View
23
Download
0
Category
Tags:
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
George H. Bindon. History 398Lecture 21 IN OUR OWN IMAGE: CREATING THE COMPUTER. In the Beginning. The Protean Machine. R/W Head. 0. 0. 1. 1. 0. 1. 0. 1. 0. 1. 1. 1. 0. State Table. In Our Image. John von Neumann First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC (1945) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
History 398 Fall 2004
George H. Bindon
History 398 Lecture 21
IN OUR OWN IMAGE:
CREATING THE COMPUTER
History 398 Fall 2004
In the Beginning...
• The Protean Machine
1 0 01 1 1 1 1 1 0000
State Table
R/W
H
ead
History 398 Fall 2004
In Our Image
• John von Neumann• First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC (1945)
– Alan Turing *38 » “On Computable Numbers with an Application
to the Entscheidungsproblem” (1936)– Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts
» “A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity” (1943)
• General and Logical Theory of Automata (1954)
History 398 Fall 2004
CControl
CArithmeticI
J
Memory
Recording
John von Neumann et al., EDVAC Architecture
+ A I + J- A I - J* A A + I*J/ A I/Ji A Ij A Js A (A >= 0 ? I : J)
(A) O
msm 98
Circuit diagram from the John W. Mauchly PapersUniversity of Pennsylvania
History 398 Fall 2004
It is reasonable to hope that the relationship between computation and mathematical logic will be as fruitful in the next century as that between analysis and physics in the last. The development of this relationship demands a concern for both applications and mathematical elegance.
John McCarthy on Mathematical Science
History 398 Fall 2004
The Mother of Necessity
• ENIAC vs EDVAC: hardware & software
• The first big computers: ENIAC to UNIVAC
• Design of computer during these years open and flexible: the device assumed different shapes depending on who was using it.
History 398 Fall 2004
History 398 Fall 2004
EDSAC, Cambridge University, 1949
History 398 Fall 2004
ENIAC
EDVAC
Business, Industry& Government
data processing organization of production
management design & maintenanceof large systems
electricitytelecommunications
Technology & Science
mathematical calculation
mechanicallogic
EDP OR/MS automationrobotics
ESSscientific computation
computational science
Computer Science
theorysystems
human augmentation
military C&C
SAGEWWCCS
C3I
c o m p u t e r s
artificial intelligenceartificial life
History 398 Fall 2004
Communities of Computing
• Number Crunching (FORTRAN)• Data Processing (COBOL)• Production Flow - Automation,
Robotics• Management Systems - OR/MS• Communication Systems - ESS• Computer (Algol)
– Operating System = Programming System + Supervisor
History 398 Fall 2004
Computer Systems
• Programming systems– make work of programmer easier and
more efficient• Operating systems
– make computer more efficient for users, while protecting computer from them
• Application Systems– make the computer do something
useful
History 398 Fall 2004
Programming Languages
• machine language • assemblers• POL (problem-oriented language)
– FORTRAN (1956)– LISP (1959)– COBOL (1960)– Algol (1960)
History 398 Fall 2004
mtop : int;
proc move (from, to : int) : int;{ mtop := mtop + 1; moves[mtop] := 10*from + to;}
proc towers (ndisk, from, to, hold : int) : int;{ if (ndisk = 1) then move(from, to); else { towers(ndisk - 1, from, hold, to); move(from, to); towers(ndisk - 1, hold, to, from); } fi;}
main(){ mtop := 0; towers(4, 1, 2, 3);}
JMP 47 0 0MOVI 74 1 1LOAD 8001 0 2009MOVI 2009 1 2ADDI 1 2 1MOVI 1 1 74OFST 6 74 2010LOAD 8010 0 2011MOVI 2011 1 1MOVI 2008 1 2MULI 1 2 1MOVI 2007 1 2ADDI 1 2 1MOVI 1 1 6010RET 0 0 0MOVI 2010 1 1LOAD 8001 0 2011MOVI 2011 1 2EQL 1 2 1JMPC 25 0 0MOVI 2008 1 2019MOVI 2009 1 2020CALL 2 2012 2JMP 46 0 0MOVI 2010 1 1LOAD 8001 0 2012MOVI 2012 1 2SUBI 1 2 1MOVI 2008 1 2020MOVI 2007 1 2021MOVI 2009 1 2022MOVI 1 1 2023CALL 4 2013 16MOVI 2008 1 2020MOVI 2009 1 2021CALL 2 2013 2MOVI 2010 1 1LOAD 8001 0 2013MOVI 2013 1 2SUBI 1 2 1MOVI 2009 1 2021MOVI 2008 1 2022MOVI 2007 1 2023MOVI 1 1 2024CALL 4 2014 16RET 0 0 0LOAD 8000 0 75MOVI 75 1 74LOAD 8004 0 76LOAD 8001 0 77LOAD 8002 0 78
History 398 Fall 2004
History 398 Fall 2004
Algol [60]Algol 68
Algol WCPL
BCPL
B
C
C++
Java
Simula
Pascal
Modula Ada
C with Classes
The Algol Family Tree
History 398 Fall 2004
Operating systems: automating the
computer• Programmer at machine• Batch processing by operators• Monitors• Common interface between programming systems
and computer: OS = monitor + programming system
• Multiplexing for time-sharing• Arguably most complex artifact ever constructed,
grow to occupy ever-larger portion of resident memory and to constitute ever greater portion of total cost of machine and of machine's development
History 398 Fall 2004
Eric S. Raymond,The Art of Unix Programming
History 398 Fall 2004
Human-Machine Interaction
• Military Command and Control (C3I) – Real-time systems (SAGE -> SABRE)
• Amplifying Intelligence– Vannever Bush, “As We May Think” (1945)– JCR Licklider, “Man-Computer Symbiosis” (1960)– Douglas C. Engelbart, “Augmenting Human Intellect”
(1962)
• Emulating Intelligence -AI– Machines Who Think– Machines That Think– Cognitive Science - The (Re)Discovery of the Mind
History 398 Fall 2004
Personal Computing
• Systems + Human Augmentation• Miniaturization
History 398 Fall 2004
vacuum tube
transistor
integrated circuit
MSI, LSI, VLSI
The Computer Market, 1953-83
mainframe
minicomputer
microcomputer
1946 1958 1965 1971 1977 1981
IBM and theSeven Dwarves
System 360, 370
DEC PDP-8 VAX 11
Data General Nova Eclipse
Apple II IBM PC
History 398 Fall 2004
History 398 Fall 2004
Personal Computing
• Systems + Human Augmentation• Miniaturization
Accidental Empires (Cringely)Apple (1977)IBM (1981)Microsoft + Intel = Wintel (1985)
The Second Self (Turkle)Life on the Screen (Turkle)
The Web of Information
History 398 Fall 2004
Embedded Computing
Recommended