Thirst

Nervous System • Brain Stem

• Connects the spinal cord to the cerebrum.

02-0211-03-01-19

Nervous System Test File: 45-65

Indicator: 02-0211-03-01-20

Endocrine System

Endocrine System • Function:

• Composed of glands that secrete hormones. • Hormones:

• Chemical agent that causes an effect in the body. • Hormones control vital function of the body.

• Growth • Reproduction

Endocrine System • Pituitary Gland:

• Located at the base of the brain • Master gland

• Functions • Growth of bone • Maternal Behavior • Reproduction cells

Endocrine System

• Hypothalamus • Links the Endocrine with the nervous system. • Location

• Under the lower front part of the brain • Secretes hormones for:

• Hunger • Sleep • Body Temp

Endocrine System • Adrenal Gland

• Located by Kidney • Adrenalin – Times of stress

• Thyroid Gland • Front of wind pipe • Controls rate of digestion • Storage of calcium

Endocrine System

• Pancreas • Below the stomach • Produces Insulin and glucagons

• Regulates the amount of glucose in the blood stream

Excretory System

• Function: • Rid the body of wastes • Kidney

• Remove urea and nitrogen • Filtrates liquids ingested.

• Wastes are flushes out the urinary tract.

Indicator: 02-0211-03-01-21

Endocrine System Test File: 45-66

Indicator: 02-0211-03-01-22

Standard 02-0211-03-01 Test